Performances of Sheet-Pipe Typed Subsurface Drainage on Land and Water Productivity of Paddy Fields in Indonesia

Subsurface drainage technology may offer a useful option in improving crop productivity by preventing water-logging in poor drainage paddy fields. The present study compared two paddy fields with and without sheet-pipe type subsurface drainage on land and water productivities in Indonesia. Sheet-pipe typed is perforated plastic sheets with a hole diameter of 2 mm and made from high-density polyethylene. It is commonly installed 30–50 cm below the soil surface and placed horizontally by a machine called a mole drainer, and then the sheets will automatically be a capillary pipe. Two fields were prepared, i.e., the sheet-pipe typed field (SP field) and the non-sheet-pipe typed field (NSP field) with three rice varieties (Situ Bagendit, Inpari 6 Jete, and Inpari 43 Agritan). In both fields, weather parameters and water depth were measured by the automatic weather stations, soil moisture sensors and water level sensors. During one season, the SP field drained approximately 45% more water compared to the NSP field. Thus, it caused increasing in soil aeration and producing a more significant grain yield, particularly for Inpari 43 Agritan. The SP field produced a 5.77 ton/ha grain yield, while the NSP field was 5.09 ton/ha. By producing more grain yield, the SP field was more effective in water use as represented by higher water productivity by 20%. The results indicated that the sheet-pipe type system developed better soil aeration that provides better soil conditions for rice.

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Organic Amendments Influence Soil Water Depletion, Root Distribution, and Water Productivity of Summer Maize in the Guanzhong Plain of Northwest China

Water ◽

10.3390/w10111640 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1640 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Li-Li Zhao ◽

Lu-Sheng Li ◽

Huan-Jie Cai ◽

Xiao-Hu Shi ◽

Chao Zhang

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Root Distribution ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Organic Amendments ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Northwest China ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Root Weight ◽

Summer Maize

Organic amendments improve general soil conditions and stabilize crop production, but their effects on the soil hydrothermal regime, root distribution, and their contributions to water productivity (WP) of maize have not been fully studied. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the impacts of organic amendments on soil temperature, water storage depletion (SWSD), root distribution, grain yield, and the WP of summer maize (Zea mays L.) in the Guanzhong Plain of Northwest China. The control treatment (CO) applied mineral fertilizer without amendments, and the three amended treatments applied mineral fertilizer with 20 Mg ha−1 of wheat straw (MWS), farmyard manure (MFM), and bioorganic fertilizer (MBF), respectively. Organic amendments decreased SWSD compared to CO, and the lowest value was obtained in MBF, followed by MWS and MFM. Meanwhile, the lowest mean topsoil (0–10 cm) temperature was registered in MWS. Compared to CO, organic amendments generally improved the root length density (RLD) and root weight density (RWD) of maize. MBF showed the highest RLD across the whole soil profile, while MWS yielded the greatest RWD to 20 cm soil depth. Consequently, organic amendments increased grain yield by 9.9–40.3% and WP by 8.6–47.1% compared to CO, and the best performance was attained in MWS and MBF. We suggest that MWS and MBF can benefit the maize agriculture in semi-arid regions for higher yield, and WP through regulating soil hydrothermal conditions and improving root growth.

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Refinement of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation Method for Rice Cultivation

Bangladesh Rice Journal ◽

10.3329/brj.v17i1-2.20899 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (1-2) ◽

pp. 33-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Priya Lal Chandra Paul ◽

MA Rashid ◽

Mousumi Paul

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Water Level ◽

Block Design ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Ground Level ◽

Wetting And Drying ◽

Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽

Below Ground

Experiments were conducted at BRRI farm Gazipur during Boro season 2010-12 to determine maximum depth of water level below ground surface in alternate wetting and drying (AWD) method. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four irrigation treatments. The treatments of AWD method were: T1 = continuous standing water, T2 = irrigation when water level reached 15 cm below ground level, T3 = irrigation when water level reached 20 cm below ground level and T4 = irrigation when water level reached 50 cm below ground level. The experiment involved BRRI dhan28 as a test crop. The treatment T2 gave the highest grain yield (5.9 and 6.2 ton/ha) in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. Maximum benefits per hectare were found Tk. 5476 and 4931 for using 807 and 880 mm water during 2010-11 and 2011-12 respectively and thus water productivity was 7.1 kg/ha-mm in T2 for both the seasons. Continuous standing (T1) water (1013 and 1100 mm) gave comparable grain yield 5.7 and 6.0 ton/ha in 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. Minimum water productivity was found in treatment T1 (5.6 and 5.4 kg/ha-mm) for both the seasons. Application of irrigation when water was 15 cm below soil surface was found most profitable in AWD system and the grain yield was decreased when water level was below 15 cm depth. Therefore, the recommended AWD technology could increase rice yield and save irrigation water by 25-30 percent.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v17i1-2.20899Bangladesh Rice j. 2013, 17(1&2): 33-37

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INCREASING WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF LOWLAND RICE THROUGH THE WATER SAVING TECHNIQUES AND CROP MANAGEMENT IN RESPONSE TO DROUGHT

Agromet ◽

10.29244/j.agromet.23.2.123-147 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 123

Author(s):

Didiek Setiobudi ◽

Hasil Sembiring

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Yield Components ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Moisture Stress ◽

Water Saving ◽

Lowland Rice ◽

Wet Season ◽

Soil Moisture Stress ◽

Rice Varieties

The water saving technology for lowland rice cultivation was very crucial because of in the future irrigation water become scarce and competed with other sectors. The lowering of the availability of irrigation water had the impact for sustainability of rice production. The review of the paper described the pattern of basic water requirement, yield responses of several lowland rice varieties to moisture stress, days interval irrigation and the alternatives of water saving techniques for improving yield and water productivity. The pattern of the actual water requirement (ET+P&S) showed the maximum value of 8.8 mm/day (1.02 lt/sec/ha) for high yielding varieties (HYV) that occurred from heading to 50% flowering. Under limited water supply, irrigation water should be applied that period to prevent yield loss. Soil moisture stress at moderate level (- 0.5 bar) from heading to full flowering was significantly decreased yield about 30% when compared with the yield of continuously flooded 3 cm depth. This period was a critical period of HYV to soil moisture stress. For rotational irrigation purposes, information of the optimum days interval irrigation was important. It was found that 3 days irrigation interval was a critical limit for HYV to achieve higher yield. The SRI model of rice cultivation had the lowest rice yield in the lowland soil, poor drainage, clay soil texture and low permeability. The modified irrigation of the SRI plus fertilizer N based on LCC readings gave a greater yield as well as water productivity. The hybrid and NPT line rice varieties had higher yield components and grain yield than Ciherang variety. Ciherang variety was not favor to grown for the wet season, it was more productive when grown in dry season even with AWD irrigation model. The plant spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm gave higher number of panicle/hill and number of spikelet/panicle under both AWD and continuously flooded 3 cm depth for dry and wet season consistently. The fertilizer N management based on SSNM with low and high rates for the early vegetative stage were not significantly affected all yield components and grain yield. The AWD irrigation could save irrigation water about 18% when compared to the continuously flooded conditions.The grain yield of the hybrid, inbred and NPT line rice varieties was higher for the dry season than wet season under both AWD irrigation and continuous flooding consistently.

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Integrating Irrigation and Drainage Management to Sustain Agriculture in Northern Iran

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10061775 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1775 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Abdullah Darzi-Naftchali ◽

Henk Ritzema

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Production ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Subsurface Drainage ◽

Paddy Fields ◽

Steady Increase ◽

Nutrient Loads ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Northern Iran ◽

Yield Data ◽

Drainage Systems

In Iran, as in the rest of the world, land and water for agricultural production is under pressure. Integrating irrigation and drainage management may help sustain intensified agriculture in irrigated paddy fields. This study was aimed to investigate the long-term effects of such management strategies in a newly subsurface drained paddy field in a pilot area in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Three strategies for managing subsurface drainage systems were tested, i.e., free drainage (FD), midseason drainage (MSD), and alternate wetting and drying (AWD). The pilot area consisted of subsurface drainage systems, with different combinations of drain depth (0.65 and 0.90 m) and spacing (15 and 30 m). The traditional surface drainage of the region’s consolidated paddy fields was the control. From 2011 to 2017, water table depth, subsurface drainage system outflow and nitrate, total phosphorous, and salinity levels of the drainage effluent were monitored during four rice- and five canola-growing seasons. Yield data was also collected. MSD and AWD resulted in significantly lower drainage rates, salt loads, and N losses compared to FD, with MSD having the lowest rates. Phosphorus losses were low for all three practices. However, AWD resulted in 36% higher rice yields than MSD. Subsurface drainage resulted in a steady increase in canola yield, from 0.89 ton ha−1 in 2011–2012 to 2.94 ton ha−1 in 2016–2017. Overall, it can be concluded that managed subsurface drainage can increase both water productivity and crop yield in poorly drained paddy fields, and at the same time reduce or minimize negative environmental effects, especially the reduction of salt and nutrient loads in the drainage effluent. Based on the results, shallow subsurface drainage combined with appropriate irrigation and drainage management can enable sustained agricultural production in northern Iran’s paddy fields.

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Improved drainage and greater air-filled porosity of raised beds in south-western Victoria

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr08003 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 397 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. E. Holland ◽

R. E. White ◽

R. Edis

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Crop Production ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Raised Bed ◽

Different Response ◽

Tillage Method ◽

Western Victoria

Crop production in south-western Victoria has historically been constrained by waterlogging. As a result raised beds have recently become a popular tillage method on soils prone to waterlogging. Soil water properties, air-filled porosity, plant dry matter, and grain yield were compared for raised beds and conventional cultivation treatments during 2003 and 2004. Although rainfall was less than the long-term average, over the whole period the raised beds had consistently lower water content and drained faster than the conventional cultivation. Air-filled porosity was greater and above the critical value of 10% for longer in the raised beds (e.g. in 2004 air-filled porosity was >10% for 69 days longer in the raised beds). Benefits on the raised bed soil (such as greater soil aeration) were probably due to the increased depth to the B horizon and the soil surface topography created by regular furrows. No waterlogging was observed in 2003 and the crop on the conventional cultivation produced significantly more dry matter. Although visible waterlogging of the crop on the conventional cultivation was observed in 2004, the crop on the raised beds was not affected. Despite the different response in growth for each treatment, there was no significant difference in grain yield in either year. Nevertheless, it is predicted that raised beds should provide a well-drained and aerated soil that maintains crop productivity under average or greater rainfall in south-western Victoria.

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Effects of different levels of soil moisture and indigenous organic amendments on the yield of boro rice grown under field condition

Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.3329/dujbs.v29i1.46534 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 87-96

Author(s):

Md Shiful Islam ◽

Md Harunor Rashid Khan ◽

Mohammed Sadid Hossain

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Organic Amendments ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Mustard Meal ◽

Moist Condition ◽

1000 Grain Weight

A field study was conducted to determine the potentials of moist (70% soil moisture) and saturated (> 100% soil moisture) soil conditions and organic amendments of rice straw compost (RSC), mustard meal (MM) and trichocompost (TC) on the selected rice varieties of BR 3, local BRRI dhan 29 and BRRI dhan 74 in relation to the growth and yield attributes of rice varieties. The rates of amendments were 0, 4, 8 t/ha for RSC; 0, 3, 6 t/ha for MM and 0, 2.5, 5 t/ha for TC. The maximum grain yield of 8.71 t/ha was attained from the RSC4ML100 and 8.58 t/ha from RSC4ML70 treatments. The moist condition of soil had almost similar effects on the number of productive tillers, grain yield, number of filled and fissured grains, 1000-grain weight and harvest index as compared to saturated condition along with the doses of RSC, MM and TC. The RSC (4 t/ha) was the superior treatment with respect to the growth and yield components of rice followed by the treatments of TC (2.5 t/ha) and MM (3 t/ha), irrespective of rice varieties and moisture levels. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 29(1): 87-96, 2020 (January)

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Comparison of weed control methods on infestation and crop productivity in transplant aman rice

Progressive Agriculture ◽

10.3329/pa.v27i4.32121 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 418-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MN Hasan ◽

UK Sarker ◽

MR Uddin ◽

AK Hasan ◽

MS Kaysar

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Weed Control ◽

Control Method ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Main Plot ◽

Hand Weeding ◽

Plot Design

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from June to December 2014 with a view to compare the efficacy of weeding method on the performance of transplanted aman rice varieties. Four transplanted aman rice varieties viz. Kalijira, BRRI dhan34, BRRI dhan52 and BRRI dhan64 and five different weeding treatments namely no weeding, two hand weeding at 20 & 40 days after transplanting (DAT), mechanical weeding by Japanese rice weeder at 20 and 40 DAT, soil applied pre-emergence herbicide Topstar 400 SP (Oxadiargyl 400 g/l) @ 190 ml ha-1 once at 3 days before transplanting and foliar applied post-emergence herbicide Manage @ 250g ha-1 at 6 days after transplanting were evaluated. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design assigning weed control method in the main plot and variety in the sub plot with three replications. Weed population was significantly influenced by variety and methods of weeding. The important weeds of the experimental plots were Digitaria sanguinalis, Leersia hexandra, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Echinochloa crusgalli, Monochoria vaginalis, Ludwigia hyssopifolia, Polygonum orientale, Eclipta alba, Marsilea crenata and Fimbristylis miliacea. The effect of weeding treatments on dry weight of weeds was significant. Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT showed the lowest dry weight of weeds followed by post-emergence herbicide Manage at 6 DAT and no weeding produced the highest dry weight of weeds. Among the weeding treatments hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT performed the best for all the crop characters including grain yield (3.90 t ha-1) followed by the post-emergence herbicide manage and no weeding showed the lowest performance (3.06 t ha-1). Among the varieties, BRRI dhan34 produced the highest grain yield (4.33 t ha-1) and Kalijira yielded the lowest (2.04 t ha-1). The interaction between variety and weeding show that all the varieties produced higher grain yield with two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT than other weeding treatments. The results suggested that BRRI dhan34 might be grown with two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT as well as early post-emergence herbicide Manage for effective in controlling weeds and for better yield of transplant aman rice.Progressive Agriculture 27 (4): 418-427, 2016

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Soil Salinity Assessment in Irrigated Paddy Fields of the Niger Valley Using a Four-Year Time Series of Sentinel-2 Satellite Images

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12203399 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (20) ◽

pp. 3399

Author(s):

Issaka Moussa ◽

Christian Walter ◽

Didier Michot ◽

Issifou Adam Boukary ◽

Hervé Nicolas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Temporal Resolution ◽

Soil Salinity ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Paddy Fields ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

High Temporal Resolution ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Sentinel 2

Salinization is a major soil degradation threat in irrigated systems worldwide. Irrigated systems in the Niger River basin are also affected by salinity, but its spatial distribution and intensity are not currently known. The aim of this study was to develop a method to detect salt-affected soils in irrigated systems. Two complementary approaches were tested: salinity assessment of bare soils using a salinity index (SI) and monitoring of indirect effects of salinity on rice growth using temporal series of a vegetation index (NDVI). The study area was located south of Niamey (Niger) in two irrigated systems of rice paddy fields that cover 6.5 km2. We used remote-sensing and ground-truth data to relate vegetation behavior and reflectance to soil characteristics. We explored all existing Sentinel-2 images from January 2016 to December 2019 and selected cloud-free images on 157 dates that covered eight successive rice-growing seasons. In the dry season of 2019, we also sampled 44 rice fields, collecting 147 biomass samples and 180 topsoil samples from January to June. For each field and growing season, time-integrated NDVI (TI-NDVI) was estimated, and the SI was calculated for dates on which bare soil conditions (NDVI < 0.21) prevailed. Results showed that since there were few periods of bare soil, SI could not differentiate salinity classes. In contrast, the high temporal resolution of Sentinel-2 images enabled us to describe rice-growing conditions over time. In 2019, TI-NDVI and crop yields were strongly correlated (r = 0.77 with total biomass yield and 0.82 with grain yield), while soil electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with both TI-NDVI (r = −0.38) and crop yield (r = −0.23 with total biomass and r = −0.29 with grain yield). Considering the TI-NDVI data from 2016–2019, principal component analysis followed by ascending hierarchical classification identified a typology of five clusters with different patterns of TI-NDVI during the eight growing seasons. When applied to the entire study area, this classification clearly identified the extreme classes (i.e., areas with high or no salinity). Other classes with low TI-NDVI (i.e., during dry seasons) may be related to areas with moderate or seasonal soil salinity. Finally, the high temporal resolution of Sentinel-2 images enabled us to detect stresses on vegetation that occurred repeatedly over the growing seasons, which may be good indicators of soil constraints due to salinity in the context of the irrigated paddy systems of Niger. Further research will validate the ability of the method developed to detect moderate soil salinity constraints over large areas.

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Effects of establishment method and water management on yield and water productivity of tropical lowland rice

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479719000395 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 331-346

Author(s):

Hayat Ullah ◽

Suman Giri ◽

Ahmed Attia ◽

Avishek Datta

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Water Level ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Lowland Rice ◽

Irrigation Level ◽

Establishment Method ◽

Irrigation Levels ◽

Better Than

AbstractModification of the existing cropping practice is needed to maintain rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity and reduce irrigation water input. A 2-year field experiment was conducted during the dry rice growing season of 2016 and 2017 at the Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand, to investigate the effects of establishment method and irrigation level on growth, yield, and water productivity of irrigated lowland rice. The treatments consisted of two Thai rice cultivars (Pathumthani 1 and RD57), two establishment methods (dry direct seeding [DDS] and transplanting [TP]), and three irrigation levels (continuous flooding [CF], 15 cm threshold water level below the soil surface for irrigation [AWD15], and 30 cm threshold water level below the soil surface for irrigation [AWD30]). Overall, the performance of RD57 was better than Pathumthani 1 under DDS with 50% higher grain yield and 90% higher water productivity at AWD15. RD57 also had higher shoot dry matter, number of tiller m–2, and number of panicle m–2 across establishment methods and irrigation levels. Grain yield and water productivity of RD57 were similar under two establishment methods across irrigation levels, whereas the performance of TP was better than DDS for Pathumthani 1 irrespective of irrigation levels. The highest grain yield and water productivity of Pathumthani 1 was observed at AWD15 under TP and that of RD57 under both establishment methods at the same irrigation level. AWD15 saved 26 and 32% irrigation water under TP and DDS, respectively, compared with TP-CF treatment combination. AWD15 irrigation level could be recommended for greater water productivity without compromising yield when Pathumthani 1 is cultivated through TP and RD57 is cultivated through either DDS or TP. Although water-saving potential was higher compared with CF, AWD30 is not recommended for irrigated lowland rice cultivation due to significant yield reduction.

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Effects of plant population and row spacing on grain yield of aerial-sown and drill-sown rice

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp19421 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 219 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B. W. Dunn ◽

T. S. Dunn ◽

J. H. Mitchell ◽

J. Brinkhoff

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Plant Population ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Plant Populations ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

The Impact

Objective guidelines about plant population are essential to ensure that yield potential of rice grain is not compromised. Drill-sowing of rice is increasing in popularity in many rice-growing regions of the world in response to a requirement for increased water productivity, but little information is available on row-spacing widths required to maximise grain yield potential. This research investigated the impacts of plant population on grain yield and yield components for aerial- and drill-sown rice, and the effects of row-spacing width for drill-sown rice grown in a temperate environment. Ten aerial-sown and five drill-sown experiments were conducted in south-eastern Australia over three seasons using four semi-dwarf rice varieties. Plant populations ranged from 7 to 396 plants m–2. Plant populations as low as 30 plants m–2 were able to achieve grain yields >12 t ha–1 but only when the plants were uniformly distributed. At a population of ~100 plants m–2, the impact of plant-stand distribution was negligible. Grain yield was maintained across a large range of plant populations, mainly through compensatory effects of more tillers per plant and more grains per panicle at lower plant populations. For aerial-sown rice, maximum grain yield (up to 14.9 t ha–1) was always achieved with a minimum plant population of 100 plants m–2, and likewise for drill-sown rice provided the row spacing was ≤27 cm. At equivalent plant populations, 36-cm row spacing produced lower grain yield than narrower row spacings. When large gaps existed between plants within the rows, neighbouring plants could not compensate for the gap at the wider 36-cm row spacing, and grain yield was reduced. A practical optimal plant population of 100–200 plants m–2 was found to be suitable for the semi-dwarf varieties used in this study for both aerial- and drill-sowing methods.

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