scholarly journals Treated Wastewater Irrigation—A Review

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Mahmoud S. Hashem ◽  
Xue-Bin Qi
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Water Resource Utilization ◽  
Extension Program ◽  
Agricultural Demand

As the most important resource for life, water has been a central issue on the international agenda for several decades. Yet, the world’s supply of clean freshwater is steadily decreasing due to extensive agricultural demand for irrigated lands. Therefore, water resources should be used with greater efficiency, and the use of non-traditional water resources, such as Treated Wastewater (TW), should be increased. Reusing TW could be an alternative option to increase water resources. Thus, many countries have decided to turn wastewater into an irrigation resource to help meet urban demand and address water shortages. However, because of the nature of that water, there are potential problems associated with its use in irrigation. Some of the major concerns are health hazards, salinity build-up, and toxicity hazards. The objectives of this comprehensive literature review are to illuminate the importance of using TW in irrigation as an alternative freshwater source and to assess the effects of its use on soil fertility and other soil properties, plants, and public health. The literature review reveals that TW reuse has become part of the extension program for boosting water resource utilization. However, the uncontrolled application of such waters has many unfavorable effects on both soils and plants, especially in the long-term. To reduce these unfavorable effects when using TW in irrigation, proper guidelines for wastewater reuse and management should be followed to limit negative effects significantly.

Use of Motivational Interviewing to Improve Return-to-work and Work-related Outcomes: A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Page ◽  
Irina Tchernitskaia
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Return To Work ◽  
Motivational Interviewing ◽  
Work Disability ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Health Behaviour Change ◽  
Behavioural Factors

Work-based return-to-work (RTW) interventions can help to reduce the duration and cost of work disability, and in turn, prevent the negative effects of long-term sickness absence. However, there are a number of complex cognitive, affective and behavioural factors that can impact an individual's confidence, motivation and willingness to RTW that need to be addressed to facilitate effective outcomes. This literature review investigates evidence for the use of motivational interviewing (MI) for improving return-to-work (RTW) and employment outcomes. Whilst evidence for the efficacy of MI in clinical settings to motivate health behaviour change is strong, more research is needed to determine whether MI can be usefully applied to improve RTW and other work-related outcomes.

Wastewater Reuse in France: Water Quality Standards and Wastewater Treatment Technologies

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Faby ◽  
F. Brissaud ◽  
J. Bontoux
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Shellfish Farming ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Set Up

Wastewater reuse is not widely applied in France, because water resources match most of the needs. Only 6 projects were in operation in 1989. But more than 15 new projects were found to have been set up 7 years later. In the meantime, the Ministry of Health issued a provisional regulation on the reuse of wastewater for irrigation purposes and the Ministry of Environment a Water Law and application decrees acknowledging wastewater reuse as a means of disposal for treated wastewater, which is recommended to be implemented along the coastline. Actually, most of the projects are located in Atlantic islands and on the Atlantic coast. They were developed not only to face the limitation of water resources but also as a means of protecting bathing waters and shellfish farming areas. Most hinterland projects were driven by the rehabilitation of rivers threatened by eutrophication. The inforcement of the recommendations of the Ministry of Health resulted in a slowing down of the development of wastewater reuse and the implementation of wastewater treatments–long residence time lagooning or chlorination ad ultra violet radiations–providing water quality higher than required by the standards.

Reclaimed wastewater to irrigate olive groves and vineyards: effects on soil properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Mañas Ramírez ◽  
Jorge De las Heras Ibañez ◽  
Esther Peña Molina
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Primary Water

<p>Having drinking water is one of the sustainable development goals (SDG no. 6) that is not always easy to ensure, especially in countries like Spain or arid regions marked by water deficit. The reuse of treated water should be considered when planning water resources, but it is necessary to conduct experiments to verify that this effectiveness is applicable to real situations. Our field trial was carried out in several study areas distributed in agricultural parcels of SE Spain. Three olive grove and vineyard plantations were monitored for 3 years. Two irrigation water types were considered: freshwater from conventional wells (controls) and treated wastewater (TW). The treated wastewater came from three different wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that employ a biological secondary treatment without disinfection and different numbers of Inhabitants Equivalent (IE) as a measure of pollutant load. They were located in Valdeganga (3,000 IE), Fuenteálamo (5,600 IE) and Ontur (1,500 IE). All the study plots were watered by drip irrigation using 16 mm-diameter polyethylene pipelines.</p><p>Several soil and water parameters were analysed to determine the main differences among them. Increasing of soil salinity is a real risk after irrigating with wastewater as is reflected in higher electrical conductivity values. However, this fact was compensated by the greater contribution of organic matter and nutrients, which allowed crops to adequately develop. Moreover, no microbiological, metal content, toxicity or organic compounds in the studied water samples were detected and reclaimed municipal wastewater was comparable in quality to the conventional sources at all the demonstration sites. Hence adopting this water type for irrigation for grapes and olives could help save primary water resources. The future of water resources management policies involves sustainable wastewater reuse within a circular economy frame because this is the only way to guarantee everyone solidarity access to water.</p><p>Fundings provided by the ERA-NET WaterWorks2014 Cofunded Call. This ERA-NET is an integral part of the 2015 Joint Activities developed by the Water Challenges for a Changing World Joint Programme Initiative (Water JPI).</p>

Building sustainable wastewater reuse in Jordan

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pasch ◽  
P. Macy
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Resources Planning

Jordan's population is projected to reach 6.5 million by 2010. Limited water does not meet present or projected demands, groundwater levels are dropping, and industrialization is increasing pressure on water resources and the environment. The agricultural sector alone uses approximately 70% of total water resources. Wastewater represents a resource that can help fill Jordan's gap between supply and demand. While approximately 80% of the over 80 MCM of wastewater/yr is currently reused, only a fraction is formalized with permitting and adherence to reuse guidelines. The Jordanian government seeks to embrace reclaimed resources in national water resources planning through recognized/regulated reuse implementation activities. A multi-sectoral project is being performed to help reach this goal in Jordan and worldwide, sharing lessons learned in increasing access to reused water, and involving performance of four demonstration projects with an aim toward developing replicable operational conditions that support sustainability/enhance expansion of treated wastewater reuse in Jordan.

scholarly journals A Literature Review on the Impacts of Armed Conflicts on Human Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang T. T. Huong ◽  
Nguyen K. Hang ◽  
Le T. Trang ◽  
Nguyen D. Khoi ◽  
Le Kien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

This paper reviews the literature for both the short-term and long-term effects of armed conflicts on human development. We identify the negative effects of exposure to armed conflicts on child health in the short run, and prospective earnings, educational attainment, labor productivity in the long run. The findings call for quick and effective actions to minimize the negative consequences of armed conflicts in both the short run and long run.

scholarly journals Motivators for treated wastewater acceptance across developed and developing contexts

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacelyn Rice ◽  
Rhian Stotts ◽  
Amber Wutich ◽  
Dave White ◽  
Jonathan Maupin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Ecological Conservation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Willingness To Use ◽  
Motivating Factor

Abstract As water scarcity increases, we must turn to underutilized sources such as treated wastewater. While work has been done on barriers to public acceptance, less work has been undertaken to explore motivations that may incentivize adoption of this potential water source. Using data collected from respondents in four global sites (in Guatemala, Fiji, New Zealand, and Spain), we (1) analyzed how four motivators (cost, current and future water shortages, and ecological conservation) influenced respondents' willingness to use treated wastewater and (2) examined if respondents' willingness varied across contexts based on the level of wastewater treatment available. Despite a focus in previous research on the role of reducing cost and providing economic incentives for wastewater reuse adoption, cost was broadly the least motivating factor while ecological conservation and future water shortages were the two strongest motivators across all sites. Additionally, respondents in sites with low levels of wastewater technology were more likely to express a willingness to use treated wastewater given any motivator.

scholarly journals Early approach of the transversal malocclusions, diagnosis and treatment. Literature review

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Padilla ◽  
Lina Tello ◽  
Jesús Alberto Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Posterior Crossbite ◽  
The World

Summary: The issue of transversal malocclusions has been widely studied bymany authors around the world and researched from many perspectives: skeletal, muscular, dental andfunctional. Reports describe the different etiologies, complications and compromises ofmalocclusion, leading to a general consensus that, the sooner it is corrected, the less theirconsequences and negative effects on growth and development will be, and good results can beachieved with great long-term stability. Therefore the aim of this paper is to identify through aliterature review, the necessary tools that allow the detection, diagnosis and treatment of thesemalocclusions at an early stage and to prevent severe skeletal asymmetries. Key words: Transversalmalocclusions. Cross-bite. Unilateral posterior crossbite. Bilateral posterior. Crossbite. Planasdirect tracks. Early transverse treatment.

scholarly journals Water Safety Plan Resources In Jordan Quantity and Quality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Fawzi ◽  
Mousa Ibrahim Al Ajlouni
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Water Shortages

Water scarcity is a significant challenge facing Jordan today. It is a challenge in all areas that use water, and it has become certain that water is the critical factor in the population/resources equation. The water resources in Jordan have become limited with the noticeable increase in the population, mostly resulting from forced migrations in neighboring countries because of the wars and until our time. The rising natural population growth rate, along with the massive influx of refugees, has turned into a state of disproportion between the daily consumption of the population and the amount of water available. That Jordan shares most of its surface water resources with neighboring countries has exacerbated the situation. The current use of water already exceeds its renewable supply. Excessive withdrawal from aquifers, which leads to a lowering of the water table and deterioration in water quality, covered the deficit. This paper focuses on assessing the water situation in Jordan, mainly evaluating this problem and the solution being considered, the true basis for a sustainable water solution requires awareness by the population, and several governmental and non-governmental organizations are actively involved in educating residents about water shortages. The most important and 'actionable' elements of comprehensive water solutions are discussed in this paper, and these elements exist, develop extra water supplies, water harvesting, water desalination, proper wastewater reuse in the agricultural sector, and reduce the demand for drinking water. This research provides specific recommendations to address the shortage of water resources in the Kingdom and highlights the importance of water conservation and optimal use.

scholarly journals The Long-run Effects of War: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen K. Hang ◽  
Le T. Trang ◽  
Hoang T. T. Huong ◽  
Nguyen T. Huong ◽  
Le Kien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Effects Of War

We review the literature for the long-term effects of war on human capital. We document the negative effects of exposure to war on individual health, prospective earnings, educational attainment, prospective earnings, and labor productivity in the long run. The findings call for immediate and effective actions to reduce the detrimental repercussions of war.

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