scholarly journals Perspective on Land Treatment and Wastewater Reuse for Agriculture in the Western United States

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1822
Author(s):  
Ron Crites ◽  
Robert Beggs ◽  
Harold Leverenz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Recycled Water

The practice of irrigation with municipal wastewater has evolved from avoidance of surface water pollution to beneficial reuse of water and nutrients for crop production. The ability of the soil to filter out pollutants and pathogens has been documented, such that groundwater quality is not degraded where recycled water to irrigate crops used for human consumption. The example of successful practice of the Castroville project in Monterey County, California illustrates safe reuse of recycled water for crop growth, marketing of crops grown into the fresh produce market, and groundwater protection. Impediments to the future more widespread reuse of recycled water for agricultural irrigation are also discussed. Many of the same technological advancements that have supported the development of modern agricultural water reuse projects have also improved the feasibility of various competing urban water reuse applications. The effects from increasing water scarcity has also had an impact on the quality and quantity of water available for agricultural water reuse projects. The historical practice of developing centralized and regional wastewater treatment facilities near a suitable surface water discharge location may need to be modified for better consideration of agricultural irrigation in integrated water resources planning.

scholarly journals Following the Water: Characterising de facto Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in the Netherlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 5936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack E. Beard ◽  
Marc F.P. Bierkens ◽  
Ruud P. Bartholomeus
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
De Facto Reuse ◽  
Surface Water Bodies

De facto (or indirect) wastewater reuse is the practice of extracting from surface water bodies which are impacted by treated wastewater (TWW) for anthropogenic use. The extent to which surface water bodies in the Netherlands are impacted by TWW is poorly understood, and the distribution of de facto reuse even more so. This study addresses these knowledge gaps, with a focus on reuse for agricultural irrigation. This is achieved via a novel application of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) Explorer water quality model, allowing for the distribution of different flow components—namely TWW and flow from transboundary rivers—to be discerned for the national surface water network. When paired with data on surface water extractions for irrigation, this identifies notable areas of de facto reuse. Results show that during dry conditions, TWW is a significant flow component in many surface water bodies, particularly in smaller streams located close to WWTPs. De facto reuse is indicated as widespread, with several key areas identified in which extractions are from impacted surface water bodies. This study represents a first attempt to directly link TWW emissions to agricultural irrigation, highlighting a mechanism by which wastewater-associated contaminants can propagate through the hydrological system.

scholarly journals Membrane-Based Processes Used in Municipal Wastewater Treatment for Water Reuse: State-Of-The-Art and Performance Analysis

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Yang ◽  
Mathias Monnot ◽  
Lionel Ercolei ◽  
Philippe Moulin
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Removal Capacity ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Alternative Water

Wastewater reuse as a sustainable, reliable and energy recovery concept is a promising approach to alleviate worldwide water scarcity. However, the water reuse market needs to be developed with long-term efforts because only less than 4% of the total wastewater worldwide has been treated for water reuse at present. In addition, the reclaimed water should fulfill the criteria of health safety, appearance, environmental acceptance and economic feasibility based on their local water reuse guidelines. Moreover, municipal wastewater as an alternative water resource for non-potable or potable reuse, has been widely treated by various membrane-based treatment processes for reuse applications. By collecting lab-scale and pilot-scale reuse cases as much as possible, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the membrane-based treatment processes, mainly focused on the hydraulic filtration performance, contaminants removal capacity, reuse purpose, fouling resistance potential, resource recovery and energy consumption. The advances and limitations of different membrane-based processes alone or coupled with other possible processes such as disinfection processes and advanced oxidation processes, are also highlighted. Challenges still facing membrane-based technologies for water reuse applications, including institutional barriers, financial allocation and public perception, are stated as areas in need of further research and development.

scholarly journals Impact assessment of water and nutrient reuse in hydroponic systems using Bayesian Belief Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Zimmermann ◽  
Michaela Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Bayesian Belief Networks ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hydroponic Systems

Abstract Water-saving agricultural practices can reduce negative environmental impacts in water-scarce regions all over the world. This study deals with an innovation that combines hydroponic crop production and municipal wastewater reuse for irrigation purposes. The research question was what impacts such hydroponic water reuse systems have on product confidence, economic viability, groundwater recharge, biodiversity and landscape quality. It should also be clarified under which conditions and with which measures these systems can be sustainable. To answer these questions, a number of generic hydroponic water reuse systems were modeled and assessed using a Bayesian Belief Network that included both numerical values and expert knowledge. The hydroponic water reuse systems with the most positive overall impacts are small-scale food production systems (tomatoes) equipped with lighting and heating whose products are marked with a quality label or with a label for regional products. The systems are located in a former industrial area. In addition, a wetland system and landscape integration are implemented as landscaping measures. Hydroponic systems can be operated economically viable, their products have a high level of product confidence and their ecological impacts can be positive. No tradeoffs have to be accepted between economic, social and ecological goals.

scholarly journals Evaluation of surface water for agricultural irrigation in Lobalain District, Rote Ndao Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 930 (1) ◽  
pp. 012057
Author(s):  
R R Riady ◽  
W Wilopo ◽  
I W Warmada
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Rice Productivity

Abstract The average rice productivity of the Rote Ndao Regency is still below the national rice productivity. The cropping pattern’s lack of management and limited water sources can only be planted once a year. This study aims to determine the availability and quality of surface water used for irrigation with the existing rice-corn-fallow cropping pattern. The research was carried out by measuring discharge in the field, surveying the types and cropping patterns, irrigation area research, surface water quality analysis, and hydrological analysis. The results showed that the need for irrigation water for agriculture in the study area with the current cropping pattern was 0.84 lt/second/ha. Therefore, the existing irrigation area of ±3,762.00 Ha requires a water discharge of ±3.159 m3/second. The availability of surface water in the Lobalain District is low, with a discharge of ±1.598 m3/second. Surface water quality shows the percentage of sodium (Na%) dominated by excellent to permissible class, and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) excellent. The existing resource of surface water could not support agricultural irrigation. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative water source such as groundwater.

Water Recycling Systems

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1393-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Heaton
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Recycling Systems ◽  
Water District

Water recycling systems implies the initial treatment requirements for various water reuse schemes including unit process descriptions, performance and cost data. Several volumes of text are required for adequate coverage of the above subject and this paper will only attempt to highlight important areas, provide guidelines and give needed direction. Cost functions of one important U.S. Research/ Demonstration Facility (Water Factory 21) are given in more detail. Much of the data has been summarized from four important publications shown below and the reader seeking additional information is encouraged to examine these in detail.1.Water Reuse and Recycling - Volume 2 - Evaluation of Treactment Technology, 1979, U.S. Office of Water Research & Technology (OWRT). Report by Culp/Wesner/Culp Engineers, NTIS #PB 80-131469.2.Guidelines for Water Reuse, August 1980, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Report by Camp Dresser & McKee Engineers, NTIS #PB 81-105017.3.Evaluation of, Membrane. Processes and Their Role in Wastewater Reclamation, 1981. OWRT sponsored report by Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, California, USA.4.Municipal Wastewater Reuse News. OWRT sponsored monthly newsletter by AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado, USA.

Water reuse in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – status, prospects and research needs

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 926-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg E. Drewes ◽  
C. Patricio Roa Garduño ◽  
Gary L. Amy
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Artificial Recharge ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Desalination Plants

Saudi Arabia is one of the driest countries in the world. While desalination plants currently installed in the country represent 30% of the world's desalination capacity, seawater desalination alone will not be able to provide sufficient supplies to meet the increasing freshwater demand. However, with only 9% of the total municipal wastewater generated currently being reused, the kingdom is projected as the third largest reuse market after China and the USA, and reuse capacities are projected to increase by 800% by 2016. This projected growth and the change in water portfolios offer tremendous opportunities to integrate novel approaches of water reclamation and reuse. This paper highlights the current status of reuse in the kingdom, discusses prospects of using distributed infrastructure for reuse tailored to local needs as well as the use of artificial recharge and recovery systems for reclaimed water. It also suggests research needs to helping overcoming barriers for wastewater reuse.

scholarly journals Agricultural irrigation in Hungary, with special regards to the water resources levy and agricultural water supply fee

Pro Futuro ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ágnes Bujdos
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Agricultural Water Supply ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The One ◽  
Water Uses

The price of the agricultural irrigation is determined by the water resources levy and agricultural water supply fee, which are regulated under Article 15/A. (1) and Article 15/F. (1) of the Act LVII of 1995 on Water Management. A kind of dualism concerning the price of the irrigation can be observed in Hungary. On the one hand, the necessity to irrigate has to be reflected in the price due to the negative impacts of drought on crop production, although irrigation scores low on the hierarchy of water uses. On the other hand, the price must also express the value of water as an irreplaceable natural resource with limited renewable capacity. Based on the analysis of the said provisions, it can be concluded that though allowing derogations from paying for the agricultural irrigation can be justified in many cases,  concerns can be raised regarding their uniform application without involving discretion regardless, among others factors, of the differences in the economic situation of the farmers.

scholarly journals Municipal Wastewater Reclamation and Water Reuse for Irrigation by Membrane Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davor Dolar ◽  
Marko Racar ◽  
Krešimir Košutić
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Membrane Conductivity ◽  
Severe Degree

Municipal wastewater was treated by membrane bioreactor (MBR), and the obtained<br /> MBR effluent was then treated by reverse osmosis (RO), and nanofiltration (NF). The MBR effluent was additionally treated by reverse osmosis (XLE) and nanofiltration (NF90 and NF270) membranes. RO and NF permeate output streams were assessed for their utilization in agricultural irrigation. The MBR used a hollow fiber ZeeWeed 1 ultrafiltration<br /> membrane. Conductivity, turbidity, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved organic carbon were rejected by MBR with average values of 10 %, 100 %, 99.8 %, 96 %, and 88 %, respectively. Further treatment with RO/NF membranes showed additional reduction in all measured parameters. According to results, MBR effluent belongs to the ‘slight to moderate’ degree of restriction on use due to conductivity, chloride, and sodium concentrations. RO/NF permeate, based on all parameters, belongs<br /> to the ‘none’ degree of restriction on use, except on sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), where it belongs to the ‘severe’ degree of restriction on use. Based on conductivity and SAR parameters, assessment of produced water quality obtained by blending of two effluents<br /> (50 % of MBR and 50 % of NF270 permeate) resulted in an output stream appropriate for irrigation, proving that the blending of output streams in this ratio is a good strategy for agricultural irrigation.

Reclaimed municipal wastewater - a potential water resource in China

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Pinjing ◽  
L. Phan ◽  
Gu Guowei ◽  
G. Hervouet
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Resource Shortage

Due to water resource shortage and socio-economic development within twenty years, China faces serious problems of water supply and water pollution. Several criteria and suitable reclamation processes related to water reuse have been created in China, which are helpful to improve the situation of water scarcity. In the future, reclaimed municipal wastewater reuse will mainly be developed for urban and industrial use. Potential supply quantity of reclaimed water, quality of reclaimed water, and reclamation cost are favorable to potential reuses. Based on further public environmental education, on a relevant development of national and local standards for reclaimed water quality, and on an increase of sanitary rate, more and more planned reclaimed water reuse projects would be expected in China.

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