The Northern forum as a successful model for the implementation of the identity of intra-state actors in the Arctic region

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
A. Lukin
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Successful Model ◽  
Administrative Functions ◽  
The World ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Political Governance ◽  
The Arctic Region

The process of transforming international relations goes on under the influence of globalization mechanisms together with the development of integration processes. The establishment of more complex and at the same time simple mechanisms of cooperation in the system of international relations between its actors is the result of a change in the methods of introducing cases. Moving away from the classical principles of cooperation-diplomatic contacts, alliances, the world ceases to be a bipolar system of world device, thanks to the process of globalization, a multipolar world structure is being built with the new actors inherent in the globalization process, gives an example of multinational corporations and NGOs. Under the influence of globalization, the usual tools of international politics are being modified, since within the framework of the new system of transnational interaction, national states are forced to adapt to a changing, interconnected and interdependent world in which there is no longer a clear division between external and internal affairs. State power is forced to transform, transferring to a larger extent part of its functions to supranational structures, sharing its administrative functions with these structures and creating new models of world political governance. The Northern Forum acts as an organization uniting the regions of the subjects for solving common problems in the Arctic region.

Problems of development of Arctic hydrocarbon resources under the current conditions.

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
Anna Borisovna Nikolaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The World ◽  
The Arctic Region

The Arctic is the richest and at the same time the most difficult region to develop in the world. Exploration and exploitation of its deposits are inevitable for Russia and mankind as a whole. The Arctic region is characterized by extreme nature-climatic conditions, with a rather low level of economic development and remoteness from industrial centers, a low level or lack of any infrastructure as well as by instability of the ecological system to anthropogenic impact and a long recovery period. Since the potential of the resources currently being developed will be exhausted within several decades, and the world economies are not yet ready for a full transition to alternative energy resources, it is necessary to search for and develop new hydrocarbon reserves that determines the relevance of the study.The aim of the study is to identify the main problems arising when exploiting hydrocarbons in the Arctic region. The set of problems identified predetermines an integrated approach to their solutions. In this case, it is about reforming legislation, increasing funding, and attracting new participants in the international cooperation. Since the export of oil and gas is traditional for the Russian Federation, exploitation of hydrocarbons in the region is a prerequisite for the further economic development of the country. A state policy aimed at development and improvement of new technologies, reducing environmental risks, and deep scientific research of the Arctic, is needed. The method of expert assessment was used, which is applied for solving complex tasks with lack of information, and impossibility of mathematical formalization of the solution process. The basis for the application of this method is the possibility and ability of experts to assess the importance of the problem under study and development prospects for a certain research direction. The expert assessments were highlighted during the study and analysis of the literature.

THE ROLE AND PLACE OF SECURITY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE ARCTIC REGION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Д. ЛУКИН
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Arctic Region

Статья рассматривает экологическую безопасность в Арктическом регионе с позиции стратегического планирования национальных интересов. Современная особенность политического курса государств по освоению Арктического региона ознаменована «гонкой стратегических документов», как это было указано в принятой в июне 2019 года Арктической стратегии США. Данная характеристика максимально правильно раскрывает существующую действительность в регионе, принятые государственные документы устанавливают принципиальные нормы продвижения государственной политики для защиты стратегических интересов. Национальные интересы в большинстве своем основаны на успешном ведении хозяйственной деятельности, реализации добычи природно-сырьевых богатств, в том числе и в шельфовой зоне. Стратегическое планирование Российской Федерации в Арктике связано с такими большими проектами, как: Ямал СПГ, Артик «СПГ-2», «Восток уголь», «Ворота Арктики». Осуществляется национальная программа по обустройству Северного морского пути, реализация проекта идет полным ходом, и на данном этапе приняты соответствующие планы по достижению необходимого уровня грузооборота по трассе СМП до 80 млн тонн до 2024 года. Хозяйственная деятельность в Арктике имеет определенные риски вероятного возникновения техногенной катастрофы, процент которого увеличивается пропорционально количеству действующих индустриальных программ. Возникновение утечек и разливов при добыче нефти-газового сырья, представляет реальную угрозу окружающей экосистеме Арктики, являющейся чрезмерно хрупкой и невосполнимой. Региональная история развития добывающей промышленности имеет прецеденты техногенной катастрофы с загрязнением значительных площадей, как в сухопутной части, так и в морских пространствах Арктики. По линии признанных региональных организаций (платформ для диалога), создаются и принимаются общеобязательные нормативно-правовые акты в рамках защиты окружающей среды Арктики; в 2013 году подписывается соглашение по сотрудничеству в сфере готовности к реагированию на угрозу загрязнения моря нефтью в Арктике. В 2017 году вступил в силу «Полярный кодекс», в котором представлены разделы с общеобязательными предписаниями с целью защиты жизни человека и предотвращения чрезвычайных ситуаций в полярных зонах. Общепризнанная платформа для диалога «Арктический Совет» в своей функции по большей части выполняет роль регионального аналитического центра по исследованию климатических изменений и охраны окружающей среды, проводя постоянные мониторинги окружающей среды. Таким образом, роль экологической безопасности в Арктике является одним из главных вопросов для сотрудничества стран на различных уровнях. Но несмотря на все усилия мирового сообщества и отдельных государств, происходят чрезвычайные ситуации различного рода, наносящие значительный ущерб окружающей среде, флоре и фауне региона вследствие чего актуальность данного вопроса не утрачивает силу.

COLLECTIVE SECURITY IN THE ARCTIC REGION: INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES OF CONTEMPORARY PROCESSES OF REGIONALIZATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Rabkin
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
New Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Institutional Challenges ◽  
The Arctic Region

The search for a new model of collective security is one of the most important institutional challenges in a multipolar world. Despite the fact that modern processes of regionalization are increasingly determined by cognitive factors, the Arctic region is becoming a macro-region of the world, where the balance of national interest of countries with different economic systems can determine the institutional criteria for future global interaction or confrontation in achieving the goals of sustainable development.

The Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement: Text, Framing and Logics

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corine Wood-Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Search And Rescue ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Policy Document ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Hard Law ◽  
Maritime Search And Rescue ◽  
The Arctic Region

Abstract The 2011 ‘Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic’ (henceforth SAR Agreement) is the first instrument of hard law produced by the eight states of the Arctic Council. While the agreement ostensibly addresses search and rescue related issues for the Arctic region, it is capable of being understood in a variety of legal, political and cultural contexts. Three elements are teased out in particular – the SAR Agreement as a legal policy document, as indicative of evolving Arctic international relations, and as indicative of particular geopolitical logics. As the paper concludes, however, the SAR Agreement has not been entirely free of political intrigue.

scholarly journals China’s Arctic Policy: Challenges to Regional Security (1990s – 2020s)

2021 ◽  
pp. 377-388
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Horobets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Arctic Policy ◽  
The Arctic Region

The article analyzes the evolution of China's Arctic policy, which has expanded over three decades from individual polar research to observer status in the Arctic Council and the existence of a state Arctic strategy. China and Russia have established mutually beneficial cooperation in the Arctic region in such conditions, when in many areas there are fundamental contradictions between the countries. The West did not have a long-term strategy capable of responding to current security challenges, including in the Arctic. When Russia tried to regain lost positions on the world stage in 2007-2008, China became an increasingly influential player in the world. If before the Arctic had been outside the lines of rivalry for decades, the question of the Far North as an arena of military competition began to take first place. China has become a long-term threat to both the United States and Russia. In previous years, with the help of the China, Moscow had the opportunity to receive the necessary investments and technologies for large-scale Arctic projects. The more Beijing attempts to establish itself as an influential player in the Arctic, the more the threat to other Arctic countries will grow. The Russian Federation has positioned itself as a leader in the region. The country's policy was aimed at strengthening this status through regional control and expansion of the military presence. This led to a response from the United States and NATO countries. In Russia it was assessed as a threat. The question arises as to what the strategy of the United States should be, and whether it will be possible to resist the costly arms race. If not, then the competition will be concentrated in the political and economic spheres. A particular aspect is the rapid militarization of the Arctic region after 2014, primarily due to changes in Russia's military strategy, which extends to the North. This has led to the tensions between the United States and Russia. China has not yet resorted to expand its military power in the Arctic. China's policy of economic and infrastructural influence is opposed to military methods. The effectiveness of Chinese non-military methods of influence is assessed

scholarly journals Climate Change and Mental Health: A Snapshot of Arctic Indigenous People’s Resiliency and Suffering as the World Transforms

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Madden
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
The World ◽  
Climate Patterns ◽  
The Arctic Region

For years, the Arctic region, home to 4 million people, ten percent of whom are indigenous, has provided an example of rapidly changing climate patterns impinging on human ability to adapt to the change (Arctic Centre, University of Lapland). The Circumpolar region has experienced warming at a rate roughly two to three times greater than …

Polar bears and ice: cultural connotations of Arctic environments that contradict the science of climate change

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Westerstahl Stenport ◽  
Richard S Vachula
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Anthropogenic Climate Change ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Cultural Perceptions ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Connotations ◽  
The Arctic Region

In spite of overwhelming agreement between scientists and scientific agencies around the world that anthropogenic climate change is currently occurring, many American citizens and politicians alike continue to doubt its validity. In this article, we examine 21st-century media reporting and 20th-century cinematic examples that provide possible reasons for why this is the case, especially foregrounding Western cultural perceptions and connotations of the Arctic region, which have constructed an intellectual framework that resists scientific findings of anthropogenic forcing of climate change.

scholarly journals The Security Aspects in the Arctic: the Potential Role of NATO

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Zhilina
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Nuclear Weapon ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Military Security ◽  
The Arctic Region

This paper addresses military security issues in the Arctic region and assesses in particular NATO’s Arctic agenda by giving a historical retrospective on the militarization of the High North. Also, it provides a theoretical background to understand the contemporary strategic situation and analyze how the enduring nuclear-weapon-based security strategies can influence the future international relations in the Arctic.

scholarly journals Chinese geopolitical goals in the Arctic

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
I. S. Doroshenko
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
The World ◽  
The Silk Road ◽  
The Arctic Region

The People’s Republic of China is increasing its influence around the world every day. It’s hard not to notice the aggressive economic expansion being carried out by China in the Asian region. Chinese presence is felt in Africa, South America and even in Europe. By engaging in a trade war with the United States, China thereby challenged the most influential economy in the world, which is confirmed by its ambitions as a world leader. To meet these ambitions, a powerful transport and logistics support is necessary, which gave rise to the “Belts and Ways” initiative. The initiative “One Belt - One Road” combines two projects: “The Economic Belt of the Silk Road” and “The Sea Silk Road of the XXI Century”. This means that, in addition to the traditional land routes of the Silk Road, Beijing is exploring the sea routes along the African continent and in the Pacific Ocean. Since the initiative does not have a clear strategy, the northern routes that have recently become relevant are also considered by the Chinese authorities.The search for an alternative to the Suez Canal has repeatedly prompted researchers to use the Northern Sea Route as a trading artery linking Europe and Asia, but climatic conditions and technical capabilities did not allow this idea to be realized. The current situation in the Arctic region allows us to talk about new development prospects.China is actively interested in the Arctic: since 2013, it has an observer status in the Arctic Council, has been increasing its presence in the region by organizing scientific expeditions, building icebreakers, introducing its own brand “Northern Silk Road”, and also investing in projects like “Yamal LNG». China outlined its presence in the Arctic region in a white paper published in January 2018. One of the main goals that Beijing sets for itself is multilateral cooperation in the development of the Northern Sea Route.The author of the article analyzes the origins of such interest, as well as possible threats to Russia. The study also examines the position of European partners in the participation of the development of the SMP, bilateral relations with the Chinese side and the ratio of the strategy of the European Union, China and Russia in the High North. The author gives a geopolitical rationale for Chinese initiatives that are aimed at creating the conditions for intensive navigation in the northern areas.

scholarly journals THE PROJECT «ICE SILK ROAD» WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE INITIATIVE «ONE BELT AND ONE ROAD» AS THE REALIZATION OF THE INTERESTS OF RUSSIA AND CHINA IN THE ARCTIC REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-345
Author(s):  
Kristina M Mikhaylichenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Arctic Region

The article discusses the place and importance of the Arctic region and the Northern Sea Route on the geopolitical map of the world. The author defines the interests of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China in the Arctic, characterizes the project “Ice Silk Road” within the framework of the initiative “One Belt and One Road”, analyzes the existing Russian-Chinese cooperation and identifies the most promising areas of cooperation. The author comes to the conclusion about the global potential of the Arctic cooperation between the two countries.

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