Comparative study of the content of IAA in the process of seed germination of triticale and wheat at normal and elevated temperatures

Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), caused by Acidovorax citrulli, is a seed-transmitted disease of cucurbit crop species. During seed-to-seedling transmission of BFB, A. citrulli initially grows as a saprophyte on germinating seeds and subsequently switches to a pathogenic mode. We investigated the effect of temperature on A. citrulli colonisation of germinating watermelon seeds. Seeds were vacuum-infiltrated with 106 CFU/ml A. citrulli, germinated at 28°C and 100% relative humidity, and transferred to 40°C at different times. Mean BFB incidence was significantly lower for seeds that were sown at 28°C and transferred to 40°C three days after sowing (DAS), compared with seeds incubated constantly at 28°C. Seeds showed reduced mean BFB transmission percentages when transferred from 28 to 40°C at 3 DAS, regardless of initial A. citrulli concentration. The effect of increased temperature on BFB seedling transmission was reversible regardless of the initial A. citrulli inoculum concentration. Furthermore, the A. citrulli population on germinating watermelon seedlings that were transferred from 28 to 40°C at 3 DAS was significantly lower than seedlings maintained at 28°C. We conclude that A. citrulli cells associated with germinating watermelon seeds are more sensitive to elevated temperature during the first 3 DAS relative to the later days.

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Study of Oxidation Degradation Eosin by Ferrate

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.15 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 989-994 ◽

pp. 15-18

Author(s):

Dang Sheng Li ◽

Xi Liang Chen

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Oxidation Degradation

This paper presents a comparative study of the performance of ferrate (VI) towards wastewater treatment. The effects of solution pH, reaction temperature and amount of ferrate on the eosin removal rate were investigated. Results demonstrated that increasing the amount of ferrate (VI) and low acidity leads to good removal performance of ferrate towards eosin. So ferrate (VI) is an effective reagent for dyes treatment. The reaction temperature, however, has little influence on the removal rate which may be due to the degradation effects of ferrate at elevated temperatures.

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A Comparative Study of Ti/Low-k HSQ (Hydrogen Silsesquioxane) and Ti/TEOS (Tetraethylorthosilicate) Structures at Elevated Temperatures

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-612-d9.13.1 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 612 ◽

Author(s):

Yuxiao Zeng ◽

Linghui Chen ◽

T. L. Alford

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Direct Contact ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Primary Source ◽

Hydrogen Silsesquioxane ◽

Titanium Layer ◽

To Come ◽

Al Metallization ◽

Interconnect Technology ◽

Low K

AbstractFor the benefit of reducing capacitance in multilevel interconnect technology, low-k dielectric HSQ (hydrogen silsesquioxane) has been used as a gapfill material in Al-metallization- based non-etchback embedded scheme. The vias are consequently fabricated through the HSQ layer followed by W plug deposition. In order to reduce the extent of via poisoning and achieve good W/Al contact, thin Ti/TiN stack films are typically deposited before via plug deposition. In this case, HSQ makes direct contact with the Ti layer. The reliability of the Ti/HSQ structures at elevated temperatures has been systematically studied in this work by using a variety of techniques. These results are also compared with those from Ti/TEOS (Tetraethylorthosilicate) structure, where TEOS is a conventional intra-metal dielectric. When the temperature is below 550 °C, a significant number of oxygen atoms are observed to diffuse into the titanium layer. The primary source of oxygen is believed to come from the HSQ film. When the temperature is above 550 °C, HSQ starts to react with Ti. At 700 °C, a TiO/Ti5Si3/HSQ stack structure forms. The Ti/HSQ system exhibits a higher reactivity than that of the Ti/TEOS system.

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Comparative study of severe plastic deformation at elevated temperatures of two aluminium alloys during friction surfacing

Journal of Materials Processing Technology ◽

10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.04.021 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 247 ◽

pp. 257-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

S. Hanke ◽

J.F. dos Santos

Keyword(s):

Plastic Deformation ◽

Severe Plastic Deformation ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Aluminium Alloys ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Friction Surfacing

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A Comparative Study of Composts Prepared from Various Organic Wastes Based on Biological and Chemical Parameters

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10060869 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 869

Author(s):

Monika Jakubus

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Root Growth ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Organic Waste ◽

Plant Root ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Macro And Micronutrients ◽

Materials Used ◽

Positive Effect

One of the principles of the circular economy requires the effective recycling of organic waste, especially since its volume is increasing from year to year. Therefore, one of the best solutions to solve this problem is the composting of organic waste. This paper presents the results of a comparative study of 10 different composts in terms of their quality. The composts varied with regard to waste materials used for composting, the adopted composting method, and the degree of compost maturity. Both biological (seed germination rate and intensity of plant root growth) and chemical methods (contents of macro- and micronutrients, presence of heavy metals, as well as the quality and quantity of humus compounds) were applied to evaluate the fertilisers, providing comprehensive characteristics of individual composts. It was found that composts prepared on the basis of sewage sludge had the highest contents of macro- and micronutrients as well as heavy metals. In addition, these composts contained the greatest amounts of humic substances, although these were of low quality. These composts also strongly inhibited seed germination and plant root growth. The least desirable chemical composition was found for the composts based on yard trimmings and household wastes prepared in home composters. These composts contained good quality humus compounds and had a positive effect on seed germination and plant root growth.

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A Comparative Study of EDD and PM-EDD in Producing Holes in Inconel 718 Alloy

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.833.48 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 833 ◽

pp. 48-53

Author(s):

Rahul Davis ◽

Abhishek Singh ◽

Sabindra Kachhap ◽

Neeraj Nath

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Electric Discharge ◽

Inconel 718 ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Tool Electrode ◽

Inconel 718 Alloy ◽

Pulse On Time

In recent times, aerospace, chemical industries and nuclear plant have usually used Inconel 718 alloy because of its excellent mechanical and chemical properties at elevated temperatures. It falls under the category of difficult-to-cut materials due to its high toughness, poor thermal conductivity and high hardness. The set-ups for electric discharge drilling (EDD) and powder-mixed electric discharge drilling (PM-EDD) were developed, and experiments were conducted on them separately. This research shows a comparative study amid producing holes by EDD and PM-EDD in Inconel 718 alloy workpiece with copper tool electrode. SiC was used as an abrasive powder because of its better thermal conductivity in order to get properly mixed with dielectric in a separate tank. Output response was assessed in the form of material removal rate, under the influence of discharge current, duty factor, pulse-on-time and tool speed, as the input parameters.

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