Admiral Mordvinov: «Where the government itself distorts the good morals of the people, it cannot succeed in anything». Dissenting opinions

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-160
Author(s):  
Yu. Yakutin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
The People ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The article continues the series of publications devoted to the academicians-economists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who actively worked with the Free Economic Society of Russia — the VEO of Russia. Telling about the life milestones and stages of state and public activity of a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Admiral Nikolai Semyonovich Mordvinov, the article reveals the essence and meaning of the admiral's special opinions on key aspects of the socio-economic policy of the Russian Empire in the first half of the XIX century. N.S. Mordvinov's reflections on property, serfdom, industry, trade, and tariffs are summarized; about finance, banks, and insurance. The role of N.S. Mordvinov in the practical activities of the Imperial Free Economic Society of Russia is emphasized. N.S. Mordvinov's vision of the goals and objectives of the VEO as an important institution of Russian civil society is revealed.

“BULYGINSKAYA DUMA”. AGENCY WITHOUT POWER OR POWER OF AGENCY?

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
Sergey S. Novoselskii ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article considers the attitude of representatives of the top bureaucracy to the draft of the State Duma, developed by a Special Council chaired by the Minister of the Interior A.G. Bulygin in 1905. Particular attention is paid to the high officials assessments of the dignitaries of the place and role of the Duma in the system of state administration of the Russian Empire, the arguments that officials cited in favor of its convocation. It analyzes intellectual context of the emergence of the “bulyginskaya duma” (“Bulygin Duma”) project is analyzed, which largely determined the breadth of the actual, not declared powers of the people’s agency. The research is based on unpublished documents from the funds of state institutions, as well as materials from the personal funds of officials and public figures. The article shows that, despite the legislative nature of the Duma, it had to have significant powers. The electoral system, which was proposed and defended by the high officials, was originally modeled in such a way as to avoid the triumph of the estates principle. The monarch’s open opposition to the people’s agency was considered a politically short-sighted move, which indicated a limitation of his power. The results of the study allow considering the government policy in 1905 not as an untimely response to public demands, but as a conscious strategy for systemic political reforms.

scholarly journals Legal nihilism in resolving family conflicts of nobles and peasants of Russian Empire in the first third of XIX century

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
S. P. Volf ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relations ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Family Conflicts ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article highlights the ways of resolving family conflicts nobles and peasants in the first third of the XIX century in the Russian Empire, against the background of the ongoing systematization of legislation. Based on examination of the letters and memoirs of the nobles and peasants we highlighted the methods, which are actually used to solve family conflicts. I conclude that nobles and peasants rarely used help of the state in resolving family conflicts. The sphere of family relations was sacred for these estates; therefore, they did not rope the authorities into family conflicts. I have identified the following ways to resolve family conflicts: duel; marriage, often in the form of a secret wedding; going to the monastery and punishing the unfaithful wife; different approaches to raising children by peasants and nobles. The author of the article pays attention to passivity of the peasants in resolving their family conflicts. The results of the study allow exploring the alternative ways of resolving family conflicts based on representatives of other classes of Russian society in the first third of the 19th century (clergy, merchants, philistines, foreigners) as well, using wider range of sources (journalism, normative acts, fiction, paperwork). This analysis contributes to the discussion about the limits of the government intervention into family affairs. The author of the article redlines that people did not trust the law and resorted to the personally legitimate sources of dealing with family conflicts. This conclusion presents a new perspective in the discussion of legal nihilism and real application of the law in life

Dreams of a Boreal Empire, Nightmares of a Polar Vortex

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Schwoch
Keyword(s):  
Polar Vortex ◽  
Smithsonian Institution ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Scientific Team

This chapter discusses the failed efforts of the government, military, and Western Union to build a telegraph route in the 1860s across Alaska, beneath the Bering Strait, and into Europe via the Russian Empire. One central theme is the role of Robert Kennicott and the Smithsonian Institution as a scientific team of natural historians participating in this expedition. The ambiguous corporate-military entanglements of expedition members raises questions about whether the expedition was also some sort of occupying force on the ground in Russian Alaska prior to the Alaska Purchase in 1867.

scholarly journals HOMO ACADEMICUS. Part I. Scientific and Public organizations of the Russian Empire: between State Responsibility and Private Initiative

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Private Initiative ◽  
Scientific Organizations ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Abstract: Homo academicus was the title of a book by Pierre Bourdieu, published in Russia in 2017. Research of the person, his chances in the period of formation of scientific organizations – a research topic. The monograph is devoted to the development of scientific organizations of the Slavic peoples. The philosophical and anthropological grounds for the preservation of cultural heritage and creation in the Russian Empire in the XVIII and first half of the XIX century are considered. It was possible to trace how the scientific and practical activities of Russian statesmen and scientists formed programs and institutions for the preservation of cultural heritage. Keywords: Homo academicus, Pierre Bourdieu, scientific organizations, cultural identity, nation, cultural heritage, Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences

scholarly journals Medical and colonial discourses in A. P. Chekhov's book “Sakhalin Island”

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 118-132
Author(s):  
Ning Shilei ◽  
◽  
Li Xianshu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sakhalin Island ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Medicine And Literature ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Xix Century

The article presents an analysis of the conceptual and medical context of the book “Sakhalin Island”, examines Chekhov's attitude to medicine and literature, and analyzes various (including foreign) approaches to studying medicine and problems of colonization in literary texts. The topic is also relevant because, as we know, in the XIX century publicism was rather restricted by the government, both in the choice of topics and in the ways of their coverage. In many ways, literature took on the role of defender of ordinary people, including exiled convicts. The authors examine how, in addition to the lack of basic medical care, poor sanitation, and the specific local conditions causing various illnesses in people unaccustomed to Sakhalin climate, these people had feelings such as loneliness, melancholy, despondency, and unwillingness to live - in short, all the symptoms that are now commonly referred to as depression and psychopathology. Through a number of literary devices, A. P. Chekhov creates a satirical effect and disavows the authorities' allegations. The authors show that the focus of Chekhov's book is on the living conditions of the people and the serious mistakes made by the state during the exploration of Sakhalin. Comparing Chekhov's observations with statistics and factual data from other sources, the authors emphasize that government officials do not understand the importance of Sakhalin for Russia, the need to develop its natural resources, the inadmissibility of ignoring local ethnic and cultural conditions, the neglect of people, etc. The article concludes that Chekhov's observations are closely related to legal, economic, and historical records of the time.

scholarly journals General-criminal prisons of the Russian Empire in the XIX century (on the example of the Orenburg province)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-169
Author(s):  
Yulia Vladimirovna Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper attempts to provide, on the basis of archival and published materials, a brief description of the state of general prisons in the Russian Empire in the 19th century on the example of the Orenburg province. In the first half of the XIX century, many prison buildings were in a dilapidated state, most of them were wooden. The prisoners suffered from overcrowding, they were not separated by sex and age, the sick were kept together with the healthy ones, they were hungry, they lived in begging. Very often the premises for prisons were private rental houses. There were no medical personnel in prisons, there were epidemics that led to a huge increase in mortality. As for the work, in the first half of the XIX century in prison locks and guards it was introduced in the rarest cases, since there were no special rooms for this. In the post-reform period, many prison premises were repaired, premises began to be rented for hospitals, the prisoners diet improved in the 1980s. The payment for arrest labor was introduced, the educational activity in prisons improved. Despite the measures taken by the government, the state of ordinary prisons in the southern Urals throughout the XIX century was still deplorable due to the fact that there was not enough money, or the local administration was not interested in improving the situation of the prisoners and the state of the prisons themselves.

scholarly journals IN THE XVIII-XIX CENTURY AND THE POLICY OF TSARIST RUSSIA IN KAZAKHSTAN CONSEQUENCES OF INFLUENCE ON THE STRUCTURE OF TRADITIONAL KAZAKH SOCIETY

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
U.K. Zhangaliev ◽  
◽  
K.B. Bolatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Traditional Structure ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Traditional Economy

During the period of colonial policy in the Russian Empire, the influence on the Kazakh land is reflected, as well as the main results of changes in the mechanism of adaptation and ways of countering the traditional structure of Kazakh society during the period of colonization. The role of the colonial policy of the Empire is described in the XVIII - XIX centuries with administrative and political reforms carried out by tsarist Russia in Kazakhstan. At the same time, the ethno – social structure of the Kazakh society has undergone significant changes in the system of socio-economic relations, changing all the realities of the traditional economy. During the first half of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries, the political influence of a significant social group of warriors - batyrs was explained in Kazakh society. The article uses sorting, analysis, and comparison methods. The article presents new sources and reviews the works of the first and modern researchers.

scholarly journals ALEKSEY PETROVICH DOBROSLAVIN AND DOMESTIC PENITENTIARY HYGIENE (HISTORICAL-MEDICAL AND HISTORICAL-LEGAL ASPECTS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 478-480
Author(s):  
R. U. Khabriev ◽  
Boris A. Spasennikov ◽  
L. F. Pertli ◽  
S. A. Kopytkin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Scientist ◽  
Care Department ◽  
The People ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article presents the historical medical and historical legal aspects of the development of sanitary care in the domestic penitentiary system; the role of the outstanding Russian scientist, the founder and the first professor of the Department of Hygiene of the Medical-Surgical Academy, a doctor, and scientist, public figure, Professor - Aleksey Petrovich Dobroslavin. For ten years he headed the health care department of the Main Prison Administration of the Russian Empire. November 18, 1871, Aleksey Petrovich Dobroslavin read the first lecture on the course of hygiene for listeners of the 4th year of the Medico-Surgical Academy. That day, according to the authors, can be considered the day of the founding of the national hygiene science. In September 1879, the scientist headed the Health care Department of the Main Prison Administration of Russia. At this position, Aleksey Petrovich combined all his knowledge, obtained earlier - hygiene and public knowledge, medicine and law. He served science and law, the people and the State. In 80 years of the XIX century, A.P. Dobroslavin played a decisive role in the development of domestic penitentiary hygiene. He received a real opportunity not only to develop theoretical provisions of hygiene but also the possibility to implement them by his orders binding on the staff of the penitentiary system of the Russian Empire. The scientist observed the implementation of his scientific provisions, generalized the experience of practical application of his research in various geoclimatic and other environmental conditions. Each of his commanding decisions is a separate, completed scientific work. He introduced the penitentiary science, which he actively developed as a scientist hygienist. Theoretical heritage of A.P. Dobroslavin for many decades determined the ways of the Russian penitentiary hygienic science.

scholarly journals Concepts of exhibiting ethnographic collections of the 18th century Kunstkamera of the Imperial Academy of Sciences

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-218
Author(s):  
Margarita F. Khartanovich ◽  
◽  
Maria V. Khartanovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The exposition of the 18th century Kunstkamera of the Imperial Academy of Sciences was arranged according to the principle of a universal, all-encompassing presentation of the surrounding world through material monuments. Along with natural history collections, items related to the traditional spiritual and material culture of various peoples were displayed in the Kunstkamera. As part of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, the Kunstkamera was a kind of public presentation of the activities of academicians, reflecting the development of scientific knowledge in a particular area through the principles of organizing objects and their interpretation. This article analyzes the stages of exhibiting objects of traditional culture, their relationship and interdependence with the development of scientific interest in the “description of peoples”. In the first decades of public exposure for the Kunstkamera (1730s–1740s), the items of traditional culture of any nation were exhibited based on their functional purpose. Large-scale expeditionary geographic studies of Russia, begun by Peter I and continued during subsequent reigns, significantly expanded the body of information and materials stored and studied at the Imperial Academy of Sciences. The ethnographic assemblies received state “publication” during the ethnographic carnival, organized on the occasion of celebrations upon the signing of a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna. Since the end of the 1740s, due to the expeditionary research of the territories of the Russian Empire, the collection of ethnographic items has acquired a systemic classification character, which contributes to a reliable reflection of the system of organizing life sustainment for a certain people in specific territorial conditions. By the last decades of the 18th century, the ethnographic exposition of the Kunstkamera of the Imperial Academy of Sciences was the result of an integrated scientific approach to the presentation of the cultural diversity of the peoples of the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals N. KH. VESSEL ON PUBLIC EDUCATION OF THE LATE 1860S ON THE PAGES OF THE “JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC EDUCATION”

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-145
Author(s):  
K. A. Balashova
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The People ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents the views of N. Kh. Vessel on primary public education in the middle of the 19th century. These views were reflected in the “Journal of the Ministry of Public Education”. What is new is a detailed analysis of his views on the education of the people, based on his reports on business trips published in the “Journal of the Ministry of Public Education”. The relevance of the study is due to the need to fill the historiographic gap in the study of the activities of N. Kh. Vessel as a person who shaped public education. Also, the example of N. Kh. Wessel shows the role of a personality in such an important for the Russian Empire of the 19th century sphere as public education.

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