Faculty Opinions recommendation of Neisseria flavescens: A Urease-Expressing Potential Pathogen Isolated from Gastritis Patients.

Abstract Background Mycobacterium (M) talmoniae isolated from a patient with cystic fibrosis was first described in 2017, and cases of M. talmoniae remain exceedingly rare. Case presentation A 51-year-old woman had respiratory symptoms for 10 years. Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) was detected at the first visit at our hospital. A cavity lesion in the apex of the left lung was found, and sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear- and culture-positive besides Pseudomonas aeruginosa. M. talmoniae was finally identified, and the standard combination therapy for non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) was administered for 2 y referring to the drug-susceptibility test. Thereafter, the AFB culture was negative, the wall thickness of the lung cavity was ameliorated, and oxygen saturation improved. Conclusions We encountered a rare case of M. talmoniae with DPB, for which standard combination therapy was effective. M. talmoniae may be considered a potential pathogen of lung disease, especially in patients with bronchiectatic lesions.

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Mammalian Microsporidiosis

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1354/vp.37-2-113 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 113-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 122

Author(s):

K. Wasson ◽

R. L. Peper

Keyword(s):

Animal Species ◽

Comparative Anatomy ◽

Polar Filament ◽

Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽

Human Infection ◽

Opportunistic Pathogens ◽

Encephalitozoon Cuniculi ◽

Obligate Intracellular ◽

Encephalitozoon Intestinalis ◽

Potential Pathogen

The phylum Microspora contains a diverse group of single-celled, obligate intracellular protozoa sharing a unique organelle, the polar filament, and parasitizing a wide variety of invertebrate and vertebrate animals, including insects, fish, birds, and mammals. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is the classic microsporidial parasite of mammals, and encephalitozoonosis in rabbits and rodents has been and continues to be recognized as a confounding variable in animal-based biomedical research. Although contemporary research colonies are screened for infection with this parasite, E. cuniculi remains a cause of morbidity and mortality in pet and conventionally raised rabbits. In addition, E. cuniculi is a potential pathogen of immature domestic dogs and farm-raised foxes. The recent discovery and identification of Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, in addition to E. cuniculi, as opportunistic pathogens of humans have renewed interest in the Microspora. Veterinary pathologists, trained in the comparative anatomy of multiple animal species and infectious disease processes, are in a unique position to contribute to the diagnosis and knowledge of the pathogenesis of these parasitic diseases. This review article covers the life cycle, ultrastructure, and biology of mammalian microsporaidia and the clinical disease and lesions seen in laboratory and domestic animals, particularly as they relate to Encephalitozoon species. Human microsporidial disease and animal models of human infection are also addressed. Often thought of as rabbit pathogens of historical importance, E. cuniculi and the related mammalian microsporidia are emerging as significant opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised individuals.

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Mosaic-Like Structure of Penicillin-Binding Protein 2 Gene (penA) in Clinical Isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with Reduced Susceptibility to Cefixime

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.46.12.3744-3749.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 46 (12) ◽

pp. 3744-3749 ◽

Cited By ~ 132

Author(s):

Satoshi Ameyama ◽

Shoichi Onodera ◽

Masahiro Takahata ◽

Shinzaburo Minami ◽

Nobuko Maki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽

Neisseria Meningitidis ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Penicillin Binding Protein ◽

Gene Sequences ◽

Neisseria Flavescens ◽

Neisseria Perflava

ABSTRACT Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with reduced susceptibility to cefixime (MICs, 0.25 to 0.5 μg/ml) were isolated from male urethritis patients in Tokyo, Japan, in 2000 and 2001. The resistance to cephems including cefixime and penicillin was transferred to a susceptible recipient, N. gonorrhoeae ATCC 19424, by transformation of the penicillin-binding protein 2 gene (penA) that had been amplified by PCR from a strain with reduced susceptibility to cefixime (MIC, 0.5 μg/ml). The sequences of penA in the strains with reduced susceptibilities to cefixime were different from those of other susceptible isolates and did not correspond to the reported N. gonorrhoeae penA gene sequences. Some regions in the transpeptidase-encoding domain in this penA gene were similar to those in the penA genes of Neisseria perflava (N. sicca), Neisseria cinerea, Neisseria flavescens, and Neisseria meningitidis. These results showed that a mosaic-like structure in the penA gene conferred reductions in the levels of susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae to cephems and penicillin in a manner similar to that found for N. meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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Guidelines for the Management of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/501893 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 222-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

Leonard A. Mermel ◽

Barry M. Farr ◽

Robert J. Sherertz ◽

Issam I. Raad ◽

Naomi O'Grady ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Critical Care ◽

The United States ◽

Underlying Disease ◽

Critical Care Medicine ◽

Intravascular Catheter ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Pulmonary Artery Catheters ◽

Potential Pathogen ◽

Adults And Children ◽

Healthcare Epidemiology

These guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the American College of Critical Care Medicine (for the Society of Critical Care Medicine), and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America contain recommendations for the management of adults and children with, and diagnosis of infections related to, peripheral and nontunneled central venous catheters (CVCs), pulmonary artery catheters, tunneled central catheters, and implantable devices. The guidelines, written for clinicians, contain IDSA evidence-based recommendations for assessment of the quality and strength of the data. Recommendations are presented according to the type of catheter, the infecting organism, and the associated complications.Intravascular catheter-related infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Coagulase-negative staphylococci,Staphylococcus aureus, aerobic gram-negative bacilli, andCandida albicansmost commonly cause catheter-related bloodstream infection. Management of catheter-related infection varies according to the type of catheter involved. After appropriate cultures of blood and catheter samples are done, empirical iv antimicrobial therapy should be initiated on the basis of clinical clues, the severity of the patient's acute illness, underlying disease, and the potential pathogen (s) involved. In most cases of nontunneled CVC-related bacteremia and fungemia, the CVC should be removed.

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Number of Candidate Effector Genes in Accessory Genomes Differentiates Pathogenic From Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum Strains

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.761740 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Maria E. Constantin ◽

Like Fokkens ◽

Mara de Sain ◽

Frank L. W. Takken ◽

Martijn Rep

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Plant Species ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Molecular Level ◽

Similar Amount ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Grass Roots ◽

Effector Gene ◽

Effector Genes ◽

Potential Pathogen

The fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is widely known for causing wilt disease in over 100 different plant species. Endophytic interactions of Fo with plants are much more common, and strains pathogenic on one plant species can even be beneficial endophytes on another species. However, endophytic and beneficial interactions have been much less investigated at the molecular level, and the genetic basis that underlies endophytic versus pathogenic behavior is unknown. To investigate this, 44 Fo strains from non-cultivated Australian soils, grass roots from Spain, and tomato stems from United States were characterized genotypically by whole genome sequencing, and phenotypically by examining their ability to symptomlessly colonize tomato plants and to confer resistance against Fusarium Wilt. Comparison of the genomes of the validated endophytic Fo strains with those of 102 pathogenic strains revealed that both groups have similar genomes sizes, with similar amount of accessory DNA. However, although endophytic strains can harbor homologs of known effector genes, they have typically fewer effector gene candidates and associated non-autonomous transposons (mimps) than pathogenic strains. A pathogenic ‘lifestyle’ is associated with extended effector gene catalogs and a set of “host specific” effectors. No candidate effector genes unique to endophytic strains isolated from the same plant species were found, implying little or no host-specific adaptation. As plant-beneficial interactions were observed to be common for the tested Fo isolates, the propensity for endophytism and the ability to confer biocontrol appears to be a predominant feature of this organism. These findings allow prediction of the lifestyle of a Fo strain based on its genome sequence as a potential pathogen or as a harmless or even beneficial endophyte by determining its effectorome and mimp number.

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Septicaemia caused by Neisseria flavescens

Journal of Clinical Pathology ◽

10.1136/jcp.21.4.437 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 437-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

P. T. Wertlake ◽

T. W. Williams

Keyword(s):

Neisseria Flavescens

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Functional diversity of three different DsbA proteins from Neisseria meningitidis

Microbiology ◽

10.1099/mic.0.27216-0 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 150 (9) ◽

pp. 2993-3000 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Sunita Sinha ◽

Paul R. Langford ◽

J. Simon Kroll

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Protein Folding ◽

Membrane Proteins ◽

Neisseria Meningitidis ◽

Outer Membrane Proteins ◽

Invasive Disease ◽

Neisseria Lactamica ◽

Neisseria Subflava ◽

Neisseria Flavescens

The genome of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58 contains three genes – nmb0278, nmb0294 and nmb0407 – encoding putative homologues of DsbA, a periplasmic thiol disulphide oxidoreductase protein-folding catalyst of the Dsb protein family. DsbA assists the folding of periplasmic and membrane proteins in diverse organisms. While all three cloned genes complemented the DTT sensitivity of dsbA-null Escherichia coli, they showed different activities in folding specific target proteins in this background. NMB0278 protein was the most active in complementing defects in motility and alkaline phosphatase activity, while NMB0294 was the most active in folding periplasmic MalF. NMB0407 showed the weakest activity in all assays. It is extremely unusual for organisms to contain more than one chromosomal dsbA. Among the members of the genus Neisseria, only the meningococcus carries all three of these genes. Strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria cinerea and Neisseria polysaccharea contained only homologues of nmb0278 and nmb0407, while Neisseria flava, Neisseria subflava and Neisseria flavescens carried only nmb0294. It is speculated that the versatility of the meningococcus in surviving in different colonizing and invasive disease settings may be derived in part from an enhanced potential to deploy outer-membrane proteins, a consequence of carrying an extended repertoire of protein-folding catalysts.

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Lophodermium indianum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria ◽

10.1079/dfb/20056400787 ◽

1984 ◽

Author(s):

D. W. Minter

Keyword(s):

Geographical Distribution ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Himachal Pradesh ◽

Madhya Pradesh ◽

Pine Needles ◽

Pinus Caribaea ◽

Needle Cast ◽

Potential Pathogen ◽

Apparently Healthy

Abstract A description is provided for Lophodermium indianum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pinus caribaea, P. glabra, P. patula, P. roxburghii, P. serotina, P. taeda; previous reports of this species on P. thunbergii are incorrect. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines. Ascocarps of this species occur predominantly on dead needles in the litter, so that at first sight it appears to be saprophytic. Almost nothing is known of its ecology, however, and since many other species of this genus inhabitating pine needles are known to exist as endophytes in apparently healthy needles before producing ascocarps, this species should be regarded as a potential pathogen until shown to be otherwise. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh; Pakistan: Rawalpindi). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.

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The Biology of Bacteria

Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0007 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Armine Sefton

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Dna And Rna ◽

Gram Staining ◽

Genetic Features ◽

Potential Pathogen ◽

A Cell ◽

Micro Organisms

Bacterial infections and infestations of man can be caused by both microbes and non-microbes. Microbes include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Non-microbes include worms, insects, and arachnids. This chapter concentrates on the basic biology of bacteria. A pathogen is an organism that is able to cause disease in its host and the pathogenicity of any organism is its ability to produce disease. Microbes express their pathogenicity by means of their virulence. The virulence of any pathogen is determined by any of its structural, biochemical, or genetic features that enable it to cause disease in the host. The relationship between a host and a potential pathogen is non- static; the likelihood of any pathogen causing disease in its host depends both on the virulence of the pathogen and the degree of resistance or susceptibility of the host, due mainly to the effectiveness of the host’s defence mechanisms. Two of the main factors influencing a bacteria’s pathogenicity are its ability to invade and it ability to produce toxins—either exotoxins or endotoxins. Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic micro-organisms, unlike human cells, which are eukaryotic. Fungi, protozoa, helminths, and arthropods are also eukaryotic. Prokaryotic organisms contain both DNA and RNA, but their genetic material exists unbound in the cytoplasm of the cell as, unlike eukaryotic cells, they have no nuclear membrane. Sometimes bacteria contain additional smaller circular DNA molecules, called plasmids. The main features of a bacterium are the cell wall, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. However, some bacteria have additional features such as spores, capsules, fimbriae (pili), and flagellae. The construction of the cell wall is different in different bacteria, but all cell walls contain peptidoglycan. The structure of the cell wall determines the staining characteristics when stained using the Gram stain. Although its first use was over a hundred and fifty years ago, is still the standard method for primary classification of bacteria. Occasionally, bacteria do not have a cell wall. Gram staining of a fixed smear of bacteria is used to separate bacteria into Gram positive or Gram negative, and also to demonstrate their shape. Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer but with no outer membrane stain purple and are called Gram positive.

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