Effect of different sources and doses of sulphur on yield, nutrient content and uptake by spring wheat

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of two sulphur forms (sulphate and tiosulphate) in combination with three different N:S ratios on the yield of spring wheat and total N- and S-content and uptake by the aboveground biomass on chernozem and sandy soil. In the greenhouse experiment, the effects of two sulphur forms were compared: sulphate (SO42-) and thiosulphate (S2O32-). The sulphate was applied as potassium-sulphate (K2SO4) and thiosulphate as ammonium-thiosulphate ((NH4)2S2O3). Increasing doses of both sulphur forms (24, 60, 120 kg S ha-1) were used with the same nitrogen dose (120 kg N ha-1) which caused three different N:S ratios background (1:0.2, 1:0.5, 1:1). Nitrogen was supplied in the form of monoammonium-phosphate (MAP), ammonium-nitrate and ammonium-thiosulphate. Plant samples were taken in three different development stages of spring wheat based on the BBCH scale: at the stage of BBCH 30–32 (stem elongation), BBCH 65–69 (flowering) and BBCH 89 (ripening). The total nitrogen and total sulphur content of plant at different development stages and also wheat grain were measured by Elementar Vario EL type CNS analyser. The nutrient uptake by plant and grain was calculated from the yield of spring wheat and the N and S content of plant. The grain yield on chernozem soil ranged between 6.31 and 12.13 g/pot. All fertilised treatments significantly increased the grain yield compared to the control. The highest yield was obtained in the case of the application of 120 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg S ha-1in sulphate form. The grain yield on sandy soil varied from 2.53 to 6.62 g/pot. The fertilised treatments significantly enhanced the yield compared to the control. The highest yield was observed in the case of the application of 120 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg S ha-1 in thiosulphate form. On chernozem soil the increasing doses of sulphur (24, 60, 120 kg S ha-1) with the same N dose (120 kg N ha-1) increased the N-content of spring wheat at all development stages and in the grain. The treatments with different sulphur sources did not cause further changes in the N-content. On sandy soil in the most cases the N-content did not change significantly as a result of increasing sulphur doses. The treatments with sulphate form basically resulted higher nitrogen-content than treatments with thiosulphate form. The treatments with increasing sulphur doses resulted higher S-content on both of chernozem and sandy soil in the case of all development stage. Comparing the effect of the applied sulphur sources on the S-content it can be stated that at the stage of BBCH 30–31 and 65–69 the treatments with sulphate form resulted higher sulphur-content. At the stage of BBCH 89 there was no significant differences in S-content of grain as a result of different sulphur-sources.

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The effect of sulphur and nitrogen supply on the growth and nutrient content of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/74/1666 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 65-70

Author(s):

Evelin Kármen Juhász ◽

Andrea Balláné Kovács

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Nitrogen Content ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Sulphur Content ◽

Chernozem Soil ◽

N Content ◽

Foliar Fertilization ◽

Foliar Fertilizer ◽

Soil Fertilizer

Sulphur is an essential element for plants. Decreasing sulphur deposition from the air, and the use of more concentrated phosphate fertilizers, which contain no sulphur, has led to reports of sulphur deficiencies for wheat. Sulphur deficiency significantly affects yield and also the quality of wheat. The pot experiment was set up on calcareous chernozem soil at Látókép, Hungary, test plant was spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Seven treatments were used where nitrogen and sulphur were supplied as soil fertilizers in increasing rates (NS1, NS2, NS3) and in foliar fertilizer as well (NS1+fol., NS2+fol., NS3+fol.). Plant aboveground biomass production was determined in samples taken in the stages of development BBCH 29-30, 51-59, 61-69, 89. The nitrogen and sulphur content of straw and grain were measured. N/S ratios of grain and straw were calculated. The weights of grain were ranging between 8.6–16.1 g/pot. NS2 and NS2+fol. treatments produced the highest values. Foliar fertilizer had no further effect on grain. Analysing the values of the straw, it was observed that tendencies were similar to values of grain. The NS2 treatment produced the highest weight of straw and the NS3 rate already decreased that amount. The obtained results show the unfavourable effect of excessively high rate applied in NS3 treatment. The supplementary foliar fertilizer had no significant influence on the weight of straw. Both N and S-uptake of plant was very intensive at the stem elongation stage, then the N and S-content of plant continuously decreased in time in all treatments. The N-content of grain ranged between 2.215–2.838%. The N-content of grain slightly increased with increasing of nitrogen doses. In the higher doses (NS2, NS3) foliar fertilization slightly increased the nitrogen content of grain, although this effect was not statistically proved. The N-content of straw varied from 0.361 to 0.605%. The growing dose of soil fertilizer also considerably increased the nitrogen content of straw. Foliar fertilization further increased the nitrogen content of straw. The S-content of grain ranged between 0.174–0.266%. The lowest fertilizer dose (NS1) significantly increased the sulphur content of grain. The further increasing fertilizer doses (NS2, NS3) did not cause additional enhance in sulphur content of grain. The foliar fertilizer also did not change the sulphur value of plant. The increasing amount of soil fertilizer and the supplementary foliar fertilizer had no effect on the sulphur content of straw. The treatments influenced the N/S ratios of grain and straw. On the basis of experimental results it can be concluded that the examined nitrogen and sulphur containing soil fertilizer had positive effect on the growth and yield of spring wheat grown on the calcareous chernozem soil. The soil fertilizer application enhanced the grain nitrogen and sulphur content. The highest rate of fertilizer (600 kg ha-1) proved to have decreasing effect on the yield. The sulphur and nitrogen containing foliar fertilizer did not have significant effect on the yield parameters but slightly increased the nitrogen content of plant.

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The Effects of Cultivar, Nitrogen Supply and Soil Type on Radiation Use Efficiency and Harvest Index in Spring Wheat

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10091391 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1391

Author(s):

Xizi Wang ◽

Svend Christensen ◽

Jesper Svensgaard ◽

Signe M. Jensen ◽

Fulai Liu

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Sandy Soil ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Soil Type ◽

Harvest Index ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Soil Types ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Water Holding ◽

Radiation Use

There is an urgent need among plant breeders for a deeper understanding of the links between wheat genotypes and their ability to utilize light for biomass production and their efficiency at converting the biomass into grain yield. This field trail was conducted to investigate the variations in radiation use efficiency (RUE) and harvest index (HI) of four spring wheat cultivars grown on two soil types with two nitrogen (N) fertilization levels. Grain yield (GY) was significantly higher with 200 kg N ha−1 than 100 kg N ha−1 and on clay soil than on sandy soil, and a similar trend was observed for shoot dry matter (DM) at maturity. RUE and HI was neither affected by cultivar nor N-fertilization, but was affected by soil type, with a significantly higher RUE and HI on clay than on sandy soil. The differences of water holding capacity between the two soil types was suggested to be a major factor influencing RUE and HI as exemplified by the principal component analysis. Thus, to achieve a high RUE and/or HI, sustaining a good soil water status during the critical growth stages of wheat crops is essential, especially on sandy soils with a low water holding capacity.

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Spatial variability of total soil nitrogen and sulphur content at two conventionally managed fields

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/404-pse ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 54 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 413-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

V. Vaněk ◽

J. Balík ◽

J. Šilha ◽

J. Černý

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Soil Nitrogen ◽

Coefficient Of Variation ◽

Sulphur Content ◽

N Content ◽

Total N ◽

Total Soil ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Total Soil Nitrogen

Spatial variability of total soil nitrogen and sulphur content has been observed in two plots (I – 54 ha and II – 32 ha). Soil samples were taken from the topsoil in a regular grid, which was localised by GPS (individual sampling points were 80 m apart); subsequently total soil N and S contents were analysed. The average N content in plot I was 0.16%; in plot II it was 0.12%. The content of S in plots I and II was 0.09% and 0.08%, respectively. Spatial variability of total N differed in separate parts of the plots. A higher variability was recorded in plot I, where the coefficient of variation (CV) was 15.7%, whereas in plot II it was only 11.1%. However, sulphur showed only little variability, and thus its coefficient of variation was low (2.5 a 2.3% in plots I and II, respectively). A positive and mostly conclusive relationship has been observed between the N content of soil and the crop yield. This effect was more significant in plot II. The S content in soil showed no correlation with yield. Furthermore, positive correlations were observed between field altitude, soil moisture and crop yield in both plots.

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Remedial Application of Urea Eliminates Yield Losses in Wheat Waterlogged during Stem Elongation

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10010023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Jinfeng Ding ◽

Peng Liang ◽

Desheng Guo ◽

Dejun Liu ◽

Mingxiao Yin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

N Uptake ◽

Urea Solution ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Factor Productivity ◽

Kernel Number ◽

Total N ◽

Partial Factor Productivity ◽

Partial Factor

Waterlogging remains a critical constraint to wheat production in areas with high rainfall. Exogenous application of nitrogen (N) can effectively diminish the adverse effects of waterlogging, but varies with specific events. To provide highly efficient remedial strategies, this pot study investigated the effects of urea application following 10 days of waterlogging initialing at the stem elongation stage (Zadoks growth stage, GS33). The remedial measures included foliar spray of urea solution at a single dose (0.108 g urea per pot) at the 0th day after finishing waterlogging (FU1) and twice at the 0th and 7th day (FU2), and soil surface spray of urea solution at single and double doses when soil water content was approximately 80% of field capacity (SU1 and SU2, respectively). Waterlogging significantly reduced grain yield, total N uptake, and N partial factor productivity (by 11%, 18%, and 11%, respectively), but subsequent remedial measures improved these to variable degrees. Reduction in grain yield owing to waterlogging could be effectively alleviated and even eliminated using these remediations. Grain yield and N partial factor productivity were higher under FU2 and SU2 than FU1 and SU1. Among all treatments, plants under SU2 exhibited the highest total N uptake and top-dressing N recovery. Diminished yield losses were attributed to (1) increased kernel number per spike resulting from increased spikelet fertility and kernel number per spikelet and (2) increased photosynthetic production by delaying senescence (improved chlorophyll content and maintained green leaf area) of the top leaves. This study suggests that urea application for a brief period of time following waterlogging during the stem elongation stage has remarkable remedial effects.

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Yield and quality of spring wheat and soil properties as affected by tillage system

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/7330-pse ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 141-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. Woźniak ◽

M. Gos

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Total N ◽

Organic C ◽

Previous Crop ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Tillage System ◽

Order Factor ◽

Ct System

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of tillage systems and nitrogen fertilization on the grain yield and quality of spring wheat and on selected chemical and biological properties of soil. The first order factor was the tillage system: (1) conventional (CT) – shallow ploughing and harrowing after harvest of the previous crop, and pre-winter ploughing; (2) reduced (RT) – only a cultivator after harvest of the previous crop, and (3) no-tillage (NT) – only Roundup 360 SL herbicide (a.s. glyphosate) after harvest of the previous crop. The second order factor was nitrogen dose: (1) 90 kg N/ha and (2) 150 kg N/ha. Higher yields were demonstrated for spring wheat sown in CT and RT systems, compared to the NT system. In addition, grain yield was increased by a nitrogen dose of 150 kg/ha, compared to 90 kg/ha. Contents of protein and wet gluten in the grain were also increased by the higher nitrogen dose. The RT and NT systems were observed to increase the content of organic C, total N and available phosphorus in the soil, compared to the CT system. They also increased the number and mass of earthworms in the soil, compared to the CT system.

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Nitrogen use efficiency in spring wheat: genotypic variation and grain yield response under sandy soil conditions

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859617000600 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 155 (9) ◽

pp. 1407-1423 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

E. MANSOUR ◽

A. M. A. MERWAD ◽

M. A. T. YASIN ◽

M. I. E. ABDUL-HAMID ◽

E. E. A. EL-SOBKY ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Sandy Soil ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽

Genotypic Variation ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Nitrogen Use ◽

N Concentration ◽

Use Efficiency

SUMMARYAgricultural practices are likely to lower nitrogen (N) fertilization inputs for economic and ecological limitation reasons. The objective of the current study was to assess genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and related parameters of spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) as well as the relative grain yield performance under sandy soil conditions. A sub-set of 16 spring wheat genotypes was studied over 2 years at five N levels (0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 kg N/ha). Results indicated significant differences among genotypes and N levels for grain yield and yield components as well as NUE. Genotypes with high NUE exhibited higher plant biomass, grain and straw N concentration and grain yield than those with medium and low NUE. Utilization efficiency (grain-NUtE) was more important than uptake efficiency (total NUpE) in association with grain yield. Nitrogen supply was found to have a substantial effect on genotype; Line 6052 as well as Shandawel 1, Gemmiza 10, Gemmiza 12, Line 6078 and Line 6083 showed higher net assimilation rate, more productive tillers, increased number of spikes per unit area and grains per spike, extensive N concentration in grain and straw, heavier grains, higher biological yield and consequently maximized grain yield. The relative importance of NUE-associated parameters such as nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency and apparent nitrogen recovery as potential targets in breeding programmes for increased NUE genotypes is also mentioned.

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Nitrogen availability effects on gas exchange measurements in field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) under irrigated Mediterranean conditions

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/2016144-9109 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. e0806 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ramón Isla ◽

Mónica Guillén ◽

Montserrat Salmerón

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Grain Yield ◽

N Availability ◽

Mineral N ◽

N Content ◽

Total N ◽

Available N ◽

N Supply ◽

Different Levels ◽

Leaf N

There are limited studies about the effect of nitrogen (N) deficiency on leaf growth, N status, and photosynthetic capacity of maize grown under field conditions in a Mediterranean climate. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of mineral N availability on leaf gas exchange parameters of sprinkler irrigated maize. The experiment was conducted in a conventional maize field located in the central part of the Ebro valley (Spain) during two seasons. Using a portable LICOR-6400 equipment, instantaneous measurements and light response curves to gas exchange were conducted in plots with different levels of N supply ranging from deficient (no fertilized) to over-fertilized (300 kg N/ha). In addition to gas exchange measurements, mineral soil N content, chlorophyll meter readings (CMR), leaf N content, and grain yield were measured in the different plots. Results showed that grain yield reached a plateau (14.5 Mg/ha) when the mineral N available was about 179 kg/ha. CMR were linearly and highly related to total N in ear leaves. The relationship between light-saturated leaf photosynthesis measurements and CMR was significant but very weak (R2=0.13) at V8 and V14 stages but increased later in the growing season (R2=0.52). Plants with intermediate levels of N supply (48<CMR<54) tended to have slightly higher assimilation rates than plants with higher CMR readings. As the available N increased, the saturation point, the light compensation point and significant increases of dark respiration rate were observed. Under the conditions of the study, leaf N contents of 1.9% in the ear leaf were enough to maximize leaf assimilation rates with no need to over-fertilize the maize crop.

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Effect of composts and inorganic fertilizers on spring wheat growth and N uptake

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s96-093 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 487-495 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

B. Gagnon ◽

R. R. Simard ◽

R. Robitaille ◽

M. Goulet ◽

R. Rioux

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Crop Production ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

N Uptake ◽

Dairy Manure ◽

Peat Moss ◽

N Recovery ◽

Inorganic Fertilizers ◽

Total N

The nutrient availability of composts has to be known for their safe use in crop production. A field study was carried out to assess the effect of a spring application of composts and inorganic fertilizers on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Messier') growth and N uptake in eastern Québec (Canada). The experiment was conducted in 1994 and 1995 on two different soils: a Kamouraska clay (Orthic Humic Gleysol) and a Saint-André sandy loam (Fragic Humo-Ferric Podzol). Four composts were applied at rates of 0, 90, 180 and 360 kg total N ha−1. Inorganic fertilizers were applied at rates of 0, 50, 100 and 200% of wheat N, P or K requirements. Treatments in which inorganic fertilizers (IN) were added to composts were also included. Grain yield was increased by N rates whereas composts alone at 90 kg total N ha–1 resulted in lower yields than the control in the first year on the sandy loam. Commercial composts resulted in higher yields than dairy manure composts. Wheat showed no significant response to P and K fertilizers on either soil. Compost rates had no effect on grain N content but commercial composts increased straw N by 36 to 63%. Addition of IN to composts increased grain yield by 0.1 to 1.5 Mg ha−1 and N uptake by 4 to 55 kg N ha−1, depending on soil and weather conditions. Apparent recovery efficiency of added N for composts was −14 to 15% whereas it ranged from 24 to 56% for IN. In spring wheat production, composts should be considered more as organic matter amendments because of their limited N efficiency. Key words: Composted dairy manure, shrimp wastes, peat moss, apparent N recovery

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Yield and N use efficiency of wheat as influenced by bed planting and N application

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v33i3.1603 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 439-448 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

MA Khaleque ◽

NK Paul ◽

Craig A Meisner

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

N Use Efficiency ◽

N Content ◽

Total N ◽

Recovery Percentage ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

N Treatment ◽

Fertilizer Recovery ◽

N Use ◽

Planting System

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was planted as winter crop using raised bed and conventional planting system with four N levels at Regional Wheat Research Station, Rajshahi (latitude 28Â°75â² N and longitude 92Â°58â² E), during November to March in 2002 and 2003 to study N content in grain and straw, uptake of total nitrogen, N use efficiency, fertilizer recovery percentage and grain yield. The highest N content in grain and straw were obtained from bed planting system with Shatabdi at 150% N treatment. Maximum total N uptake by the plants was found in bed elevation as compared to conventional planting system. The highest N use efficiency was observed at N zero treatment as compared to applied N levels. Shatabdi noticed highest N use efficiency among the crop varieties. The maximum fertilizer recovery percentage was noted in Shatabdi under bed planting system. The highest grain yield (2,555 kg/ha) was produced from bed planting system. Significantly the highest grain yield (2,929 kg/ha) was found in Shatabdi. The highest grain yield (3,746 kg/ha) was found when 150% N was applied. In bed planting system, the highest grain yield (3,323 kg/ha) was produced when 150% N was applied. The lowest grain yield (1,177 kg/ha) was obtained in zero N treatment. Among the varieties, Shatabdi was the best performer in bed planting system due to maximum nitrogen and protein content in grain and straw, maximum N use efficiency and fertilizer recovery percentage. Key Words: Bed planting, N content, N use efficiency and fertilizer recovery percentage. doi:10.3329/bjar.v33i3.1603 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 33(3) : 439-448, September 2008

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Maize Response to Nitrogen: Timing, Leaf Variables and Grain Yield

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v9n1p85 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adilson Nunes da Silva ◽

Evandro Luiz Schoninger ◽

Paulo Cesar Ocheuze Trivelin ◽

Durval Dourado-Neto ◽

Victor Meriguetti Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

N Uptake ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Carotenoid Pigment ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Maize Crop ◽

N Content ◽

Development Stages ◽

Early Stages

The main factors determining plant growth and productivity are decisive to be understood since they contribute to maximize plant nitrogen use efficiency. Thus, more reviews related to the correlation between the real content of chlorophyll and real carotenoids with the values obtained by chlorophyll (SPAD) in the early development stages of the maize are important to be obtained. The relation between the maize crop responses to the nitrogen fertilization at different development stages is of fundamental importance as well. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the responses of maize to the nitrogen application, urea fertilizer (15N), in side-dress at different development stages. The secondary objective was verifying the correlation between chlorophylls and carotenoids with SPAD index and these with total biomass (BM), harvest index (HI), grain yield (GY) and grain N content in response to the nitrogen side-dress at different development stages. The nitrogen fertilization was carried out in plots, with the application of 30 kg ha-1 of N at planting and 140 kg ha-1 N as side-dress at vegetative stages V4, V6, V8, V10, and V12, without incorporation into the soil, and control treatment consisted of non-nitrogen side-dress application was also utilized. The 2011/2012 season presented higher precipitation than 2012/2013. Maize crop responded similarly for GY to the nitrogen application in side-dress in both seasons, however, the nitrogen application in the early stages caused higher values for leaf variables, leaf pigments, and SPAD. Higher amount of nitrogen in all parts of the plants was observed in the 2011/2012 season than in 2012/2013, influenced by the adequate weather conditions at the nitrogen application moment. Grain N content from 15N fertilizer and N uptake and efficiency were greater for early N applications. SPAD values correlated positively with most pigment variables at V16 in both seasons, thus proving that SPAD was an efficient instrument of indirect evaluation of chlorophylls and carotenoids in maize leaves at early stages. Chlorophyll b at V16 was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with grain N content, GY, and BM, and total chlorophyll at V16 was positively correlated with GY and grain N content. However the chlorophylls a and total, evaluated at V14, were negatively correlated with GY. So, measurement of real chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment contents should be done after V14 stage when studies aim to evaluate crop nutritional conditions and prescribe future grain production practices.

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