scholarly journals Special Investment Support Under the Agricultural Reorganisation Programme 1995-2000

2002 ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Lajos Juhász
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
The Political ◽  
Industrial Products ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Animal Product ◽  
Market Situation

Since the political changes in Hungary, agricultural businesses have worked in a declining economic environment and hectic market situation, with a widening price gap between agricultural and industrial products and low profitability. A declining export comes then by no surprise. The sector has not been able to even benefit from export opportunities provided in the European Agreement. The area least benefiting from quotas is animal products (beef, mutton, lamb, slaughtered chicken, cheese, egg). The ministry of agriculture was lagging behind in responding to these problems, and it was as late as in 1995 when it launched a reorganisation programme for export stocks fund build-up (5).The author has conducted empirical studies on agricultural enterprises in Csongrád county to see what results the special investment support delivered under the reorganisation programme produced. The fundamental aim of the reorganisation programme for export stocks fund build-up was to boost exportable Hungarian animal product stocks in a bid for businesses to better benefit from the preferential quotas set by the European Agreement. The author examined how the special investment support scheme succeeded in its aims, whether livestock grew considerably in its wake, whether farmers were able to attain exportable quality and what development funds enterprises were able to raise.

Martin Shapiro: An Appreciation

The Forum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shep Melnick
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Thick Description ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The One ◽  
Better Than

AbstractOver the past half century no judicial politics scholar has been more respected or influential than Martin Shapiro. Yet it is hard to identify a school of thought one could call “Shapiroism.” Rather than offer convenient methodologies or grand theories, Shapiro provides rich empirical studies that show us how to think about the relationship between law and courts on the one hand and politics and governing on the other. Three key themes run through Shapiro’s impressive oevre. First, rather than study courts in isolation, political scientists should view them as “one government agency among many,” and seek to “integrate the judicial system in the matrix of government and politics in which it actually operates.” Law professors may understand legal doctrines better than political scientists, but we know (or should know) the rest of the political system better than they do. Second, although judges inevitably make political decisions, their institutional environment leads them to act differently from other public officials. Most importantly, their legitimacy rests on their perceived impartiality within the plaintiff-defendant-judge triad. The conflict between judges’ role as impartial arbiter and enforcer of the laws of the regime can never be completely resolved and places powerful constraints on their actions. Third, the best way to understand the complex relationship between courts and other elements of the regime is comparative analysis. Shapiro played a major role in resuscitating comparative law, especially in his work comparing the US and the EU. All this he did with a rare combination of thick description and crisp, jargon-free analysis, certainly a rarity the political science of our time.

scholarly journals MAIN PROBLEMS OF DETECTION OF TRANSACTION COSTS IN ACCOUNTING-INFORMATION PROVIDED MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY

2020 ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
Dmytro Liudvenko
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Information Management ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
Livestock Industry ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Agricultural Enterprise ◽  
Livestock Sector

Introduction. The article describes the market and globalization exacerbate the problem of competitiveness of products, enterprises, states. The role of accounting-formation support is increasing for the management, socioeconomic and environmental basis of the competitiveness of enterprises in the livestock sector. Accounting in the agrarian sector has unquestionable success. It is demonstrated clearly by the identification of transaction and transaction costs in the livestock industry today. The importance of accounting are achievements in the agricultural sector. The accountants' attention and therefore at all levels of management are not isolated in accounting standards for these costs in the economic activity of an agricultural enterprise. Purpose. The task is to substantiate: The need to isolate the composition of transaction costs in accounting accounts. We must to ensure competitiveness in the new economic environment. It is requires accounting and information management of agricultural enterprises engaged in the livestock industry. Results. Scientists are suggest: transaction costs depend on the institutional environment in which the agrarian business operates. It makes impossible to directly influence such costs. The problem of competitiveness transaction costs are of great importance.We must require greater control at all levels of management. It is requires appropriate response of accounting specialization in accountingThe information management of agricultural enterprises engaged in the livestock industry. It should be emphasized: Transaction costs have become particularly important in the socio-economic environment over the last century. This component operates outside the scope of transformational costs. This component has a significant impact on the convenience of doing business in agriculture. The presence of these costs derive from the availability and clarity of accounting. The information management of agricultural enterprises engaged in the livestock sector . This is determine the competitiveness of economies.

scholarly journals Review OF Various Types Of Kshara Kalpana

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (07) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Nandkumar Patil
Keyword(s):  
Dosage Form ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Animal Product ◽  
Pharmaceutical Application ◽  
Wide Range

 Kshar kalpana is one of important dosage form developed as sub type of panchavidh kashayKalpana.Kshara is alkaline in nature.It is based on the principle that alkaline substances get dissolved in water and can be obtained by evapourating water content.It is derived from certain plants as well as minerals and animal products which contains more alkaline substances.It is first described in Sushrut samhita.There are various methods described in ayurvedic texts to prepare kshara.It has been proved to be effective medicine internally as well as externally.Ksharasutra described by Chakradatta is being used widely by surgeons and appreciated its effectiveness.Kshara also have pharmaceutical application like shodhan,satvaptana of shilajatu,kankshi,parada etc.There is wide range of description available about kshara in ayurvedic texts.Based on plant/mineral or animal product and mode of use,it has various types like pratisaraniya,paniya kshara,Yavakshara,tankan kshara,Apamarga Kshara etc.

scholarly journals The Difficulties of Achieving Successful Tax Reform

2016 ◽  
pp. 30-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon James
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
The Political ◽  
Essential Contribution ◽  
The Many ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

This chapter sets out the issues that should be considered in developing successful tax reform. Economic theory makes an essential contribution to the development of tax reform, incorporating issues of both economic efficiency and equity. However, other theoretical considerations demonstrate that successful tax design may be considerably more difficult than seems to be widely thought. In addition, there are matters of tax administration and compliance that have to be taken into account. The changing socio-economic environment within which tax systems have to operate as well, as the political process of tax reform, are also important. Finally, the chapter shows how to develop a systematic approach which can incorporate the many important issues that should be included in developing successful tax reform.

Themes of connection and progress in rural television: New Zealand’s Country Calendar 1990–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Fountaine
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
The Political ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Television Show ◽  
Programme Content

Airing for over 50 years, New Zealand’s Country Calendar (CC) television show tells the stories of those who live and work on the land. This article presents a thematic analysis of 25 years of programme content, identifying a balance of ‘connection’ and ‘progress’ themes across this time frame, linked to the political economy of NZ broadcasting and agriculture. The concept of the rural idyll helps explain the connection theme’s focus on family, community, a passion or dream, and history and tradition. However, CC’s version of the rural idyll goes beyond nostalgia and the expression of shared social ideals to include the practical, day-to-day ‘work’ of contemporary farming. Ultimately, CC’s content is shaped by the broadcasting and agricultural policies and structures which impact its funding, subjects and socio-economic environment.

Making Economic Policies Work

2018 ◽  
pp. 154-164
Author(s):  
Ling Chen
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Local State ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
The Political ◽  
Private Firms ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Political Environments

This chapter summarizes the findings of the book. It draws attention to how global production fragmented or integrated state agencies and businesses, shaped the ways they perceived their interests, and ultimately affected the local political environments for domestic private firms. Compared with other approaches, the theory advanced in this book takes the incentives of local state agencies seriously. It shows that in an authoritarian country where businesses do not have a direct role in policy making, the local bureaucrats, by pursuing their own political and economic interests, can influence the political and economic environment of production. The chapter then broadens out to map major Asian economies in Northeast and Southeast Asia in a comparative picture.

scholarly journals Transport cost in location practice and economic geography: traditional theories, some new dimensions and policy implications

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (25) ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Manolis Christofakis
Keyword(s):  
Economic Geography ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Practice ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Theoretical Approaches

Abstract This paper outlines the main theoretical approaches to the role of transport in spatial organization and investigates possible new extensions at a theoretical and practical level, focusing on the analysis of transport cost. Beginning from the traditional theories of spatial distribution and the location of economic activities under transport cost, the analysis focuses on the related approaches of the new economic geography, which are based on the assumptions of the known “iceberg cost”. After that, through the presentation of indicative empirical studies, the paper attempts to clarify new issues that should be taken into account in the relevant theoretical considerations as well as in the political practice. Thus, factors such as the change of production structure in the modern economies with the production of more quality products, lower mass, and higher relative value and intangible goods, in combination with the improved transport technology, have contributed to a continuous reduction of the transport cost of raw materials and productive goods over the years. These developments along with the growing importance of cost of moving people should be taken into account in the new theoretical interrogations and the political practice of regional and urban development

Stacking the Deck: Bureaucratic Missions and Policy Design

1987 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 873-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Bendor ◽  
Serge Taylor ◽  
Roland Van Gaalen
Keyword(s):  
Policy Design ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Political Control ◽  
The Political ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Incentive Scheme ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Search Bias ◽  
Agenda Manipulation

Empirical studies suggest that mission-oriented bureaucrats bias their design of program alternatives to increase the odds that a superior will choose the kind of program the officials want. However, political executives may anticipate this manipulation and try to reassert control. These struggles are examined in three models. In Model 1 a senior bureaucrat is interested only in missions; the bureaucrat's political superior controls him or her by rejecting inferior proposals and entertaining new options from other policy specialists. Model 2 is a principal-agent analysis. Here the official is interested only in budgets; the official's superior reduces search bias by creating an ex ante incentive scheme. In Model 3 the bureaucrat cares about both budgets and programs; the superior uses both his or her final review authority and ex ante incentives to reduce agenda manipulation. The models' contrasting implications for the political control of bureaucracy are examined.

Blame Avoidance and Crisis Inquiries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raanan Sulitzeanu-Kenan
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Policy Learning ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Blame Avoidance

Public inquiries are ad hoc institutions, formally external to the executive branch, established by governments or a minister for the task of investigating crises, policy failures, or disasters. Inquiries play an important role in the aftermath of crisis by serving as instruments of accountability and policy learning. Yet the very existence and function of public inquiries are shaped by post crisis politics, in which public and politically independent inquiries create risks to potentially implicated players, who seek to avoid and mitigate potential blame. The blame-avoidance literature indeed provides a useful theoretical framework for the study of public inquiries. Empirical studies suggest that blame-attribution patterns are predictive of the political decision of whether to appoint an inquiry into a crisis. Studies of the effects of inquiries on public opinion show that, at the investigation stage, the institutional attributes of inquiries foster their legitimacy as a procedure for policy learning and accountability. However, after an inquiry reports its findings, members of the public can evaluate the report, rendering institutional attributes negligible in evaluating the inquiry. As for the effects of inquiries on the public agenda, existing evidence provides no support for a quantitative effect of inquiry appointment on the level of media coverage of a crisis. An integrated analysis of these findings offers an up-to-date theory of the political role of post crisis inquiries and points to some current gaps in our understanding of them.

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