Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Hyssop on Acute Pain in Male Rats Using Tail Flick Test

Background: Iranian traditional medicine uses hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) as an effective medicinal plant to reduce pain and inflammation in different diseases. Although the anti-inflammatory effect of this plant is proved, there is no study into its analgesic effects. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract from hyssop flowers and upper branches. Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 66 male rats that were divided into several groups including a saline control group, the groups of different doses of hyssop extract, morphine positive control group, the groups of hyssop extract plus morphine, and the most effective dose of the hyssop extract plus naloxone. All injections were administered intraperitoneally, and the pain was measured through the tail flick test. Results: Based on the results, 600 mg/kg was the most effective analgesic hyssop extract dose, and the most analgesic effect was observed at 45 minutes after administration. In addition, the administration of the most effective extract dose (600 mg/kg) plus morphine significantly improved the analgesic effects of morphine (P<0.001). Finally, the administration of naloxone plus the most effective extract dose (600 mg/kg) significantly reduced the analgesic effect of the extract (P<0.05). Conclusion: Overall, the hydroalcoholic extract of hyssop has analgesic effects that are probably applied through opioid receptors.

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Attenuation of Morphine-Induced Tolerance and Dependence by Pretreatment with Cerebrolysin in Male rats

Drug Research ◽

10.1055/s-0043-116948 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (01) ◽

pp. 33-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hamed Ghavimi ◽

Sara Darvishi ◽

Saeed Ghanbarzadeh

Keyword(s):

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Tail Flick ◽

Tail Flick Test ◽

Attenuation Effect ◽

Morphine Administration ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Potent Growth ◽

Induced Tolerance ◽

Withdrawal Signs

Abstract Background Dependence and tolerance to morphine are major problems which limit its chronic clinical application. Purpose This study was aimed to investigate the attenuation effect of Cerebrolysin, a mixture of potent growth factors (BDNF, GDNF, NGF, CNTF etc,), on the development of Morphine-induced dependence and tolerance. Methods Male Wistar rats were selected randomly and divided into different groups (n=8) including: a control group, groups received additive doses of morphine (5–25 mg/kg, ip, at an interval of 12 h until tolerance completion), and groups pretreated with Cerebrolysin (40, 80 and 160 mg/kg, ip, before morphine administration). Development of tolerance was assessed by tail-flick test and the attenuation effect of Cerebrolysin on morphine-induced dependence was evaluated after injection of naloxone (4 mg/kg, ip, 12 h after the morning dose of morphine). Seven distinct withdrawal signs including: jumping, rearing, genital grooming, abdominal writhing, wet dog shake and teeth grinding were recorded for 45 min and total withdrawal score (TWS) was calculated. Results Results showed that administration of Cerebrolysin could prolonged development (10 and 14 days in administration of 80 mg/kg and 160 mg/kg Cerebrolysin) and completion (4, 10 and 14 days in administration of 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg Cerebrolysin, respectively) of tolerance. Results also indicated that administration of Cerebrolysin (40, 80 and 160 mg/kg) could significantly decreased the TWS value (62±2, 77±4 and 85±6%, respectively). Conclusion In conclusion, it was found that pretreatment with Cerebrolysin could attenuated morphine-induced tolerance and dependence.

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Pre-treatment Effect of Kombucha Tea on Analgesia and Inflammation in Male Rat

Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.5812/zjrms.85049 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Zahra Rabiei ◽

Zahra Lorigooini ◽

Fatemeh Firuzi ◽

Mohammad Rahimi-Madiseh

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Pain Tolerance ◽

Male Rat ◽

Control Group ◽

Tail Flick ◽

Tail Flick Test ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Kombucha Tea ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: The use of natural compounds in relieving pain has been commonplace since ancient times and their use is currently increasing. Objectives: Given that analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Kombucha have not been studied, this study was designed to examine these effects in vitro. Methods: In this experimental study, rats were divided into four groups. The control group received normal saline i.p in the same amount of the drug. The other groups received Kombucha tea i.p at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg. Tail-flick and acetic acid tests were used to evaluate the analgesic effects of Kombucha tea and the xylene-induced ear inflammation test to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of Kombucha tea. Results: Kombucha tea at three doses 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg significantly reduced the number of writhings in the acetic acid test. Kombucha tea at 1000 mg/kg significantly increased pain tolerance in the tail-flick test. Kombucha tea at 250 and 500 mg/kg could significantly reduce inflammation in the rat’s ear. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that Kombucha has analgesic effects in rats and can be considered in future treatments.

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The Dynamics of Subcutaneous Tissue Response to Microorganisms Associated with the Extract of Araçá (Psidium cattleianum): An Edemogenic and Microscopic Analysis

Brazilian Dental Science ◽

10.14295/bds.2017.v20i2.1408 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 93 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alessandra Cury Machado ◽

Denise Belucio Ruviere ◽

Renata Zoccal Novais ◽

Carlos Roberto Emerenciano Bueno ◽

Elerson Gaetti Jardim Jr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

Tissue Response ◽

Male Rats ◽

Saline Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Dorsal Region ◽

Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽

Psidium Cattleianum ◽

Significant Difference

Objective: To evaluate in vivo tissue reaction to the extract of araçá (Psidium cattleianum) associated with inactivated microorganisms. Material and Methods: A 0.1 mL suspension was used containing Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Enterococcus faecalis, Peptostreptococcus micros, and Porphyromonas endodontalis, which were inactivated by heat and mixed into a 1.0 mL saline (control group), an aqueous solution, or a hydroalcoholic extract of araçá. Eighteen male rats (Rattus norvegiccus) under general anesthesia received 0.2 mL of 1% intravenous Evans blue. Thirty minutes later, 0.1 mL of one of the associations was injected into the animals’ dorsal region. The animals were euthanized after 3 and 6 hours, and the materials obtained were placed in formamide for 72 hours then analyzed in a spectrophotometer (λ=630 hm). For the morphological analysis, 30 rats received polyethylene tubes implants with the extracts or the saline with the associations in the dorsal region and euthanized after 7 and 30 days to be analyzed according to an inflammation cell score. Results: No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the edema among groups. The optical microscopy results showed a repair in the 30-day-period, which was higher when compared to the 7-day-period (p<0.0001). Nevertheless, in the 7-day-period, the hydroalcoholic extract presented a significant response compared to the aqueous extract (p=0.05) and a trend for better results than the control group. Conclusion: The aqueous and hydroalcoholic araçá extracts associated with inactivated microorganisms showed similar responses to control, indicating no interference on the toxic effects of the bacterial components in tissue repair.KeywordsAnaerobic bacteria; Edema; Inflammation; Plant extracts; Psidium.

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Optimal interval for hot water immersion tail-flick test in rats

Acta Neuropsychiatrica ◽

10.1017/neu.2013.57 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 218-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Quanhong Zhou ◽

Yuhua Bao ◽

Xin Zhang ◽

Lulu Zeng ◽

Li Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Immersion ◽

Hot Water ◽

Male Rats ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Control Group ◽

Tail Flick ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Tail Flick Test ◽

Optimal Interval ◽

Hot Water Immersion

BackgroundThe hot water tail-flick test is widely used to measure the degree of nociception experienced by laboratory animals. This study was carried out to optimise interval times for the hot water immersion tail-flick tests in rats.MethodTen different intervals from 10 s to 1 h were tested in 60 Sprague–Dawley male rats. At least eight rats were tested for each interval in three consecutive hot water tail-flick tests. Dixon's up-and-down method was also used to find the optimal intervals. The same rats were then divided into two groups. In Group N, naloxone was injected to reverse the prolonged latency times, whereas saline was used in the control Group S.ResultsIntervals of 10 s, 20 s, 30 min and 1 h did not significantly impact latencies, yielding similar results in three consecutive tests (p> 0.05). However, interval times of between 30 s and 20 min, inclusively, caused significantly prolonged latencies in the second and third tests (p< 0.001). Dixon's up-and-down method showed that 95% of the rats had prolonged latencies in hot water tail-flick tests at intervals longer than 32 s. Naloxone reversed prolonged latencies in Group N, whereas the latencies in Group S were further prolonged in 5 min interval tests.ConclusionThe optimal intervals for hot water tail-flick tests are either shorter than 20 s or longer than 20 min. The prolonged latencies after repetitive tests were attributable to an endocrine opioid.

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The Analgesic Effect of Aconitum Sinomontanum Nakai Pharmacopuncture in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Journal of Acupuncture Research ◽

10.13045/jar.2020.00409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 140-145

Author(s):

Jung Hee Lee ◽

Yun Kyu Lee ◽

Hyun-Jong Lee ◽

Jae Soo Kim

Keyword(s):

Analgesic Effect ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Hot Plate ◽

Hot Plate Test ◽

Lidocaine Group ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Sd Rats

Background: Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai (ASN) has been reported to have analgesic effects. In this study an animal model of pharmacopuncture using ASN (100-500 mg/kg) was examined.Methods: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 40) were randomly assigned to ASN-Low (1 mg/mL, 1.8 mL, ASN-L), ASN-Intermediate (5 mg/mL, 1.8 mL, ASN-M), ASN-High (10 mg/mL, 1.8 mL, ASN-H), negative control (0.2 mL normal saline), and positive control (0.2 mL 0.5% lidocaine) groups. All experiments were administered to the rats’ left hind leg. The analgesic response was assessed by monitoring the physical (hot plate, and von Frey test) and chemical (formalin) responses to pain.Results: All ASN pharmacopuncture groups demonstrated significant differences in pain response to the hot plate test, von Frey test, and formalin test, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The response of the ASN-M group and ASN-H groups to the hot plate, the formalin, and the von Frey tests were significantly different, compared to the lidocaine group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: ASN pharmacopuncture had a significant analgesic effect on SD rats in response to physical and chemical models of pain.

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New ibuprofen derivatives with thiazolidine-4-one scaffold with improved pharmaco-toxicological profile

BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology ◽

10.1186/s40360-021-00475-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ioana-Mirela Vasincu ◽

Maria Apotrosoaei ◽

Sandra Constantin ◽

Maria Butnaru ◽

Liliana Vereștiuc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Analgesic Effect ◽

Visceral Pain ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Maximum Effect ◽

Tail Flick ◽

Paw Edema ◽

Cell Viability Assay ◽

Thermal Nociception ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Background Aryl-propionic acid derivatives with ibuprofen as representative drug are very important for therapy, being recommended especially for anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. On other hand 1,3-thiazolidine-4-one scaffold is an important heterocycle, which is associated with different biological effects such as anti-inflammatory and analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, antiproliferative, antimicrobial etc. The present study aimed to evaluated the toxicity degree and the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of new 1,3-thiazolidine-4-one derivatives of ibuprofen. Methods For evaluation the toxicity degree, cell viability assay using MTT method and acute toxicity assay on rats were applied. The carrageenan-induced paw-edema in rat was used for evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect while for analgesic effect the tail-flick test, as thermal nociception in rats and the writhing assay, as visceral pain in mice, were used. Results The toxicological screening, in terms of cytotoxicity and toxicity degree on mice, revealed that the ibuprofen derivatives (4a-n) are non-cytotoxic at 2 μg/ml. In addition, ibuprofen derivatives reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, for most of them the maximum effect was recorded at 4 h after administration which means they have medium action latency, similar to that of ibuprofen. Moreover, for compound 4d the effect was higher than that of ibuprofen, even after 24 h of administration. The analgesic effect evaluation highlighted that 4 h showed increased pain inhibition in reference to ibuprofen in thermal (tail-flick assay) and visceral (writhing assay) nociception models. Conclusions The study revealed for ibuprofen derivatives, noted as 4 m, 4 k, 4e, 4d, a good anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect and also a safer profile compared with ibuprofen. These findings could suggest the promising potential use of them in the treatment of inflammatory pain conditions.

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Effects of Electroacupuncture on Pain Threshold of Laboring Rats and the Expression of Norepinephrine Transporter andα2 Adrenergic Receptor in the Central Nervous System

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2016/9068257 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Qianli Tang ◽

Qiuyan Jiang ◽

Suren R. Sooranna ◽

Shike Lin ◽

Yuanyuan Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Adrenergic Receptor ◽

Pain Threshold ◽

Norepinephrine Transporter ◽

Control Group ◽

Tail Flick ◽

Pregnant Rats ◽

Tail Flick Test ◽

The Central Nervous System

To observe the effects of electroacupuncture on pain threshold of laboring rats and the expression of norepinephrine transporter andα2 adrenergic receptor in the central nervous system to determine the mechanism of the analgesic effect of labor. 120 pregnant rats were divided into 6 groups: a control group, 4 electroacupuncture groups, and a meperidine group. After interventions, the warm water tail-flick test was used to observe pain threshold. NE levels in serum, NET, andα2AR mRNA and protein expression levels in the central nervous system were measured. No difference in pain threshold was observed between the 6 groups before intervention. After intervention, increased pain thresholds were observed in all groups except the control group with a higher threshold seen in the electroacupuncture groups. Serum NE levels decreased in the electroacupuncture and MP groups. Increases in NET andα2AR expression in the cerebral cortex and decreases in enlarged segments of the spinal cord were seen. Acupuncture increases uptake of NE via cerebral NET and decreases its uptake by spinal NET. The levels ofα2AR are also increased and decreased, respectively, in both tissues. This results in a decrease in systemic NE levels and may be the mechanism for its analgesic effects.

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The nitric oxide–cGMP signaling pathway plays a significant role in tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y10-109 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 89-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Ercan Ozdemir ◽

Ihsan Bagcivan ◽

Nedim Durmus ◽

Ahmet Altun ◽

Sinan Gursoy

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Analgesic Effect ◽

Soluble Guanylate Cyclase ◽

Morphine Tolerance ◽

Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate ◽

Guanosine Monophosphate ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Tail Flick ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Cgmp Signaling

Although the phenomenon of opioid tolerance has been widely investigated, neither opioid nor nonopioid mechanisms are completely understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the nitric oxide (NO)–cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway in the development of morphine-induced analgesia tolerance. The study was carried out on male Wistar albino rats (weighing 180–210 g; n = 126). To develop morphine tolerance, animals were given morphine (50 mg/kg; s.c.) once daily for 3 days. After the last dose of morphine was injected on day 4, morphine tolerance was evaluated. The analgesic effects of 3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzylindazole (YC-1), BAY 41-2272, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and morphine were considered at 15 or 30 min intervals (0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min) by tail-flick and hot-plate analgesia tests (n = 6 in each study group). The results showed that YC-1 and BAY 41-2272, a NO-independent activator of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), significantly increased the development and expression of morphine tolerance, and L-NAME, a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, significantly decreased the development of morphine tolerance. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the nitric oxide–cGMP signal pathway plays a pivotal role in developing tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine.

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UJI EFEK ANALGESIK EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KERSEN (Muntingia calabura L.) PADA MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN (Mus musculus) DENGAN INDUKSI NYERI ASAM ASETAT

Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung ◽

10.51352/jim.v2i2.59 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 147

Author(s):

Triswanto Sentat ◽

Susiyanto Pangestu

Keyword(s):

Analgesic Effect ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Analgesic Dose ◽

Muntingia Calabura

Kersen leaf (Muntingia calabura L.) contains tannins, flavonoids and polyphenol compounds allegedly have analgesic effect. The objective was to determine the analgesic effect of ethanol extract of kersen leaves and to determine the most effective analgesic dose. This study was an experimental research. Leaves were extracted with ethanol 70% and the analgesic effect test was divided into 5 groups: negative control treatment (distilled water), positive control (mefenamic acid 2.6mg/kg), kersen leaf ethanol extract first dose (100mg/kg), second dose (200mg/kg) and tthird dose (400mg/kg). Giving treatments by oral, after 30 minutes, the mices were given a pain inductor with 0.5% acetic acid by intra peritonial administration. Analgesic power was calculated by counting the number of writhing in mice for 1 hour. The results showed that the ethanol extract of cherry leaf has analgesic effect. From the calculation of the first dose analgesic power (42.9%), second dose (59.4%) and the third dose 69.9%. Statistical test results kruskal wallis value of p=0.011 (p<0.05) showed a significant difference between all analgesic treatment groups. The conclusion of this study is all of the ethanol extract had analgesic effects on male white mice, whereas a dose of 400mg/kg is the most effective analgesic dose.

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Semi-synthesis of Novel Buprenorphine Derivatives and their Anti-nociceptive Properties and Dependency Potential

Canadian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1139/cjc-2020-0429 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zahra Hasanpour ◽

Peyman Salehi ◽

Lennart Bunch ◽

Mona Khoramjouy ◽

Morteza Bararjanian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Opioid Receptors ◽

Analgesic Effect ◽

Preference Test ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Place Preference ◽

Tail Flick ◽

Tail Flick Test ◽

Active Compounds ◽

Methyl Group ◽

Analgesic Activities

Abstract: Novel 1,2,3-triazole-tethered N-norbuprenorphine derivatives with an OMe or OH group at the C3 position were synthesized alongside with evaluation of their analgesic properties. The analgesic activities of the resulting library were investigated via tail flick test in mice. Our results indicated that 10b and 10e were as effective as the starting compounds 8 and 9 with ED50 equal to 16.59 and 19.44 mg/kg, respectively. To investigate the effect of a methyl group at C3 on biological properties, the most active compounds were O-demethylated and their anti-nociceptive effects were assessed. The new O-demethylated derivatives (11b and 11e) showed better analgesic properties than the parent compounds with ED50 of 14.73 and 15.80 mg/kg, respectively. Naloxone prevented the analgesic effect of the synthesized compounds, indicating that the opioid receptors are highly involved in the anti-nociceptive effects of these. The potential dependency effects of the most potent derivatives were studied by condition place preference test in mice and compared to morphine and buprenorphine. Interestingly, 10b, 10e, 11b, and 11e did not show any dependency effect, similar to buprenorphine.

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