Household Income and Children’s Depressive Symptoms: Immigrants’ Diminished Returns

Abstract Study Objectives We aimed to examine whether associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and longitudinal sleep quality patterns are mediated by depressive symptoms. Methods We utilized data on 3347 participants in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study aged 40–69 years at baseline from 2001 to 2002 who were followed up for 16 years. A group-based modeling approach was used to identify sleep quality trajectories using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (years 2, 6, 8, 10, and 12). Educational attainment (college graduated or less), monthly household income (≥$2500 or less), and occupation (unemployed, manual labor, and professional labor) at baseline (year 0) were used for analyses. Depressive symptoms were assessed using Beck’s Depression Inventory at year 4. Associations between SES and sleep quality patterns were examined using a multinomial logistic regression model. The mediation effect of depressive symptoms was further examined using PROC CAUSALMED. Results We identified five distinct sleep quality trajectories: “normal-stable” (n = 1697), “moderate-stable” (n = 1157), “poor-stable” (n = 320), “developing to poor” (n = 84), and “severely poor-stable” (n = 89). Overall, associations between SES levels and longitudinal sleep patterns were not apparent after full adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors measured at baseline. Depressive symptoms, however, tended to fully mediate associations between SES levels and sleep quality patterns (odds ratio range for indirect effects of depressive symptoms: for education, 1.05-1.17; for income, 1.05-1.15). Conclusion A significant mediating role for depressive symptoms between SES levels and longitudinal sleep quality warrants consideration among mental healthcare professionals.

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Positive and negative social support and depressive symptoms according to economic status among adults in Korea: cross-sectional results from the Health Examinees-Gem Study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023036 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. e023036 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hwa-Young Lee ◽

Juhwan Oh ◽

Ichiro Kawachi ◽

Jongho Heo ◽

Sujin Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Depressive Symptom ◽

Symptom Score ◽

Household Income ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Social Supports ◽

Positive Association ◽

Health Examination ◽

Positive Social Support

ObjectivesThe interaction between positive and negative social support as well as each domain of social support and income on depressive symptom has not been much explored. We aimed to examine the associations of positive and negative social support with the risk of depressive symptoms among urban-dwelling adults in Korea, focusing on those interaction effects.DesignWe used the first wave of a large-scale cohort study called The Health Examinees-Gem Study. Positive and negative support scores ranged between 0 and 6; the variables were then categorised into low, medium, and high groups. A two-level random intercept linear regression model was used, where the first level is individual and the second is the community. We further tested for interactions between each domain of social supports and household income.SettingA survey conducted at 38 health examination centres and training hospitals in major Korean cities and metropolitan areas during 2009–2010.Participants21 208 adult men and women aged between 40 and 69 in Korea (mean age: 52.6, SD: 8.0).Outcome measuresDepressive symptoms score measured by Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, with scores ranging from 0 to 60.ResultsLevel of positive and negative social support showed a negative and positive association with depressive symptom score with statistical significance at p<0.05, respectively. When the interaction terms among household income and social supports were examined, a negative association between level of positive social support and depressive symptom score was more pronounced as income was lower and level of negative social support was higher. Similarly, positive association between level of negative social support and depressive symptom score was more pronounced as income was lower and level of positive social support was lower.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that strategies for encouraging positive social support and discouraging negative social support for disadvantaged individuals might be effective in reducing depression in Korea.

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Socioeconomic Variation in the Association of Marriage with Depression

10.31235/osf.io/d5wtn ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel L. Carlson ◽

Ben Lennox Kail

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Multilevel Modeling ◽

Household Income ◽

Health Resources ◽

Well Being ◽

Financial Strain ◽

Never Married ◽

Promotion Policies ◽

Socioeconomic Variation

Although the personal, social, and economic health resources that marriage is argued to provide vary by socioeconomic status (SES), little research has examined whether the association of marriage with psychological well-being varies by SES. Focusing on depressive symptoms as an outcome and using multilevel modeling, results from analysis of four waves of data (n = 4,340 person-waves) from the American Changing Lives Survey (ACL) shows that differences in depressive symptoms between never married and married adults varies by household income. Depressive symptoms are highest among the never married, and differences from the married greatest, at the lowest levels of income. As income increases these differences are eliminated. The interaction between income and marriage is partially mediated by financial strain, self-efficacy, and social support from friends and relatives. The implications of these findings for U.S. marriage promotion policies are discussed.

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Impact of Living Alone on Depressive Symptoms in Older Korean Widows

10.20944/preprints201709.0075.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Gyeong-Suk Jeon ◽

Choi Kyungwon ◽

Cho Sung-Il

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Household Income ◽

Social Ties ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Living Alone ◽

Using Data ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

We examined the relationship between living alone and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in older Korean widows and assessed the individual contributions of health, social ties, and socioeconomic factors to the development of depressive symptoms. The study was a secondary analysis using data from widows 65 years of age and older who participated in the Living Profiles of Older People Survey (LPOPS). A logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the contributions of health, social ties, and socioeconomic factors to the development of depressive symptoms. Working status and equivalent household income were significantly associated with depressive symptoms in both those living with others and those living alone. Adjustment for health status and social ties did not change the impact of living alone on the prevalence of depressive symptoms. However, adjustment for equivalent household income eliminated the negative association between living alone and depressive symptoms. Our findings indicate that economic resources are more important than health and social ties for alleviating the negative impact of living alone on the development of depressive symptoms in older widows.

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Money matters: a multicenter cross-sectional study of depressive symptoms among the caregivers of children on peritoneal dialysis in Mainland China

BMC Nephrology ◽

10.1186/s12882-020-02147-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rui Zhao ◽

Ying Gu ◽

Xia Shen ◽

Xianying Mai ◽

Cheng Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Household Income ◽

Mainland China ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Average Household Income

Abstract Background The caregivers of children on peritoneal dialysis face heavy care burdens and may have a high risk of depression. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and severity of depression and identify its related demographic and socioeconomic factors in the caregivers of children on peritoneal dialysis in China. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in four pediatric dialysis centers in four tertiary children’s hospitals in mainland China. Primary caregivers of children with end-stage kidney disease and currently on peritoneal dialysis were screened and recruited from December 2018 to July 2019. A self-developed questionnaire and the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were administered to the participants by a trained nurse in each center. The chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, one-way ANOVA, and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the prevalence of depressive symptoms by demographic features. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors related to depressive symptoms in caregivers of children on peritoneal dialysis. Results One hundred twenty-one caregivers were included in the data analysis. The mean age of the caregivers was 40.1 ± 8.1 years. More than 75% of the participants were female, married, and unemployed. The overall prevalence of depressive symptoms was 59%. In total, 46 (38%), 20 (17%) and 5 (4%) caregivers reported mild, moderate, and severe depressive symptoms, respectively. In the univariate analysis, caregivers with an average household income per month under 4000 RMB and caregivers of children undergoing laparoscopic surgery had a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms. Characteristics such as treatment center, duration on PD, PD modalities, and history of peritonitis episodes showed no difference in terms of the prevalence of depressive symptoms. The multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that an average household income per month under 4000 RMB was the associated factor for caregivers’ depressive symptoms. Conclusions The caregivers of children on peritoneal dialysis in mainland China were socially vulnerable and experienced depression. Those who had a higher average household income were less vulnerable to depression.

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Postnatal Depressive Symptoms Among Pacific Mothers in Auckland: Prevalence and Risk Factors

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01779.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 230-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Max W. Abbott ◽

Maynard M. Williams

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Household Income ◽

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Pacific Island ◽

Substantial Variation ◽

Postnatal Depressive Symptoms ◽

The Pacific ◽

Prevalence Difference

Objective: To assess the prevalence of and risk factors for postnatal depressive symptoms in a cohort of mothers of Pacific Island infants in Auckland, New Zealand. Method: The data were gathered as part of the Pacific Island Families Study, in which 1376 mothers were interviewed when their babies were 6 weeks old. The interview included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Results: 16.4% of mothers were assessed as probably experiencing depression. Prevalence rates varied from 7.6% for Samoans to 30.9% for Tongans. In addition to ethnicity, risk factors identified by stepwise multiple logistic regression included low Pacific Island acculturation, first birth, stress due to insufficient food, household income less than $40 000, difficulty with transport, dissatisfaction with pregnancy, birth experience, baby's sleep patterns, partner relationship and home. A large prevalence difference between Tongans and other groups remained when the effects of other risk factors were controlled statistically. Conclusions: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among Pacific mothers is at the upper end of the range typically reported. Focus on the overall rate, however, obscures substantial variation between groups. Risk factors are generally similar to those identified in previous research. Implications: The findings have implications for prevention and treatment and caution against assuming homogeneity within ethnic categories. Further research is required to explain differences in prevalence between Tongan and other Pacific Island groups.

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Depression Among Rural Native American and European American Grandparents Rearing Their Grandchildren

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x07308393 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 334-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Bethany L. Letiecq ◽

Sandra J. Bailey ◽

Marcia A. Kurtz

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Native American ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Parental Stress ◽

Household Income ◽

Hierarchical Regression ◽

European American ◽

Custodial Grandparents ◽

Grandparent Caregivers

Increasing numbers of grandparents are rearing their grandchildren because of their adult children's inability to parent. Researchers have begun to document the mental health outcomes of grandparent caregivers in general, yet none have examined the mental health of Native American and European American grandparent caregivers residing in rural communities. To shed light on this topic, the current study examined relationships between degree of rurality; economic, community, and social resources; grandparenting experiences; and depression among 55 rural Native American and European American custodial grandparents. Based on hierarchical regression analyses, the best predictors of depression were grand-parental stress, total time providing primary care to grandchildren, household income, and race. Grandparents experiencing more stress, less time in the role of primary grandparent caregiver, and lower household income reported more depressive symptoms. Moreover, Native American grandparent caregivers reported more depressive symptoms than did their European American counterparts. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

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Neighbourhood disadvantage and depressive symptoms among adolescents followed into emerging adulthood

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2018-212004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (7) ◽

pp. 590-597 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rise B Goldstein ◽

Awapuhi K Lee ◽

Denise L Haynie ◽

Jeremy W Luk ◽

Brian J Fairman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Income Inequality ◽

Household Income ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Median Household Income ◽

Neighbourhood Effects ◽

Social Fragmentation ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Nationally Representative

BackgroundResidents of disadvantaged neighbourhoods report higher levels of depressive symptoms; however, few studies have employed prospective designs during adolescence, when depression tends to emerge. We examined associations of neighbourhood social fragmentation, income inequality and median household income with depressive symptoms in a nationally representative survey of adolescents.MethodsThe NEXT Generation Health Study enrolled 10th-grade students from 81 US high schools in the 2009–2010 school year. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Modified Depression Scale (wave 1) and the paediatric Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (waves 2–6). Neighbourhood characteristics at waves 1, 3, 4, and 5 were measured at the census tract level using geolinked data from the American Community Survey 5-year estimates. We used linear mixed models to relate neighbourhood disadvantage to depressive symptoms controlling for neighbourhood and individual sociodemographic factors.ResultsNone of the models demonstrated evidence for associations of social fragmentation, income inequality or median household income with depressive symptoms.ConclusionDespite the prospective design, repeated measures and nationally representative sample, we detected no association between neighbourhood disadvantage and depressive symptoms. This association may not exist or may be too small to detect in a geographically dispersed sample. Given the public health significance of neighbourhood effects, future research should examine the developmental timing of neighbourhood effects across a wider range of ages than in the current sample, consider both objective and subjective measures of neighbourhood conditions, and use spatially informative techniques that account for conditions of nearby neighbourhoods.

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Depressive Symptoms and Suicidality of Those Raised in Kincare: A Peer Comparison Study

OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying ◽

10.1177/0030222820966245 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 003022282096624

Author(s):

Danielle K. Nadorff ◽

Rachel K. Scott ◽

Theresa M. Fitchie

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Household Income ◽

Suicide Risk ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Comparison Study ◽

Religious Activities ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

Frequent Attendance ◽

Increased Risk

The rate at which children are raised in kincare has steadily been on the rise. Prior research indicates that this group of individuals are at an increased risk of mental health problems. The current study examined the suicidality and depressive symptoms of adults who were raised in kincare compared to those raised by their parents. There were a total of 1,486 participants, 171 of whom were adults raised in kincare, and 1,315 who were raised by one or both of their parents. Participants completed a measure of suicide risk and reported symptoms of depression and anhedonia.Those raised in kincare scored significantly higher on the measures of anhedonia and suicide risk. However, there were no differences in general depressive symptoms. Further analyses found that more frequent attendance of religious activities and higher levels of household income acted as protective factors. These findings suggest kincare is associated with adverse mental health outcomes.

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