scholarly journals The Defense of Brazilian Civilization from the Criticism to the use of Perfumes: Doctors in Medicine in Bahia of the XIX Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-29
Author(s):  
Maria Salete
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Colonial Brazil ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

In academic theses written by doctors in the 19th century state of Bahia (Brazil), we are confronted with the statement that perfumes are an evil to be avoided. Concerned with promoting the health of the population and establishing themselves in a country strongly marked by the dispute between different agents dedicated to healing, doctors trained at the Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, inaugurated in 1832, will insist on the pathological character of the aromatics and, with that, will place themselves against certain customs of colonial Brazil, as well as practices brought at the beginning of the century by the Portuguese Crown. The arguments simultaneously articulate body and morality in the construction of a discourse of truth that would constitute the scientific and aims at the same time to discuss and institute civilization in Brazil. Our goal is, based on the theses, to identify and understand some of the tensions that involve the different ways in which smells and perfumes were thought in the period.

THE ACTIVITY OF SAMARKAND REGIONAL STATISTICAL COMMITTEE IN SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY -EARLY XX CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Jonibek Butaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activities of the Samarkand Regional Statistics Committee in the second half of the XIX -early XX centuries. Statistical committees and departments established in the second half of the 19th century in the province of Turkestan and all regions to study the socio-economic, political and cultural life of the country, compile statistical reports and collections, as well as consolidate the colonial policy of the empire. The article analyzes the data of the Statistics Committee and the Department of Samarkand region.

The challenges of the primary teachers in the XIX century: from the materials needed to teach classes to the payment of the salaries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Silveira Amorim
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Primary Teachers ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Primary Teacher ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Qualified Teacher ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Different aspects impacted the work of primary school teachers in the 19th century: the lack of materials for the teaching of classes, the delay in paying salaries and the release of resources to pay the rent of the houses where the classes worked, the health issues that implied the removal of the teacher for treatment, among others. Given this context, the objective is to inform how the teaching profession was configured based on the challenges faced by primary teachers in the 19th century. As a research in the field of History of Education, newspapers and official communications will be taken as sources, being analyzed from the conceptions of configuration and representation. It is possible to perceive that the profession of primary teacher was configured in the face of challenges and confrontations, corroborating the construction of the representation of the qualified teacher in the 19th century.

Liability of minors in russian criminal law practice XVIII — first half of XIX century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-3) ◽  
pp. 242-249
Author(s):  
Alexander Sergeev ◽  
Ekaterina Bratukhina ◽  
Irina Kushova ◽  
Dmitriy Ovsyukov
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the historical aspects of the evolution of the legislative definition of the age of onset of criminal responsibility and the specifics of sentencing juvenile offenders in the 18th and first half of the 19th century.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF STUDYING OF THE APPLIED ART OF ARTSAKH OF THE 19TH CENTURY ON THE PAGES OF THE EASTERN ARMENIAN ERIODICAL PRESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (10(74)) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
M. Harutyunyan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Color Structure ◽  
Applied Art ◽  
Technical Mastery ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Thus, our scientific research led to the conclusion that the applied art which originated in the previous centuries continued to develop along with other branches of the culture of Artsakh in the second half of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century.  In this scientific article, we have presented mainly the following branches of the applied arts of Artsakh: carpet weaving, handicrafts, embroidery, silversmithing, pottery. We have mainly presented interesting information about the branches of the applied art which were covered in the periodicals of the second half of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century. Noting about the carpet weaving of Artsakh, we emphasized that the carpets of that region of Artsakh stood out with their color structure, richness of ornaments, technical mastery. We highlighted the role of handicrafts in the life of Armenian women, emphasizing that this form of the applied art was developed in Artsakh in the Middle Ages. In this article, we also presented a number of pottery samples found during excavations by foreign archaeologists. 

CULTURE OF TURKISTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Zebiniso A. Akhmedova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The article analyzes the culture of Turkestan in the second half of the 19th century. The social, economic, politicaland cultural life of Bukhara during the Mangit dynasty is revealed. Clarified trade and diplomatic relations between Bukhara and Russia.On the basis of the works of Ahmad Donish, the economic and political situation in Bukhara, as well as relations with neighboring countries, are studied. The author draws attention to the military-bureaucratic colonial system of tsarism in Turkestan and reveals the reasons for the emergence of ideas of national liberation in the country. Examples are used to analyze the life of Bukhara before and after the invasion of tsarism

Responsibility for offenses in the customary law ideas of the don Cossacks in the second half of the 19th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-2) ◽  
pp. 233-251
Author(s):  
Sergey Krasnov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Historical Reconstruction ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

In this publication, the author conducts a specific historical reconstruction of the customary law ideas of the Don Cossacks about the responsibility of the perpetrators of the offenses committed by them in the second half of the XIX century in order to establish what actually, despite the ethnic identity and features of bringing these persons to various types of punishment under customary law, was the basis for the occurrence of a particular type of responsibility and constituted its essence. For the first time, the author proposes to consider of thecustomary representations of the Don Cossacks about responsibility for offenses through the concept of abuse of their duties (obligations) to the Don Cossack communities by all, without exception, members of communities and in various spheres of their life.

scholarly journals KRYASHENS OF UDMURT PRIKAMYE REGION IN THE LAST THIRD OF THE XVIII - MIDDLE XIX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-494
Author(s):  
Nikolai Viktorovich Pislegin ◽  
Vladimir Sergeevich Churakov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Territorial Unit ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
Class Status ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

The article comes to view the development of Kryashens, which are connected with Udmurts or with the territory of the modern Udmurt Republic, in the last third of the 18th - middle 19th century. The area in question is the Malmyzh and Elabuga counties of Vyaka province and Mamadysh county of Kazan province. The “Udmurt old-christened” ethno-class status of the inhabitants of the settlements of the Srednekushket volost’ of the Malmyzh county, noted by the sources, was to some extent a “tribute to tradition”. In Mamadysh county in 1834 historically associated with the Udmurts Kryashen settlements were located in 3 volosts; the tendency for their assimilation, which was reflected in the middle of the 18th century, was completed here even earlier, in the first third of the 19th century. In Yelabuga county since its formation there was a old-christened small administrative-territorial unit. In the historical settlements of Kryashens, located in our days in the territory of the Udmurt Republic (Grakhov and Kizner districts), their Udmurt origin, with few exceptions, is not traced. The appearance of this sub-ethnic group of Tatars here was mainly due to migration processes from the nearest southern territory. In this period the norm for the Kryashens was shared with other peoples - Tatars, Mari, Udmurts, and later - Russians. The presence of Russians in historical Kryashen villages steadily increased over time. From the late 18th century the Kryashen volosts often included villages with different ethnic-caste identity. From the second quarter of the 19th century the disappearance of the Kryashen small administrative-territorial units began. It was caused, first of all, by transformations of the state in this sphere.

scholarly journals The influence of the Italian vocal school on the professional formation of Ukrainian singers (the end of the XVIII – the beginning of the XIX century)

2021 ◽  
pp. 219-225
Author(s):  
Maryna Rossikhina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
New Era ◽  
Italian Opera ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Opera Singers ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of the article is to study the influences of the Italian vocal school, the traditions of Italian opera performance on the professional development of Ukrainian singers in this period. Methodology. Analysis was carried out on the basis of such methods as historical and chronological to study trends and patterns of Ukrainian music at the end of the 17th – the beginning of the 19th century, analytical – for a comprehensive consideration of the influence of Italian culture on the emergence of opera in East Slavic areas, source – for elaboration and analysis of sources, bio-bibliographic – for studying creative biographies of artists, the method of systematization – for the reduction of all found facts to a logical unity. Scientific novelty. By studying the creative biographies of prominent Ukrainian musicians (M.Berezovsky, D.Bortnyansky, M.Ivanov, S.Gulak-Artemovsky) for the first time the Italian pages of their creative biography were systematized, new facts were introduced into scientific circulation, which allow to clarify the contribution of Italian vocal culture in the development of the Ukrainian opera school at the initial stage of its formation. Conclusions. The interest of the Russian Empire in Western European, especially Italian, opera led to the rapid development of a new era in the history of musical theater in the East Slavic territories. Internships of Ukrainian musicians in Italy, invitations of Italian artists, composers, vocal teachers to the Russian Empire, joint performances on stage with foreign singers give grounds to assert the influence of the Italian vocal school on the skills of Ukrainian opera singers of the end of the 18th – the beginning of the 19th century and laying of the fundamental foundations for the development of the Ukrainian vocal school.

scholarly journals Albert Ladenburg (1842-1911) – The Distinguished German Chemist and Historian of Chemistry of the Second Half of the XIX Century (To the 110th Anniversary of His Death)

Substantia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
Aleksander Sztejnberg
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Triangular Prism ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Albert Ladenburg (1842-1911) was an outstanding German chemist and historian of chemistry of the second half of the 19th century. He ascertained the formula of ozone as O3 and proposed a triangular prism structure for the molecule of benzene. He studied the structure of aromatic hydrocarbons and organic compounds of silicon and tin, and devoted his work to explaining the structure of alkaloids and their synthesis. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Ladenburg and his writing and research activities, in particular some of his experimental results, as well as his selected publications.

Thermo-Mineral Baths in the First Half XIX Century: The Case of Ludwig Van Beethoven

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Berezutsky ◽  
Maryna Berezutska
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Ludwig Van Beethoven ◽  
Healing Power ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Time Restriction ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
German Composer

Abstract Background The great German composer Ludwig van Beethoven suffered almost all his life from progressive deafness and diseases of the digestive system. The state of his health strongly influenced his work. Balneotherapy is the only aspect of Beethoven’s disease history that has not yet been thoroughly studied. While water treatment in the first half of the XIX century was the most important part of the therapeutic arsenal of doctors and was actively used in the treatment of Beethoven. Objectives To study the use of thermo-mineral baths in the treatment of Ludwig van Beethoven in the first half of the XIX century. Methods Scopus, WebOfScience, MedLine and PubMed databases, electronic archives were searched without time restriction for information on the use of thermo-mineral baths in European spa resorts in the first half of the 19th century. An analysis was also made of Beethoven’s letters and the work of his most respected biographers in order to identify information about thermal-mineral baths in his treatment. Results Since 1796, Beethoven suffered chronic enterocolitis and progressive hearing impairment, since 1820 portalcirrhosis of the liver. Thermo-mineral baths were the main part of Beethovens treatment from 1799 until his death in 1827. Conclusions The Beethoven’s physicians appointed him a treatment that corresponded to the advanced achievements of balneology of the first half of the 19th century. The composer spent annually at spa resorts up to 6 months, water treatment became part of his life. Beethoven until the last days of his life sincerely believed in the healing power of thermo-mineral baths.

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