scholarly journals LPSK-Establishing State Presence in Protection of Witnesses and Victims, inclusive of Sexual Violence Crimes

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Livia Istania Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Sexual Crimes ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Victim Protection ◽  
Procedural Rights

<p class="p1">The Indonesian Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK in Indonesian) was established based on Law No.13/2006 Protection of Witness and Victims, which was later amended by Law No 31/2014. It is an independent non-structural agency headed by seven commissioners for 5-year terms. One of the Agency’s priority crimes is sexual violence. The Agency protects witnesses, victims, whistleblowers, justice collaborators, and experts. For the years 2019-May 2021, the Agency has given protection to a total of 984 victims of sexual crimes, consisting of 67 percent children and 33 percent adults. Out of that, 78 percent are female victims compared to 22 percent male victims. Based on Law No. 31/2014, there are 16 types of witness and victims’ rights. The three most sought-after protection programs for victims of sexual violence are Procedural Rights, Psychological Rehabilitation, and Restitution Facilitation. For prevention programs, we need to learn who are sexual violence perpetrators.</p>

scholarly journals REALITY OF PROTECTION FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE VICTIMS: COMPREHENSIVE PROTECTION ANALYSIS FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE VICTIMS

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-183
Author(s):  
Diandra Preludio Ramada
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Sexual Crimes ◽  
Preliminary Information ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Victim Protection ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Physical Recovery

Lack of research on victims, especially victims of sexual crimes, whereas cases of sexual crimes are increasingly prevalent in the community. Victim protection is urgently needed to address the increasing number of victims who are not immediately noticed as law enforcers pay more attention to the perpetrators, while victims who suffer physically and psychologically, materially and spiritually, are largely ignored. There are two things that make the offer of protection become important for the victim. First, how to make victims for whom the protection is held, they feel that they are given a sense of security and comfort as citizens protected from the evil that constantly lurks. Second, how to ensure that protection institutions can be achieved with adequate social, economic and cultural aspects.This research aims to find two important things: (1). Finding framework and system of victim protection innovation in Semarang (2). Find and understand the most urgent needs of victims for psychological and physical recovery so that victims can reactivate like other citizens. The benefit of this research is to provide scientific information about the opportunities and barriers to the application of innovative protection for victims in the environment. Thus, the institution can be built especially for victims of sexual violence, as well as the preparation of aspirative and compatible programsThe research method used is qualitative research that rely on information from the first hand, both concerning the application of innovation protection and efforts to find the framework of innovation, it will be pursued stages of research stages, ranging from the determination of the object and place of research, the determination of unit analysis and observation unit, to intensive research in the field. Preliminary information was collected through a survey with questionnaires and interview guides. In addition, focus groups will be set up based on the diversity of informants. The deepening of the data is done by combining in-depth interviews and focused discussions.The findings of this research will result in a model of protection that has legitimacy for the community. The protection model is in great demand and beneficial to victims who have not been noticed.

A feminist reflection on male victims of conflict-related sexual violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 135050682090498
Author(s):  
Louise du Toit ◽  
Elisabet le Roux
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Humanitarian Response ◽  
Patriarchal Ideology ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

The authors identify a pervasive tendency, especially in the world of development and humanitarian response, to hierarchize or prioritize certain types of victims of sexual violence in armed conflict over others. Within this broader context, they focus on what a considered feminist acknowledgement of male victims of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) should look like. On the one hand, they emphasize that one and the same patriarchal template is used to humiliate and shame male and female victims of sexual violence alike. On the other, they urge that in light of the pervasiveness of patriarchal ideology and its harmful and wide-reaching social effects, the time is not yet ripe to endorse a gender-blind approach to CRSV.

scholarly journals Negative Third-Party Reactions to Male and Female Victims of Rape: The Influence of Harm and Normativity Concerns

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052091456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Mulder ◽  
Gerd Bohner
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Victim Blame ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Secondary Victimization ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Two Measures

Male and female victims of sexual violence frequently experience secondary victimization in the form of victim blame and other negative reactions by their social surroundings. However, it remains unclear whether these negative reactions differ from each other, and what mechanisms underlie negative reactions toward victims. In one laboratory study ( N = 132) and one online study ( N = 421), the authors assessed participants’ reactions to male and female victims, and whether different (moral) concerns underlay these reactions. The reactions addressed included positive and negative emotions, behavioral and characterological blame, explicit and implicit derogation, and two measures of distancing. It was hypothesized that male victimization would evoke different types of (negative) reactions compared with female victimization, and that normative concerns would predict a greater proportion of the variance of reactions to male victims than female victims. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were conducted to test whether reactions to male and female (non-)victims differed. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to test the influence of gender traditionality, homonegativity, as well as binding and individualizing moral values on participants’ reactions. Results revealed that participants consistently reacted more negatively to victims than to nonvictims, and more so to male than to female targets. Binding values were a regular predictor of negative reactions to victims, whereas they predicted positive reactions to nonvictims. The hypothesis that different mechanisms underlie reactions to male versus female victims was not supported. The discussion addresses implications of this research for interventions targeting secondary victimization and for future research investigating social reactions to victims of sexual violence. It also addresses limitations of the current research and considerations of diversity.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence in the Netherlands, the Risk of Revictimization and Pregnancy: Results From a National Population Survey

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stans de Haas ◽  
Willy van Berlo ◽  
Floor Bakker ◽  
Ine Vanwesenbeeck
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Rape Victims ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
International Body ◽  
Experienced Adult

Prevalence figures on sexual violence among a representative sample of both men and women were not yet available for the Netherlands. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the prevalence of sexual violence in the Netherlands and to add these figures to the international body of knowledge. Experiences of sexual violence during lifetime, before the age of 16 and in the year before the start of the study were measured. In addition, types of sexual violence were examined, as were the characteristics of the perpetrators. Lastly, revictimization and pregnancy as a result of rape experiences among the victims were investigated. Data were generated from a population survey on sexual health. The sample consisted of more than 6,000 men and women between the age of 15 and 70 years old. Prevalence rates as high as 21% for men and 56% for women were found. Fifty percent of the female victims and 30% of the male victims of child sexual abuse had experienced adult victimization. Of the female rape victims, 7% became pregnant as a consequence of rape. In the Netherlands, as elsewhere, the prevention of sexual violence should be prioritized.

Understanding Case Outcomes for Male Victims of Forcible Sexual Assaults

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052096715
Author(s):  
Scott M. Walfield ◽  
Philip D. McCormack ◽  
Kaitlyn Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Sex Offense ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Attention

While rape and sexual violence have long been a widespread social problem, and one that has garnered significant attention, research that specifically examines the phenomenon of male victimization of sexual violence remains lacking. Addressing the gaps in the research, the current study uses 10 years of law enforcement data from the United States’ National Incident-based Reporting System (2007–2016) on sexual victimization of males 14 years of age or older. The study sought to assess the impact of victim, offender, and incident characteristics associated with the outcome of the case (i.e., open, arrest, and exceptional clearance due to the victim declining or the prosecution refusing to pursue the case) for 20,701 male victims who reported a forcible sex offense to law enforcement as well as agency variation for cleared crimes. Using multilevel multinomial logistic regression, exceptionally cleared cases are more likely to resemble open cases than those resulting in arrest with incident characteristics having a larger influence than victim and offender characteristics. Cases involving concomitant offenses, committed by a stranger, resulting in injury, increase the likelihood of arrest—all of which support the “real rape” hypothesis. Exceptionally cleared cases represent more than one-third of cleared cases and there is significant department variation in the usage of exceptional clearance, as a number of agencies are exceptionally clearing more than half of their cleared cases, artificially increasing their clearance rate. These results, in conjunction with research on female victims, suggests that the handling of sexual assault cases reported to law enforcement remains problematic.

The Double Standard Toward Female and Male Victims of Non-consensual Dissemination of Intimate Images

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110501
Author(s):  
Liza Zvi
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Legal Sanctions ◽  
Negative Feelings

Non-consensual dissemination of intimate images (NCII) is a growing problem of sexual violence with grave consequences for victims. However, despite recent criminalization and civil and legal sanctions, there is reason to suspect that the majority of NCII cases remain unreported. The reasons for that may be similar to the ones accounting for under-reporting in cases of physical sexual violence and are tied to society’s attitude toward victims. Being a relatively new form of violence, psychological research on perceptions of NCII victims and offenders is scarce. The purpose of the present study was to extend the current knowledge by comparing perceptions toward female and male victims of NCII, while manipulating the victim’s role in producing the intimate material. Drawing on rape research, it was hypothesized that gender stereotypes interact with victims’ sex and behavior to influence the way victims are perceived. Five-hundred and thirty-nine male and female students were presented with a scenario depicting an NCII offense in which the intimate material was either self-generated by the victim (selfies) or stealth-taken by the victim’s ex-intimate partner. Victim and offender sex were also manipulated. The findings indicate a differential treatment toward female and male victims of NCII, depending on their role in the taking of the intimate images. More blaming was attributed toward a female victim whose intimate images were self-taken, in comparison to all other research conditions, and negative feelings toward her were the highest as well. These blame attributions, as well as negative feelings toward female victims, were particularly high on the side of male participants. The findings are interpreted as reflecting perceptions of traditional gender roles and a double standard toward female and male sexual behavior.

scholarly journals The International Criminal Court and Sexual Violence: Between Aspirations and Reality

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 878-893
Author(s):  
Tanja Altunjan
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Rome Statute ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Sexual Crimes ◽  
Track Record

AbstractThe adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) was widely lauded as a success with regard to the recognition and potential prosecution of conflict-related sexual violence. More than twenty years later, however, many observers are disillusioned with the ICC’s dire track record concerning the implementation of its progressive legal framework. In many cases, the Court and particularly its Prosecutor have been criticized for failing to adequately address and prioritize sexual violence, culminating in only a single final conviction since 2002. Nevertheless, the ICC’s emerging practice shows progress with regard to the conceptual understanding of conflict-related sexual violence and the realization of the Statute’s full potential in ensuring accountability for sexual crimes. Taking into account the evolving jurisprudence, the Article explores the persisting challenges and the perceived gap between aspirations and reality regarding the prosecution of sexual violence at the ICC.

scholarly journals Victimization, perception of insecurity, and changes in daily routines in Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Elena Ávila ◽  
Belén Martínez-Ferrer ◽  
Alejandro Vera ◽  
Alejandro Bahena ◽  
Gonzalo Musitu
Keyword(s):  
Public Security ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Daily Routines ◽  
The Past ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
High Crime

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationships between victimization, perception of insecurity, and changes in routines. METHODS The 8,170 subjects of both sexes (49.9% women and 50.1% men) aged between 12 and 60 years, selected from a proportional stratified sampling, participated in this study. The measuring instrument was an adaptation of the National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Public Security. Chi-square tests were performed. RESULTS The results show significant differences on victimization and sex regarding perception of insecurity, restrictions on everyday activities, and protection measures. 13.1% of those interviewed claimed to have been victims of a crime in the past 12 months. 52.7% of women considered their municipality as unsafe or very unsafe. In the case of men, this percentage was 58.2%. Female victims reported significant restrictions in everyday activities when compared to non-victims. In relation to men, the percentage of victims with a high restriction of activities was higher in male victims than non-victims. In the group of victimized women, the segment of women who opted for increased measures of protection against crime was larger than expected, while those of non-victims who took less protective measures was lower than expected. These same results were observed in the group of men. CONCLUSIONS The experience of victimization implies a greater perception of insecurity. However, the climate of insecurity is widespread in a large number of citizens. Gender differences in a high-crime environment show the importance of investigating in depth the roles of both genders in the perception of insecurity and changes in routines.

scholarly journals Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Tindak Pidana Pencurian Ditinjau Dari Kajian Victimlogi (Studi Putusan No : 20/Pid.B/2017/PN. Mdn)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Jhovindo Sitorus ◽  
Rizkan Zulyadi ◽  
Wessy Trisna
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
Justice Process ◽  
Criminal Justice Process ◽  
Victim Protection ◽  
Article 5

Protection against victims of theft is a protection according to Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims, all efforts are to fulfill rights and provide assistance to provide security to victims that must be carried out by the Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) or other institutions according to criteria. This protection is given at all stages of the criminal justice process within the judicial environment. The following are the rights of victims and witnesses in Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims Article 5. The research method in this paper is a normative method that collects library data. The results and discussion of this study is about the protection of victims of theft based on the decision number: 20 / Pid.B / 2017 / PN. Mdn, based on the principle or theory of justice is not fair because there is no restitution or compensation to the victim, and the judge's consideration is to pay attention to things that are lightening and burdensome and pay attention to the absence of justification and forgiveness reasons for imposing a criminal sentence in the form of imprisonment for 2 years against the perpetrators.

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