scholarly journals SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENT OF BITUMINOUS PRODUCTION STAGES

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Ибрагимов ◽  
Э.У. Идрисова ◽  
Л.Ш. Махмудова ◽  
Х.Х. Ахмадов ◽  
Ж.Т. Хадисова
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Natural Bitumen ◽  
The Past ◽  
Production Stages ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Xix Century

Целью работы является установление этапов становления, развития и применения битумов. В статье показано, что битумное производство в современном виде начало формироваться лишь в XIX веке, и его становление и развитие напрямую связано с развитием процессов переработки нефти. Авторами показано, что ранний период использования битумов, который подробно рассматривается в настоящей статье, имел временную протяженность в несколько тысячелетий и характеризовался в основном применением природных битумов. Области применения битума уже в те далекие времена были весьма разнообразными: он использовался в основном как осветительный материал, для нагревательных целей, для лечения, для мумификации, в строительстве дорог, каналов, водохранилищ, водопроводов, гидро- и теплоизоляции и т.д. В статье показано, что битум является основным компонентом, используемым в строительстве современных дорог. Опыт и технологии, применяемые в дорожном строительстве в настоящее время, имеют в своей основе опыт человечества прошлых веков. В статье в краткой форме приводятся этапы развития битумного производства, начиная с XIX в. по настоящее время. Показано, что на современном этапе основным способом улучшения качества получаемых битумов является их модифицирование различными добавками, которые позволяют регулировать и свойства сырья для их производства и свойства получаемых битумов с получением товарных битумов улучшенного качества. Авторами установлено, что применяемые в настоящее время добавки битумного производства по назначению делятся на активирующие, модифицирующие и интенсифицирующие. The aim of the work is to establish the stages of formation, development and application of bitumen. The article shows that bitumen production in its present form began to form only in the XIX century and its formation and development is directly related to the development of oil refining processes. The authors show that the early period of bitumen use, which is discussed in detail in this article, had a temporary length of several millennia and was characterized mainly by the use of natural bitumen. Areas of application of bitumen already in those days were very diverse: it was used mainly as a lighting material for heating purposes, for treatment, for mummification, in the construction of roads, canals, reservoirs, water pipes, hydro and thermal insulation, etc. the article shows that bitumen is the main component used in the construction of modern roads. The experience and technologies used in road construction are currently based on the experience of mankind of the past centuries. In the article the stages of development of bitumen production from the XIX century to the present are given in a brief handicap. It is shown that at the present stage, the main way to improve the quality of bitumen is to modify them with various additives, which allow to regulate the properties of raw materials for their production and the properties of the bitumen obtained to obtain commercial bitumen of improved quality. The authors found that currently used additives bitumen production for the purpose are divided into activating, modifying and intensifying

Akan stool succession under colonial rule—continuity or change?

1975 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Henige
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Fundamental Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Indirect Rule

This paper argues that interpretations which would view pre-colonial Akan political life as ‘normative’ and structured may be incorrect, at least in so far as stool succession is concerned. Contemporaneous evidence for this early period is at best sparse and at worst simply non-existent and seldom allows even tentative hypotheses. Rather, it is necessary to infer past practices from more recent data, whether this be observation of present behaviour or recent testimony about the past. In this case I have used the testimony presented at various stool and jurisdictional disputes during the colonial period for which records survive. These are generally, of course, ex parte statements and can be used only with caution. However, there is a surprising consensus throughout these records that both the principles and the patterns of stool succession and paramountcy in the pre-colonial period were variegated and even extemporaneous although, not surprisingly, there is much dispute about the reasons for this. On balance, this testimony suggests that a re-interpretation of early Akan political culture using a wider range of evidence is desirable.Although this implies that the impact of colonial ‘indirect’ rule was not as profound as has often been supposed, I have not discussed this problem directly except as it bears on the quality of the data. Nor have I attempted to analyse the day-to-day dynamics of political life, either for the earlier period (which would be impossible on the evidence) or for the colonial period (which would be irrelevant for comparison). Nevertheless, within the restricted compass of stool succession and paramountcy the argument here is that colonial rule involved little fundamental change from earlier practices. If anything, it probably served to delimit a greater range of previous options by seeking to codify them.

The Quality of Census Data for Historical Inquiry: A Research Agenda

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Steckel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Databases ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Approaches To Study

Quantitative historians who mine diverse sources of evidence usually fret over the quality of their raw materials. Most papers that introduce new sources of data attempt to explain who originally collected the evidence, why it was collected, and how the actual use of the data may differ from the original intentions. These discussions often include estimates of omissions or biases in the records and may explain the sensitivity of results to underlying assumptions.With a few notable exceptions, scholars have given surprisingly little attention to the quality of census data (see Ginsberg 1988; Furstenberg et al. 1979; Sharpless and Shortridge 1975). This neglect is remarkable in view of the public debate over the accuracy of the modern censuses, the conventions of scholarly scrutiny that apply to other types of records, and the widespread use made of census documents by nearly all disciplinary approaches to study of the past. Stimulated in part by the declining costs of entering and managing large databases, historians have intensively used the manuscript schedules of population for the nineteenth century, and numerous projects were recently completed or are planned for those of the early twentieth century (e.g., Ruggles and Menard 1990). Researchers have also made considerable use of additional schedules collected by the U.S. census beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, including those for slaves, manufacturing, and agriculture.

scholarly journals Grenzüberschreitung. „Romantische Reise“ und „Preußentum-Probe“ im Vormärz: Wácslaw Wladiwoj Tomeks Wanderungen im schlesisch-böhmischen Grenzland

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 81-103
Author(s):  
Miloš Řezník
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Collective Processes ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Historical Culture ◽  
The One ◽  
Law Student

Crossing the border. A Romantic journey and test of Prussianness in the pre-March period: Václav Vladivoj Tomek’s wanderings in the Silesian-Czech borderlandIn the article I analyse, using a specific example from 1830, the identity-shaping perception of the mountains as a border at a time of Czech national agitation. Drawing on the memoirs of a young Prague law student, Václav Vladivoj Tomek, later an eminent Czech historian, I present perception categories he used to reflect on the differences between societies and cultures along the Czech-Silesian   Austrian-Prussian border and to discuss their links with the landscape. This is placed, on the one hand, in the context of the agitation phase of the Czech national movement in its early period, and on the other in the context of individual and collective processes of identification of a young man at a key stage of his personal development. Tomek expressed his observations in the language of cultural, social and confessional diversity. In this he focused on the quality of life, architecture, faith with a tendency to exoticise Protestantism and partly also historical culture in Prussia. Significantly, there  are no comments concerning the problem of the mismatch, so important in later years, between the state and the language border: the transition between predominantly Czech-speaking and predominantly German-speaking regions near the state border in this case the  Broumov region is not even mentioned. The crossing of the border as a practice is not referred to either; the border is seen as a point,  what is mentioned in its crossing are only state symbols. Although strong emotions are visible, the now nationally aware Tomek does not allude to national emotions state border, but to a Romantic view of the landscape accompanied by a fascination, typical of the period, with what is picturesque and extraordinary in the mountains, rocks, sights and traces of the past found in the mountains.

scholarly journals The architectural design in time of crisis. A research of "roots" to support the development

2015 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Forlani
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Past ◽  
Capacity Limit ◽  
Environment Capacity ◽  
Design Paradigm ◽  
Brundtland Report

<p>Vitruvius wrote the first treatise of Architecture and in it we find the fundamental recommendations for a good design. In the past 50 years it seems, instead, that each of these directions had been lost and there is today the need of promoting a new design paradigm that is attentive to nowadays criticalities and directed to sustainable development.<br />The term sustainability starts to configure the quality of human actions since the 80’s following reflections on the resources limit (raw materials and fossil fuels) and the environment capacity limit of absorbing emissions and waste.<br />The concept of sustainable development was elaborated in 1987 in the Brundtland report according to the need of distinguishing it from the concept of growth, that is to say with the goal of tending simultaneously toward the quality verification of programs in the environmental, social and economic dimensions.<br />All that invited the whole society to reconsider its "lifestyle" that, in the specific field of architecture, meant finding a new design approach geared to a lower consumption and greater caution and responsibility in the choices.<br />The configuration of a new design paradigm can trace their roots in the study of history and can proceed to evaluate the actions in a broad context of skills to ensure the quality of the products.</p>

scholarly journals Fire safety in textile industries – A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (06) ◽  
pp. 523-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
PONNUSAMY VENKATARAMANAN ◽  
PAULRAJ PRATHAP ◽  
PALANISAMY SIVAPRAKASH ◽  
KANCHANA SIVAPRAKASH
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
The Past ◽  
Unskilled Labour ◽  
The World ◽  
Textile Industries ◽  
Fire Accidents ◽  
Fire Accident

Over the past decades, textile industries are playing an important role in the Indian economy, and moreover it is the second largest revenue source for the country. The textile industry is the only industry that offers massive employment for both skilled and unskilled labour. Fire accidents cost hundreds of workers’ lives and livelihoods along with huge equipment and material loss. The stipulation of proper safety system would be the only option to increase the production rate and quality of the product which in turn amplify the profit and good will of the company. In spite of various initiatives taken to prevent fire accidents in the textile industry, there are still a significant number of fire occurrences in this industry. Fire accident is the major source of accident in case of textile industries, and preventing the fire accident would be the first and foremost choice and also it is mandatory to alleviate the fire accidents to safe guard raw materials and employees. This paper presents a review on various hazards in textile industries. This article intends at studying each of these issues in textile industries, along with the existing possible solutions for these problems. This study is essential in exposing safety concerns in factories around the world.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM STORAGE OF ELECTRIC STEEL SMELTING SLAGS IN DUMPS ON THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Aleksey Pogromskiy ◽  
Tat'yana Anikanova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Electric Steel ◽  
Steel Smelting ◽  
Current Output ◽  
Main Component

construction, repair and reconstruction of roads require high costs of mineral raw materials in the form of sand, gravel, mineral powder. However, its reserves on the territory of our country are distributed unevenly, which causes significant transportation costs for the delivery of mineral resources to construction sites. In addition, mineral resources are inevitably reduced over time, which requires extensive involvement in the construction of roads of non-traditional types of raw materials, as well as industrial waste. The paper presents the results of studies of the properties of electric steel slag, the current output and stored in the dumps for several years. The main component of electric steel-smelting slags, both fresh and dumped, lying in dumps for about 20 years, is shannonite or γ-modification of calcium orthosilicate C2S. It has been established that the mineralogical composition of the Oskol Electrometallurgical Combine's slag is represented by hematite, wuistite, calcite, periclase, and also portlandite, formed during quenching of lime. Analysis of diffractograms of slags of different shelf life shows that in the initial periods of slag storage in the dumps there is a final quenching of lime and its carbonization with the formation of calcite. The results of the determination of the granulometric composition of the slag of different storage periods showed a decrease with time of the number of fine fractions and an increase in large fractions. It is established that when using electric steel-smelting slags in the construction and repair of highways, it is necessary to take into account changes in the physical and mechanical properties of materials. The processes that take place during the maintenance of slags in dumps determine the suitability of the use of slag mineral materials in road construction.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OIL PROCESSING DEPTH BY NELSON INDEX IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
E. A. Mishukov ◽  
Yu. N. Linnik
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Refining Industry ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Processing Depth ◽  
Petrochemical Products

The current challenges of the domestic oil refining industry have been identified. The significance of the latest requirements for the quality of petrochemical products has been highlighted, as well as the need for technical and technological updating of oil refineries has been described. The use of the Nelson index as an assessment of the quality of petrochemical products at refineries has been considered. The formulas of the complexity factor and the Nelson index have been described. The principles and mechanisms of calculating the Nelson index for a conditional oil refinery have been disclosed. The statistics on the most modern oil refineries in Russia, using the Nelson index, has been presented. An analysis and comparison of changes by country within the framework of this indicator over the past years have been compiled.

scholarly journals The device layers and transport facilities of hemihydrate phosphogypsum (waste byproduct of the production of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Kochetkov ◽  
Natal’ya Shchegoleva ◽  
Sergey Korotkovskiy ◽  
Victor Talalai ◽  
Yury Vasilyev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Tracked Vehicles ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Construction ◽  
Phosphogypsum Waste ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The implementation of the proposed innovative project on the use of phosphogypsum waste in road construction will: solve the problem of recycling and processing of phosphogypsum by using it as a local by-material for the construction of roadbed and foundations of roads; replace natural gypsum with cheaper raw materials for cement, construction and road industry; reduce the cost of construction of roads and extend the turnaround time by improving the quality of their properties. Road with the use of phosphogypsum is cheaper by 30 % than roads with traditional technologies. In the swampy area due to the characteristics of the material, combining solidity and lightness, phosphogypsum is not interchangeable at all. It allows you to make reliable and durable roads. The design is obtained up to five times stronger than the required standards. At the same time, at the first stage of construction of the road, it is possible to make an intermediate type, making the bases of phosphogypsum, and later laying the remaining structural layers of crushed stone and asphalt. In this case, the coating of technical gypsum is not destroyed, even with the passage of heavy tracked vehicles and at low temperatures.

scholarly journals Extractive Deasphaltization the Method for Obtaining Bituminous Binders and Processing Natural Bitumens

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
I. N. Goncharova ◽  
◽  
I. Sh. Khusnutdinov ◽  
T. N. Kachalova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Natural Bitumen ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Bituminous Binders

Natural bitumen refers to unconventional sources of hydrocarbon raw materials, the development of which is one of the most important urgent tasks in oil refining. Along with the development of new deposits, problems arise with transportation and processing. To solve these problems, extraction deasphalting is proposed, which allows the use of natural bitumen to transport natural bitumen to refineries without the use of additional diluents. The main focus of the extraction approach is the production of low-viscosity deasphalted oil and high-quality road bitumen.

scholarly journals BASIC PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMENS FOR ROADS

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
S. S. Satayeva ◽  
◽  
K.A. Mikhailova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Bituminous Materials ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Heavy Oil Residues ◽  
Petroleum Bitumen ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The most urgent in the oil refining industry, along with the deepening of oil refining, are the problems of improving the quality of oil products, which include heavy oil residues, such as bitumen. Despite the widespread use of petroleum bitumen in road construction, the demand for bitumen is not fully satisfied, because the quality of many bituminous materials does not fully meet the modern requirements of the construction industry.Conformance of bitumen obtained by synthetic method for using it in road construction was reviewed in this article. Some main physical and chemical properties of bitumen were described. Received results meet with specification and we can make the conclusion that synthesized bitumen can be used for road surface.

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