scholarly journals Extractive Deasphaltization the Method for Obtaining Bituminous Binders and Processing Natural Bitumens

2020 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
I. N. Goncharova ◽  
◽  
I. Sh. Khusnutdinov ◽  
T. N. Kachalova ◽  
◽  
...  

Natural bitumen refers to unconventional sources of hydrocarbon raw materials, the development of which is one of the most important urgent tasks in oil refining. Along with the development of new deposits, problems arise with transportation and processing. To solve these problems, extraction deasphalting is proposed, which allows the use of natural bitumen to transport natural bitumen to refineries without the use of additional diluents. The main focus of the extraction approach is the production of low-viscosity deasphalted oil and high-quality road bitumen.

2021 ◽  
Vol 1028 ◽  
pp. 365-370
Author(s):  
Diba G Auliya ◽  
Soni Setiadji ◽  
Zulfi Mofa Agasa ◽  
Fitrilawati ◽  
Norman Syakir ◽  
...  

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been widely used as a vitreous humour substitution in vitreoretinal surgery. Due to its limited availability and increasing domestic needs, the price of PDMS in Indonesia became very expensive. Previously, we reported the synthesized of PDMS from a high grade of monomer of 98% of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and found that all PDMS samples produced high quality samples similar to that of commercial one. However, by considering the ease of obtaining raw materials and also the production costs, the synthesis of PDMS using monomer which easy to be found in Indonesia and low production costs is needed to be developed. Here, we reported the synthesis of PDMS using low grade of 96% of D4 in order to produce high quality of PDMS with low viscosity that can be used for vitreous humous substitution in vitreoretinal surgery. PDMS samples with low viscosity value of 0.94-1.35 Pa.s have been successfully synthesized from low grade of D4 and MM using ring-opening polymerization method. The yields of PDMS resulted in this research were in the range between 67.27% and 76.26%. From FTIR spectroscopy, it is found that all synthesized samples have structure and functional groups similar to PDMS using high grade of monomer of 98% Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). From refractometer and surfgauge measurements, all samples have refractive index in the range of 1,4034-1,4040 and the value surface tension was 21 m.N/m.


Author(s):  
A. Trotsenko ◽  
A. Grigorov ◽  
V. Nazarov

It is known that one of the ways to increase the level of operational properties of diesel fuels is the injection of special components – additives – into their composition. Today this way is a quite rational and economically feasible for Ukraine, especially in the absence of high-quality oil raw materials for the production of fuels, which in turn leads to a significant dependence on imports. The range of additives used in diesel fuels is very diverse, which makes it difficult to select a balanced package, especially considering their effectiveness and compatibility with each other. This procedure can be a bit simplified by adding poly-functional additives to diesel fuel, the use of which is devoted to a lot of periodical literature. Based on the relevance of the direction of scientific research related to improving the properties of diesel fuel, which is produced at the enterprises of the oil refining industry in Ukraine, we proposed to use a substance belonging to the class of aromatic diazocompounds and having polyfunctional properties in the composition of diesel fuels. Thus, this additive was added to a straight-run diesel fraction (240–350 °C) in an amount of up to 1.0%, followed by a study of the properties of the resulting mixture. Studies have shown that the additive significantly improves low-temperature properties (by -10 °C), contributes to an increase in fuel density and viscosity, and additionally gives diesel fuel a stable color (from yellow to orange). Consequently, it can be used in the composition of commercial diesel fuels with improved performance properties.


Author(s):  
R.O Orynbassar ◽  
◽  
T.S. Kaynenova ◽  
L.K. Tastanova ◽  
◽  
...  

The main problem in the oil refining industry is variable composition of raw materials. In order to produce high-quality products, it is proposed to forecast and plan the production activity of oil refinery depending on the composition of raw materials. For this purpose, comparisons were made for oil fields in the Aktobe region and for open distillates obtained during primary pumping. The main indicators of oil from the Alibekmola and Bozoi fields, i.e. the relative density and viscosity of oil and petroleum products are determined under laboratory conditions. It was found that depending on the component composition and location of the field, the main indicators of oil are different. These indicators are important for determining the quality, efficiency of application, selection of the processing scheme, transportation of oil and petroleum products. In addition, it allows to optimize the processing process,monitor constantly the operation mode and get high-quality products.


Author(s):  
А.А. Ибрагимов ◽  
Э.У. Идрисова ◽  
Л.Ш. Махмудова ◽  
Х.Х. Ахмадов ◽  
Ж.Т. Хадисова

Целью работы является установление этапов становления, развития и применения битумов. В статье показано, что битумное производство в современном виде начало формироваться лишь в XIX веке, и его становление и развитие напрямую связано с развитием процессов переработки нефти. Авторами показано, что ранний период использования битумов, который подробно рассматривается в настоящей статье, имел временную протяженность в несколько тысячелетий и характеризовался в основном применением природных битумов. Области применения битума уже в те далекие времена были весьма разнообразными: он использовался в основном как осветительный материал, для нагревательных целей, для лечения, для мумификации, в строительстве дорог, каналов, водохранилищ, водопроводов, гидро- и теплоизоляции и т.д. В статье показано, что битум является основным компонентом, используемым в строительстве современных дорог. Опыт и технологии, применяемые в дорожном строительстве в настоящее время, имеют в своей основе опыт человечества прошлых веков. В статье в краткой форме приводятся этапы развития битумного производства, начиная с XIX в. по настоящее время. Показано, что на современном этапе основным способом улучшения качества получаемых битумов является их модифицирование различными добавками, которые позволяют регулировать и свойства сырья для их производства и свойства получаемых битумов с получением товарных битумов улучшенного качества. Авторами установлено, что применяемые в настоящее время добавки битумного производства по назначению делятся на активирующие, модифицирующие и интенсифицирующие. The aim of the work is to establish the stages of formation, development and application of bitumen. The article shows that bitumen production in its present form began to form only in the XIX century and its formation and development is directly related to the development of oil refining processes. The authors show that the early period of bitumen use, which is discussed in detail in this article, had a temporary length of several millennia and was characterized mainly by the use of natural bitumen. Areas of application of bitumen already in those days were very diverse: it was used mainly as a lighting material for heating purposes, for treatment, for mummification, in the construction of roads, canals, reservoirs, water pipes, hydro and thermal insulation, etc. the article shows that bitumen is the main component used in the construction of modern roads. The experience and technologies used in road construction are currently based on the experience of mankind of the past centuries. In the article the stages of development of bitumen production from the XIX century to the present are given in a brief handicap. It is shown that at the present stage, the main way to improve the quality of bitumen is to modify them with various additives, which allow to regulate the properties of raw materials for their production and the properties of the bitumen obtained to obtain commercial bitumen of improved quality. The authors found that currently used additives bitumen production for the purpose are divided into activating, modifying and intensifying


Author(s):  
I. A. Ilina ◽  
I. A. Machneva ◽  
E. S. Bakun

  The article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition, physical and thermal-pfysical characteristics of damp apple pomaces and the identifying patterns of influence of drying temperature the functional composition and gel-forming ability of pectin. The research is aimed at obtaining initial data for the subsequent calculation of the main technological, hydro-mechanical, thermal, structural and economic characteristics of devices for drying the plant raw materials, ensuring the environmental safety and high quality of pectin-containing raw materials, the reducing heat and energy costs. As a result of the study of the thermal characteristics of apple pomaces, the critical points (temperature conductivity – 16.5 x 10-8 m2/s, thermal conductivity – 0.28 W/m K, heat capacity – 1627 j/(kg K)) at a humidity of 56 % are determined, which characterizing the transition from the extraction of weakly bound moisture to the extraction of moisture with strong bonds (colloidal, adsorption). It was found that the pomaces obtained from apples of late ripening have a higher content of solids (21-23 %), soluble pectin and protopectin (2.5-4.5 %). Dried pomaces obtained from apple varieties of late ripening contain up to 25 % pectin, which allow us to recommend them as a source of raw materials for the production of pectin. The optimum modes of preliminary washing of raw materials are offered, allowing to the remove the ballast substances as much as possible. It is established that when the drying temperature increases, the destructive processes are catalyzed: the strength of the pectin jelly and the uronide component and the degree of pectin esterification are reduced. The optimum drying temperature of damp apple pomaces is 80 0C, at which the quality of pectin extracted from the dried raw materials is maintained as much as possible. It is shown that the most effective for the pectin production is a fraction with a particle size of 3-5 mm, which allow us to extract up to 71 % of pectin from raw materials.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 681
Author(s):  
Monika Sterczyńska ◽  
Marek Zdaniewicz ◽  
Katarzyna Wolny-Koładka

During the production of beer, and especially beer wort, the main wastes are spent grain and hot trub, i.e., the so-called “hot break.” Combined with yeast after fermentation, they represent the most valuable wastes. Hot trub is also one of the most valuable by-products. Studies on the chemical composition of these sediments and their rheological properties as waste products will contribute to their effective disposal and even further use as valuable pharmaceutical and cosmetic raw materials. So far, hot trub has been studied for morphology and particle distribution depending on the raw material composition and beer wort extract. However, there are no preliminary studies on the rheological properties of hot trub and hops. In particular, no attention has yet been paid to the dependence of these properties on the hop variety or different protein sources used. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different hopping methods on hot trub viscosity and beer wort physicochemical parameters. Additionally, the hop solutions were measured at different temperatures. A microbiological analysis of hop sediments was also performed to determine the post-process survival of selected microorganisms in these wastes. For manufacturers of pumps used in the brewing industry, the most convenient material is that of the lowest viscosity. Low viscosity hot trub can be removed at lower velocities, which reduces costs and simplifies washing and transport. The sediments also had similar equilibrium viscosity values at high shear rates.


Physics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-351
Author(s):  
Serge Nagorny

Recent progress in Cs2HfCl6 (CHC) crystal production achieved within the last five years is presented. Various aspects have been analyzed, including the chemical purity of raw materials, purification methods, optimization of the growth and thermal conditions, crystal characterization, defect structure, and internal radioactive background. Large volume, crack-free, and high quality CHC crystals with an ultimate scintillating performance were produced as a result of such extensive research and development (R & D) program. For example, the CHC crystal sample with dimensions ∅23 × 30 mm3 demonstrates energy resolution of 3.2% FWHM at 662 keV, the relative light output at the level of 30,000 ph/MeV and excellent linearity down to 20 keV. Additionally, this material exhibits excellent pulse shape discrimination ability and low internal background of less than 1 Bq/kg. Furthermore, attempts to produce a high quality CHC crystal resulted in research on this material optimization by constitution of either alkali ions (Cs to Tl), or main element (Hf to Zr), or halogen ions (Cl to Br, I, or their mixture in different ratio), as well as doping with various active ions (Te4+, Ce3+, Eu3+, etc.). This leads to a range of new established scintillating materials, such as Tl2HfCl6, Tl2ZrCl6, Cs2HfCl4Br2, Cs2HfCl3Br3, Cs2ZrCl6, and Cs2HfI6. To exploit the whole potential of these compounds, detailed studies of the material’s fundamental properties, and understanding of the variety of the luminescence mechanisms are required. This will help to understand the origin of the high light yield and possible paths to further extend it. Perspectives of CHC crystals and related materials as detectors for rare nuclear processes are also discussed.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Hyun Seok ◽  
Seungjun Choo ◽  
Jinsung Kwak ◽  
Hyejin Ju ◽  
Ju-Hyoung Han ◽  
...  

A method of pelletizing raw materials was used to tackle unwarranted variations in MXene products depending on the parent MAX phases, manufacturing techniques, and preparation parameters, enabling a direct painting process on various surfaces for ink applications.


Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kapustin ◽  
Elena Chernysheva ◽  
Roman Khakimov

In recent years, there has been a trend in the global oil industry to improve the proportion of heavy high-sulfur crude oils in the total volume of extracted and processed resources, reserves of which are estimated at over 800 billion metric tons. Therefore, the main line of oil refining is processing of heavy crudes and residua to allow maximum use of the hydrocarbon potential and yield of high-margin products. Hydrogenation processes of heavy raw materials are most attractive in terms of product quality. This article analyzes tar hydrocracking processes that are either in operation or at the stage of full-scale testing. These include Veba Combi-Cracker (VCC), Uniflex, suspended-bed catalyst hydrocracking (ENI), and vacuum residue hydroconversion (TIPS RAS). These technologies use heterogeneous catalysts and are designed to obtain the largest possible amount of liquid products. This article discusses the features of each technology, highlights their advantages and disadvantages, shows the main approaches to process management, and speculates about the development of these technologies. Tar refining is a major process in heavy oil upgrading, and the development of efficient tar-processing methods will influence refinery configurations and management.


2013 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 382-387
Author(s):  
Li Zhou ◽  
Yuan Kui Ding ◽  
Pai Feng Luo

A facile low-cost non-vacuum process for fabrication of high quality CuInSe2(CIS) films is described, which indicates a promising way for the application in thin film solar cells. First, citrate-capped Cu11In9alloy nanoparticles are synthesized by hot-injection method after a system research on the different reaction time and Cu-In ratio of the raw materials. From the TEM and XRD results, we can see that uniform spherical nanoparticles with dominant Cu11In9phase and less particle-to-particle agglomeration are successfully achieved in this study. Then, employing spray and RTP selenization process, high quality CIS films with dense and big grains are obtained, which show the single chalcopyrite structure and the preferred (112) orientation. An energy band gap about 1.01 eV is measured through the absorption spectroscopy measurement in our work.


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