scholarly journals Degree of realism (Fiction)

10.34778/3c ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cordula Nitsch
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
The West ◽  
Lord Of The Rings ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Depiction Of Politics ◽  
A Minor ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Political Actions

The variable tries to capture the degree of realism of the fictional entertainment format. It was used in a systematization of TV series and movies that aimed to structure the field with regard to politics in fictional entertainment (Eilders & Nitsch, 2014, 2015; Nitsch & Eilders, 2014).   Field of application/theoretical foundation The perceived degree of realism is usually considered in effect studies (as a moderating variable). However, it can also be applied to the fictional content and helps differentiating the innumerable fictional productions. It might be assumed that fictional entertainment formats with many references to social reality elicit other effects than TV series and movies that do not include aspects that are familiar to the audience from real-life.   References/combination with other methods of data collection ---   Example study Eilders & Nitsch (2015)   Information on Eilders & Nitsch, 2015 Authors:                                Christiane Eilders & Cordula Nitsch Research interest:                depiction of politics (centrality of politics, topics, actors, political actions) in political dramas of two different countries (US and Germany) Object of analysis:                114 movies and 98 TV-series Timeframe of analysis:        1990-2013   Information about variable Variable name/definition:   degree of realism Degree of realism is indicated through four variables: 1) realism in terms of events, 2) in terms of characters, 3) in terms of time, and 4) in terms of places. Every indicator was coded on a scale ranging from 0 (no realism at all) to 3 (high degree of realism). Realism in terms of events regards the degree to which the plot refers to real-life events (e.g., historical references, bank holidays). Realism of characters captures whether real actors or institutions are addressed in the plot. It was coded whether real characters played no role (0), a marginal role (1), a minor role (2), or a major role (3) in the TV series or movie. Realism in terms of time measures the time between the year of production and the year in which the fictional plot takes place. 0 was coded for plots located in periods deviating by more than 50 years from the production year, plots located in periods not overtly deviating from the production year were coded 3. Realism of places captures whether places are clearly identifiable. The highest score refers to plots that take place at particular locations on Earth, plots that take place in completely fictitious locations (such as Middle Earth in The Lord of the Rings) received the lowest score. Level of analysis:      Film- bzw. Serienebene [level of movies/series] Scale level:                Nominal Reliability:                .87 (realism in terms of time: 1.0, realism in terms of places: 0.9, realism in terms of events: 0.86 and realism in terms of characters: 0.71)   V 1 Degree of Realism V1.3 Realitätsnähe der Zeit (RZ) (Bezugspunkt: Plot) [Realism in terms of time (RT) [Reference point: plot]] Unter RZ wird codiert, wie weit das Produktionsjahr des Films/der Serie von der Zeit abweicht, die im Film/der Serie dargestellt wird. Es wird angenommen, dass Filme/Serien, die in der Vergangenheit oder Zukunft spielen, eine geringere Realitätsnähe haben. Filme/Serien, die in anderen Welten mit eigenen Zeitlinien spielen, sind ebenfalls nicht realitätsnah. Bei Filmen/Serien, die über längere Zeiträume hinweg spielen, wird das Jahr, in dem der größte Teil der Handlung spielt, herangezogen. Sollte dies nicht erkennbar sein, ist das früheste Jahr, das vorkommt, das Referenzjahr. [For RT it is coded how far the production year of the movie/series deviates from the time the movie/series is set in. It is assumed that movies/series which are set in the past or future are less close to (the viewers’) reality. Movies/series that play in other worlds with their own timelines are also considered to have a low degree of realism. For movies/series that cover longer periods of time, the year in which most of the plot takes place is used. Should this not be recognizable, the earliest year the plot is set in, is used as the reference year.]   0 = Keine Realitätsnähe Der Film/Serie spielt entweder in einem Jahr, das mehr als 50 Jahre (plus/minus) vom Produktionsjahr des Films/Serie abweicht oder in einer Welt mit anderer Zeitrechnung. Beispiel: „Braveheart“ als Film, der im Mittelalter spielt und somit mehr als 50 Jahre vom Produktionsjahr 1995 abweicht.   1 = Geringe Realitätsnähe Der Film/Serie spielt in einem Jahr, das zwischen 50 und 11 Jahren (plus/minus) vom Produktionsjahr des Films/Serie abweicht. Beispiel: „Das Leben der Anderen“ als Film, der 1984 spielt und somit 22 Jahre vom Produktionsjahr 2006 abweicht.   2 = Mittlere Realitätsnähe Der Film/Serie spielt in einem Jahr, das vom Produktionsjahr maximal 10 Jahre (plus/minus) abweicht. Beispiel: „Hotel Ruanda“ als Film, der 2004 gedreht wurde und im Jahr 1994 spielt.   3 = Hohe Realitätsnähe Der Film/Serie spielt in einem Jahr, das vom Produktionsjahr durch keine sichtbare Verweise auf eine andere Zeit abweicht. Beispiel: „Keinohrhasen“ als Film, in dem es keine erkennbare Abweichung von Produktionsjahr und der dargestellten Zeit gibt.    References Eilders, C., & Nitsch, C. (2014). Politikvermittlung zwischen „Traumschiff“ und „The West Wing“: Ein Vorschlag zur Systematisierung von Fernsehserien [Political depictions between „Traumschiff“ and „The West Wing“: A proposal for a systematization of TV series]. In M. Dohle & G. Vowe (Hrsg.), Politische Unterhaltung – Unterhaltende Politik. Forschung zu Medieninhalten, Medienrezeption und Medienwirkungen (S. 138–162). Köln: Herbert von Halem. Eilders, C., & Nitsch, C. (2015). Politics in Fictional Entertainment: An Empirical Classification of Movies and TV Series. International Journal of Communication, 9, 1563–1587. Nitsch, C. & Eilders, C. (2014). Die Repräsentation von Politik in fiktionaler Unterhaltung. Instrument, Anwendung und Befunde zur Systematisierung von Filmen und Fernsehserien [The representation of politics in fictional entertainment. Instrument, application and results for a systematization of films and TV series]. Studies in Communication | Media, 3(1), S. 120–143.

Differences in the lexical variation of reporting verbs in French, English and Czech fiction and their impact on translation

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-234
Author(s):  
Olga Nádvorníková
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Lexical Variation ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Multilingual Corpus ◽  
High Degree

Abstract The aims of this paper are to analyse differences in the degree of lexical variation (type/token ratio and hapax/token ratio) of reporting verbs in reporting clauses placed medially or in postposition in English, French and Czech fiction and to evaluate their consequences in translation, especially in regard to explicitation/implicitation. We expect that, in translations from a language with a low degree of lexical variation of reporting verbs into a language with a high degree of lexical variation, the frequency and the degree of explicitation will be higher than in translations involving languages less different with respect to lexical variation. The analysis, relying on data extracted from the InterCorp multilingual corpus, proposes a classification of reporting verbs based on the type and amount of information conveyed, which allows evaluating the degree of explicitation operated in translations. The results show that most shifts involve only the neutral reporting verb say/dire, replaced by a stylistically more specific synonym or by a verb explicitating information obvious from the context. This suggests that modifications of reporting verbs in translation are motivated primarily by respect for the stylistic norm of the target language and the degree of acceptability of the repetition of the neutral reporting verb.

scholarly journals Astrology and medicine in antiquity and the middle ages

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Francois P. Retief ◽  
Louise C. Cilliers
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Far East ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
The West ◽  
Stellar Objects ◽  
The Far East ◽  
A Minor

Astrology is a pseudo-science based on the assumption that the well-being of humankind, and its health in particular, is influenced in a constant and predictable fashion by the stars and other stellar bodies. Its origins can probably be traced back to Mesopotamia of the 3rd millennium BC and was particularly popular in Graeco-Roman times and the Medieval Era. Astrology in Western countries has always differed from that in the Far East, and while it largely lost its popularity in the West after the Renaissance, it still remains of considerable significance in countries like China and Tibet. Astrology took on a prominent medical component in the Old Babylonian Era (1900-1600 BC) when diseases were first attributed to stellar bodies and associated gods. In the Neo-Babylonian Era (6th century BC) the zodiac came into being: an imaginary belt across the skies (approximately 16o wide) which included the pathways of the sun, moon and planets, as perceived from earth. The zodiac belt was divided into 12 equal parts (“houses” or signs), 6 above the horizon and 6 below. The signs became associated with specific months, illnesses and body parts – later with a number of other objects like planets, minerals (e.g. stones) and elements of haruspiction (soothsaying, mantic, gyromancy). In this way the stellar objects moving through a zodiac “house” became associated with a multitude of happenings on earth, including illness. The macrocosm of the universe became part of the human microcosm, and by studying the stars, planets, moon, etcetera the healer could learn about the incidence, cause, progress and treatment of disease. He could even predict the sex and physiognomy of unborn children. The art of astrology and calculations involved became very complex. The horoscope introduced by the 3rd century BC (probably with Greek input) produced a measure of standardisation: a person’s position within the zodiac would be determined by the date of birth, or date of onset of an illness or other important incident, on which information was needed. Egyptian astrological influence was limited but as from the 5th century BC onwards, Greek (including Hellenistic) input became prominent. In addition to significant contributions to astronomy, Ptolemy made a major contribution to astrology as “science” in his Tetrabiblos. Rational Greek medicine as represented by the Hippocratic Corpus did not include astrology, and although a number of physicians did make use of astrology, it almost certainly played a minor role in total health care. Astrology based on the Babylonian-Greek model also moved to the East, including India where it became integrated with standard medicine. China, in the Far East, developed a unique, extremely complex variety of astrology, which played a major role in daily life, including medicine. During Medieval times in the West, astrology prospered when the original Greek writings (complemented by Arabic and Hebrew contributions) were translated into Latin. In the field of medicine documents falsely attributed to Hippocrates and Galen came into circulation, boosting astrology; in the young universities of Europe it became taught as a science. It was, however, opposed by the theologians who recognised a mantic element of mysticism, and it lost further support when during the Renaissance, the spuriousness of the writings attributed to the medical icons, Hippocrates and Galen, became evident. Today Western standard medicine contains no astrology, but in countries like China and Tibet it remains intricately interwoven with health care. In common language we have a heritage of words with an astrological origin, like “lunatic” (a person who is mentally ill), “ill-starred”, “saturnine” (from Saturn, the malevolent plant) and “disaster” (from dis, bad, and astra, star).

A study of the classification of mental ill-health in general practice

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Jenkins ◽  
Nigel Smeeton ◽  
Marshall Marinker ◽  
Michael Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
General Practice ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Observer Variation ◽  
High Degree

SynopsisAn outline is provided of an experimental study of the classification of mental ill-health presented to general practitioners (GPs). Videotaped real-life consultations were assessed by 27 GPs for the purpose. A high degree of inter-observer variation was recorded. Some of the implications of the findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Quand la chair de l’interprète européenne hante la chaire des hérauts européanistes…

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Chris Reyns-Chikuma
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
European Policy ◽  
The Real ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor

On the one hand, there is a great number of « national » fictions. To various degrees (patriotic, nationalistic) and consciously or not, these fictions participate in the construction of a nation. On the other hand, there are also a lot of fictions that we can characterize as cosmopolitan or postnational and which are situated outside any clear national boundaries. On the contrary, one can count very few fictions on the construction of a European supranationality. To my knowledge, Constellation by Alain Lacroix (2008) is the only one in French and that is the one I am going to write about in this essay. My goal here is threefold. It is first to show that although the interpreter seems to play a minor role (according to the number of pages) and although she is apparently considered an insignificant quantity by both male protagonists, as her regular and obsessive return in the text proves it she is actually important since she haunts the characters sexually and ideologically. I will also show that this haunting spreads through the whole novel through the issue of the interpretation of signs. The second goal is to show that the interpreter, who is explicitly presented as an impersonation of Europe, actually incarnates the ambivalence of any « europeanist » project. She is indeed a bridge not only between two languages & cultures but also between both faces of any European policy. The first one, concrete, tries to incorporate the real life of the Europeans, their daily concerns which themselves are often inscribed within their « national habitus», and the other one to exceed it within a transnational project which is often perceived as too abstract. Finally, I will conclude showing how Constellation “foreignizes” (Venuti, 2008, 6) its translation of the European realities, not by its choices but by the choice of avant-garde esthetic techniques.

scholarly journals Classification of Homonymic Terms in Medical Terminology of English, Russian and Tatar Languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Venera Khisamova ◽  
Liliia Abdullina ◽  
Leila Nurgalieva ◽  
Elmira Khabibullina
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
Functional Shift ◽  
High Degree

This study is undertaken to identify the similarities and differences of classification of homonyms in medical terminology of English, Russian and Tatar languages. In this paper a comparative method was used to identify the common and special in the compared languages. The basis of comparison in the medical terminology of genetically unrelated languages was established. In this study, the method of feature comparison was used, i.e. the phenomenon of homonymy was studied in a comparative aspect. The results of this study contribute to ordering the terms, the selection of the correct, appropriate term when translating medical texts from one language into another. The languages under the consideration have intra-terminological, inter-terminological, inter-system homonymy. Besides, there are homonymic relations between eponyms in all languages. In the medical terminology of the English language, the following groups of homonyms are found: absolute, incomplete, partial (homophones, homographs) homonyms. Incomplete homonyms are divided into lexical and lexical and grammatical, and partial homonyms are divided into lexical, lexical and grammatical, grammatical (homonyms-converse terms). Homophones, in turn, are classified into homophones and near homophones. Homonyms are classified into homonyms of a high degree of homonymity, homonyms of a medium degree of homonymity, homonyms of a low degree of homonymity in Russian medical terminology. In medical terminology of the Tatar language absolute and incomplete homonyms are distinguished. Incomplete homonyms include homoforms that belong to different parts of speech and homographs. Homographs are rare phenomenon in the medical terminology of the Tatar language. Separately, as a special group, homonyms-converse terms are considered. There are three types of functional shift relations in the Tatar language: syntactic, lexical and semantic, the most common of which is syntactic relation. The phenomenon of homonymy affects the Greek-Latin terminological elements, which are international. Comparative analysis of three languages in the matter of homonyms in medical terminology has shown that English and Tatar languages have more similarities than English and Russian ones and Russian and Tatar ones. The English medical terminology is more replete with homonymous acronyms than Russian and Tatar ones.

scholarly journals Transmedia Storytelling Systems in Publishing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Harry Potter ◽  
Lord Of The Rings ◽  
Transmedia Storytelling ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Master Thesis ◽  
Media Types ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Degree Of Participation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Potential Customers

This master thesis provides an extensive definition of transmedia storytelling systems and the fantasy genre, besides a short overview of publishing management, technology, and marketing. The focus of this master thesis is the practical relevance of transmedia storytelling systems for fantasy franchises, such as Harry Potter, Game of Thrones, or The Lord of the Rings. This thesis results in the perceptions that potential customers indeed consume storylines across different media types. Most of them only through media types with a low degree of participation. A smaller but significant amount of the customer consumes media types with a high degree of participation. These results are findings from a survey of more than 600 consumers surveyed of selected fantasy franchises.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE ELONGATION OF FUSIFORM CAMBIAL CELLS IN THUJA OCCIDENTALS L.

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Tip Growth ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Neighboring Cell ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
A Minor ◽  
High Degree

An outstanding feature of the elongation of fusiform initials is the high degree of variability that exists from cell to cell. This individual inconstancy is to some extent related to recurrent alterations in the local environment. Thus loss of a neighboring cell often results in accelerated elongation. Although frequently masked by the deviations in individual cells, certain general trends of growth become apparent on analysts of the data from numerous cells. In the growth cycle between successive multiplicative divisions the progress of elongation is not uniform but rather follows a familiar growth pattern, early rapid extension giving way to a gradually decreasing rate of elongation as lengthening proceeds. Growth at opposite ends of the same cell is usually dissimilar, basipetal extension tending to predominate. This bipolar difference is evident in the stems of small trees, in the periphery of the stems of mature trees, in the distal parts of branches, and to a lesser degree, in the proximal parts of recurved branches. The reduced bipolar difference in the inverted proximal portions of recurved branches indicates that gravity is not the major factor in the establishment of polarity, but does perhaps play a minor role. Cell elongation is apparently achieved by tip growth.

scholarly journals The Smartphone as a Pedagogic Tool. Student Profiles as related to its Use and Knowledge

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Salcines-Talledo ◽  
Natalia González-Fernández ◽  
Elena Briones
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Mobile Learning ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Academic Benefits ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Student Profiles ◽  
Pedagogic Tool ◽  
High Degree

The Smartphone has become the device that offers the greatest number of possibilities to Mobile Learning dynamics, and university students are increasingly optimizing its potential. This research offers a classification of student profiles according to their knowledge and use of Smartphones, and analyzes their relationship between their interest towards training, the perceived academic benefits and the time spent using the device as a pedagogic resource. For this, through a quantitative methodology, a cluster analysis was conducted, which allowed for the defining of student profiles, and through non-parametric tests, the significance was analyzed with respect to their interest in training, the academic benefits perceived, and the time spent using the Smartphone. The results showed the existence of three profiles, namely: High degree of knowledge and academic use of the Smartphone; Average degree of knowledge and use of the Smartphone; and Low degree of knowledge and use of the Smartphone. Also, differences between the profiles were found in the time spent using it, the benefits perceived and the interest for being trained on the academic use of the Smartphone. The students with the Low profile were the ones that detected the least number of positive aspects and had the least interest in training towards this aim.

The Effect of Path Length and Display Size on Memory for Spatial Information

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Guérard ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Path Length ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Length Effect ◽  
Serial Memory ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
A Minor

In serial memory for spatial information, some studies showed that recall performance suffers when the distance between successive locations increases relatively to the size of the display in which they are presented (the path length effect; e.g., Parmentier et al., 2005) but not when distance is increased by enlarging the size of the display (e.g., Smyth & Scholey, 1994). In the present study, we examined the effect of varying the absolute and relative distance between to-be-remembered items on memory for spatial information. We manipulated path length using small (15″) and large (64″) screens within the same design. In two experiments, we showed that distance was disruptive mainly when it is varied relatively to a fixed reference frame, though increasing the size of the display also had a small deleterious effect on recall. The insertion of a retention interval did not influence these effects, suggesting that rehearsal plays a minor role in mediating the effects of distance on serial spatial memory. We discuss the potential role of perceptual organization in light of the pattern of results.

Use of Different Tissue Thromboplastins in the Control of Anticoagulant-Therapy

1958 ◽  
Vol 02 (05/06) ◽  
pp. 462-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Verstraete ◽  
Patricia A. Clark ◽  
Irving S. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Rabbit Lung ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Time Test ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor

SummaryAn analysis of the results of prothrombin time tests with different types of thromboplastins sheds some light on the problem why the administration of coumarin is difficult to standardize in different centers. Our present ideas on the subject, based on experimental data may be summarized as follows.Several factors of the clotting mechanism are influenced by coumarin derivatives. The action of some of these factors is by-passed in the 1-stage prothrombin time test. The decrease of the prothrombin and factor VII levels may be evaluated in the 1-stage prothrombin time determination (Quick-test). The prolongation of the prothrombin times are, however, predominantly due to the decrease of factor VII activity, the prothrombin content remaining around 50 per cent of normal during an adequate anticoagulant therapy. It is unlikely that this degree of depression of prothrombin is of major significance in interfering with the coagulation mechanism in the protection against thromboembolism. It may, however, play a minor role, which has yet to be evaluated quantitatively. An exact evaluation of factor VII is, therefore, important for the guidance of anticoagulant therapy and the method of choice is the one which is most sensitive to changes in factor VII concentration. The 1-stage prothrombin time test with a rabbit lung thromboplastin seems the most suitable method because rabbit brain preparations exhibit a factor VII-like activity that is not present in rabbit lung preparations.

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