INFLATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND UNEMPLOYMENT

The main characteristic of today's inflation is its universality, durability and the power of rapid spread and transmission. Тhere is not more reliable and more sophisticated way of breaking down the existing foundations of society from the depreciation of its currency. That process on the side of the destruction connects all the hidden forces of economic flows. Тhere is not generally accepted inflation theory that would satisfy and would give the greatest number of responses to the complex phenomenon of inflationary disorder, while at the same time giving the economic policy makers reliable indicators for conducting an efficient stabilization policy. Economic theory is faced with new questions, even when defining the problem itself . Inflation does not repeat in the same form, it further expresses the complexity of this problem, although it always binds its external manifestation to a steady and rapid increase in prices. Today, there can be inflation without price growth (controlled inflation). Inflation is no longer explained as a disproportion between supply and demand, i.e. excess demand over the supply of goods and services. The theory of inflation is more pre-tasking to explain the initial impulse and the mechanism of their cumulative expansion. The relation to the causes and types of inflation is changing. The question is how to ensure a high rate of economic growth with technological stability of prices and possible full employment. In connection with the previous one, other questions are asked, how growth is justified, with a growing appreciation of the need for introducing a new distribution system. The distribution system often has a crucial effect on the formation of accumulation and consumption and their relations. Inflation today develops under completely different conditions of various economic, political and other structures of the society as a whole. This means that there are new factors that decisively affect the production, supply and demand, prices and money in the cyclical fluctuation of modern society.

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The development of small business in the sphere of consumer market and services as a factor of economic growth (on materials of the Republic of Khakassia)

Servis plus ◽

10.22412/1993-7768-11-4-8 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 78-92

Author(s):

Елена Кочеткова ◽

Elena Kochetkova ◽

Светлана Трусова ◽

Svetlana Trusova

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Small Business ◽

Small Businesses ◽

Regional Level ◽

High Rate ◽

Consumer Market ◽

Goods And Services ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Republic

This article focuses on the nature and role of small business in the sphere of consumer market and services as an important condition of economic growth. The article presents the analysis of the state of small business in the federal subjects of Russia - the Republic of Khakassia, and summarizes its development, the structure of small business by the number of enterprises in different activities. The authors estimate the small business in the sphere of consumer market and services and present the peculiarities and problems of development of entrepreneurial structures in the sphere of consumer market and services at the regional level (on the example of Republic of Khakassia). The consumer market remains one of the most important factors of economic growth in the Republic of Khakassia. The authors determine the factors contributing to the development of small business on regional level and their impact on economic growth. They note that just small businesses do not require large upfront investment and guaranteeing a high rate of turnover of resources and they can most quickly solve the problems of the formation and saturation of market with goods and services. Small businesses can quickly respond to changing consumer demand and thus they can provide the necessary balance in the consumer market. This study is limited to the territory of the Republic of Khakassia, however, the information can be applied and used in other regions of the Russian Federation, as well as in the preparation of textbooks and articles.

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FROM THE SYNTHESIS OF ECONOMIC THEORIES TO POLITICAL CONSENSUS: MONETARY AND FISCAL DILEMMAS OF MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CORONAVIRUS CRISIS

Economy of Ukraine ◽

10.15407/economyukr.2021.04.003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (4) ◽

pp. 3-29

Author(s):

NATALIIA REZNIKOVA ◽

◽

Volodymyr PANCHENKO ◽

Oksana IVASHCHENKO ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Full Employment ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Planning Horizon ◽

Regulatory Competition ◽

New Keynesian ◽

The Political ◽

Macroeconomic Stabilization ◽

The Government

An analysis of government programs for macroeconomic stabilization of selected countries is made to establish their compliance with scientific approaches that determine the political choice in favor of the use of monetary and/or fiscal instruments for stimulation of economic activity based on the revision of the substantive provisions of neoclassical synthesis and the new macroeconomic consensus to highlight the peculiarities of interpretation of macroeconomic processes, the nature of cyclical fluctuations and ways to level and adjust them. It is established that the most popular in the political sphere are the conclusions of the new neoclassical synthesis (New Consensus in Macroeconomics), which combines the new Keynesian approach and the real business cycle approach, however, they are also adjusted in any form, depending on the priority of the government. (the desire to achieve full employment; price stabilization; economic growth and balance of payments; efficient use of limited resources), provide mostly short-term planning horizon, which complicates the exit from the “vicious circle” of economic policy, when its dynamic development becomes hostage to the need for constant adaptation in accordance with the changing conditions, which it itself by its own adjustment causes. It was found that in the situation of the Coronavirus crisis the issues of combating the simultaneous shocks of supply and demand, and unemployment in particular, are recognized as a priority and sought to be addressed through a combination of monetary and fiscal policy tools, including regulatory competition by neoprotectionism. defined by us as a set of principles, tools and methods of regulatory policy in international trade, international capital movements and foreign investment, as well as international monetary, financial and credit relations, the imperative of which is to stimulate socio-economic development and economic growth by creating conditions for increasing the economic activity of all economic entities.

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ANALYSIS OF BASE AND COMPETITIVE COMMODITIES OF CROP SUBSECTOR AND ITS EFFECT ON GDRP GROWTH OF LANGKAT REGENCY

Quantitative Economics Journal ◽

10.24114/qej.v9i2.23602 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 35

Author(s):

Khalish Khairina ◽

Mrs Fitrawaty

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Least Square ◽

Regression Result ◽

Supply Side ◽

Food Crops ◽

Demand Side ◽

Ordinary Least Square ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Positive Effect

Economic Growth is one of indicator which commonly used to observe economic development in a region. Conceptually, economic growth of a region is determined by sector values in producing goods and services. GDRP of Langkat regency is mostly dominated by agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector. Food security that Langkat Regency plan to be achieved really depends on food crops’ supply. However crops’ contribution is decreased every year. Therefore, it’s needed to examine which leading and highly competitive crops’ commodities. This study aimed to determine and analyze a base and competitive crops’ subsector and its effect on GDRP Langkat Regency. LQ was used to determine the base and non base commodities. While the analysis of RCA and MCI were used to see the commodities competitiveness. and to analyse its effect by using Ordinary Least Square. The type of data used was time series since 1996 to 2015 by using Eviews 7.0. Data was obtained from BPS Langkat Regency and Agriculture Department of Langkat Regency. The result of this study showed that paddy, corn, soybean and mungbean were base commodities of crops with average LQ > 1. This study also showed that paddy, corn, soybean and mungbean were highly competitive commodities with average RCA > 1. Average MCI each commodities is > 0,75 showed that commodities trade’s less spread (concentrated). Regression result showed that paddy has positive effect on GDRP growth in supply side (prob RCA 0,0035 < 0,05). Corn also showed that has positive effect on GDRP growth in supply and demand side (prob RCA 0,0016 < 0,05 and MCI 0,0193 < 0,05). Soybean showed that has positive effect on GDRP growth in production supply (LQ 0,0032 < 0,05) and Mungbean also showed that has positive effect on GDRP growth in production supply (LQ 0,0001 < 0,05).

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economic development

10.31227/osf.io/tfqhp ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

cut jussara mufda

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Economic Development ◽

Income Distribution ◽

Gross Domestic Product ◽

Distribution System ◽

Living Standards ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Domestic Product ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Per Capita

The cause of economic growth but not followed by the improvement of the income distribution system is because economic growth is measured by an increase in GDP (Gross Gross Domestic Product), namely the number of products in the form of goods and services produced within a country's territory in one year.Gross Domestic Product is always considered to be an indicator or determinant of living standards in a country. Therefore it is necessary to calculate GDP per capita. The calculation of Indonesia's GDP is carried out every year and always changes. The amount of GDP in Indonesia in 2016 is approximately 3,604 per capita and in 2018 it has decreased to 3,788 per capita after 2017 has increased to 3,875 per capita.Economic growth in Indonesia continues to increase along with the 4 components above which continue to be improved. Because GDP is a standard that has become a benchmark for economic growth, the 4 components that are continually being improved also encourage economic growth in Indonesia. This can be seen from 2019 Indonesia's GDP which increased compared to 2018. Investment that continues to increase then also increases GDP per capita in Indonesia in 2019.

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ANALYSIS OF BASE AND COMPETITIVE COMMODITIES OF CROP SUBSECTOR AND ITS EFFECT ON GDRP GROWTH OF LANGKAT REGENCY

Quantitative Economics Journal ◽

10.24114/qej.v9i2.23574 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Khalish Khairina

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Least Square ◽

Regression Result ◽

Supply Side ◽

Food Crops ◽

Demand Side ◽

Ordinary Least Square ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Positive Effect

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FAKTOR FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PRODUK DOMESTIK BRUTO NEGARA-NEGARA ASEAN PERIODE 2005-2014

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis ◽

10.24123/jeb.v22i1.1643 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 23-29

Author(s):

Leorista Milliardo

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Analytical Tool ◽

Panel Regression ◽

Estimation Model ◽

Process Data ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Asean Member ◽

Tourism Sector ◽

Asean Countries

This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors affecting economic growth in ASEAN member countries during the period of 2005 - 2014, with the countries sampled in this study were six countries namely Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. The method of analysis used is the method of Data Panel Regression and Fixed Efect estimation model by using analytical tool to help process data is Eviews 7 program. While data used is panel data from eight ASEAN countries covering 10 year periods. The result of analysis shows that the acceptance of International Tourism Sector and Foreign Direct Investment has positive and significantinfluenceto the economic growth in eight ASEAN countries while the Labor Force is inconclusive. The study also found that Export of Goods and Services had a negative and significanteffect on economic growth.

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The Imperatives of Beneficiation Law for Botswana’s Diamond Mining Industry and Its Implications for Foreign Investment Protection

Southern African Public Law ◽

10.25159/2522-6800/3098 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Femi Oluyeju ◽

Kuda Tshiamo

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Foreign Investment ◽

Value Chain ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Investment Protection ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Diamond Mining ◽

Backward And Forward Linkages

This article seeks to interrogate the advantages and disadvantages of beneficiation law for Botswana’s mining industry and its implications for foreign investment protection. Furthermore, it argues that the enactment of beneficiation law could stimulate economic growth and development in Botswana. On a proper analysis of the potential of beneficiation law it seems plain that it may facilitate the integration, of among others, the cutting and polishing segments through the backward and forward linkages in the entire diamond value chain to move Botswana diamond industry a step further as a new and emerging jewellery manufacturing and retail center in order to derive maximum returns from the rough diamond production. Quite clearly, cutting and polishing of diamonds in Botswana is bound to promote employment which in turn will promote demand for goods and services that would have a positive impact on economic growth in Botswana. The paper concludes that on a balance, the opportunities accruable from the enactment of this law far outweigh the downsides and will not in any way scare investors away as some have perceived it.

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Domestic Resource Mobilisation: A Structural Approacb

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v32i4iipp.1067-1078 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 32 (4II) ◽

pp. 1067-1078

Author(s):

Saleem M. Khan

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Financial Institutions ◽

Foreign Assistance ◽

High Rate ◽

Domestic Saving ◽

Capital Investments ◽

External Resources ◽

Private And Public ◽

The Government ◽

Enhance Efficiency

The Mobilisation of domestic resources and their efficient utilisation are two of the most crucial tasks in revitalising the economy of Pakistan. Historically, low saving fotmation and relatively higher targets of investment and economic growth made it imperative to depend on external resources. Despite heavy domestic borrowing from both private and public sectors, there still has remained an unmet resource gap that has necessitated dependence on foreign capital. I In recent years, the sources of foreign assistance have become scarce due to a growing shortage in world saving and growing domestic demand for budget appropriations in the western countries. If economic growth in Pakistan is to be sustained and selfgenerating, investment in physical and human development must be increased and mad more efficient. To meet this challenge, most of the capital will have to come from domestic sources. Hence, the focus of this paper is on harnessing domestic efforts to increase saving formation and to enhance efficiency of capital investments. Traditionally, the government of Pakistan has relied on conventional approaches to increasing domestic saving. First, the government has been encouraging greater saving by the private sector through a package of national saving schemes and by allowing financial institutions to introduce saving incentives. Saving-schemes and saving incentives have not produced satisfying results. Table 1 shows saving and investment in selected South Asian countries. Saving in Pakistan is very low and, indeed, among the lowest even when compared with neighbouring and other developing countries. Explanations of this failure include the low levels of income and high rate of inflation in the country.2 Moreover, the financial institutions have in general remained inefficient.

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Public Financing of Human Development in India: A Review

Indian Journal of Human Development ◽

10.1177/09737030211005043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 62-81

Author(s):

Sacchidananda Mukherjee ◽

Shivani Badola

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Human Capital ◽

Human Development ◽

Public Investment ◽

Public Financing ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Economic Opportunities ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Public Transfers ◽

Distribution Of Resources

Role of public financing of human development (HD) is inevitable, especially for developing countries like India where access to resources and economic opportunities are not equitably distributed among people. Governments aim to achieve equity in distribution of resources through allocative and redistributive policies whereas macroeconomic stabilisation policies aim to achieve higher economic growth and stability in the price level. Expenditure policies of the governments envisage in delivering larger public goods and services to enable people to take part in economic activities by investing in human capital and infrastructure developments. Progressivity of the tax system helps in achieving equity by redistribution of resources among people. Being merit goods, expenditures on education, health, and poverty eradication make it a case for public investment which empowers people to improve human capital. The benefit of universal economic participation is expected to contribute in larger mobilisation of public resources over time. Lack of economic opportunities and earning a respectable income may increase dependence on public transfers which may reduce fiscal space of the governments to finance programmes to promote overall economic growth. The objective of this article is to review existing studies on public financing of HD in India and highlight emerging challenges.

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Opening Up Transactive Systems: Introducing TESS and Specification in a Field Deployment

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14133970 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3970

Author(s):

Marie-Louise Arlt ◽

David P. Chassin ◽

L. Lynne Kiesling

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Distribution System ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

System Level ◽

Market Mechanisms ◽

Bidding Strategies ◽

Incentive Problems ◽

Tariff Structures ◽

Field Deployment ◽

Residential Demand

Transactive energy systems (TS) use automated device bidding to access (residential) demand flexibility and coordinate supply and demand on the distribution system level through market processes. In this work, we present TESS, a modularized platform for the implementation of TS, which enables the deployment of adjusted market mechanisms, economic bidding, and the potential entry of third parties. TESS thereby opens up current integrated closed-system TS, allows for the better adaptation of TS to power systems with high shares of renewable energies, and lays the foundations for a smart grid with a variety of stakeholders. Furthermore, despite positive experiences in various pilot projects, one hurdle in introducing TS is their integration with existing tariff structures and (legal) requirements. In this paper, we therefore describe TESS as we have modified it for a field implementation within the service territory of Holy Cross Energy in Colorado. Importantly, our specification addresses challenges of implementing TS in existing electric retail systems, for instance, the design of bidding strategies when a (non-transactive) tariff system is already in place. We conclude with a general discussion of the challenges associated with “brownfield” implementation of TS, such as incentive problems of baseline approaches or long-term efficiency.

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