scholarly journals Valuing Goods: The Development of Commensurability in Archaic Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
Mark Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Nicomachean Ethics ◽  
Decisive Influence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Archaic Greece

To be monetised, a society requires a unit which measures the values of a wide range of goods. Being thus measurable, the values of goods are mutually commensurable, a point which Aristotle theorised in the Nicomachean Ethics (Book V). But whereas Aristotle gives rise to the impression that the stipulation of a currency unit suffices to make goods commensurable, societies themselves must undergo a process of commensurabilisation whereby people become habituated to valuing goods in terms of a unit of value. This essay examines the development of practices of valuation and commensurability in ancient Greece, paying particular attention to the rule of Solon and his division of the citizenry into census classes according to their yearly income. The assessment of citizens’ income presupposes a unit for measuring income. The stipulation of this unit, it is argued, had a decisive influence in developing practices of valuation and commensurability.  

Zoonoses

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
John S Mackenzie ◽  
David Williams
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Ancient Mesopotamia ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of papers included in this issue of Microbiology Australia present a broad brush of zoonotic diseases, from those known or described in ancient times such as rabies, first described in the Eshnunna cuneiform law tablets from ancient Mesopotamia dating back to the 18th–19th centuries BC, and glanders, thought to be first described in donkeys by Aristotle in Ancient Greece in 420–450 BC and subsequently by the Romans, to some discovered or recognised as zoonotic within the past 30 years, such as the recently described zoonotic bat-borne pathogens in Australia, and Clostridium difficile, only recently recognised as a zoonotic pathogen. The selection of papers also demonstrates the wide range of zoonotic origins, including arthropod-borne viruses and potentially seafood-borne parasites.

The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many ◽  
Life Work

As a speechwriter, orator, and politician, Demosthenes captured, embodied, and shaped his time. He was a key player in Athens in the twilight of the city’s independence, and today he is a primary source for her history and society in that period. The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes sets out to explore the many facets of the man’s life, work, and time. It gives particular weight to elucidating the setting and the contexts of his activity and some key themes that the speeches deal with. It thereby illustrates the interplay and mutual influence between the rhetoric and the environment from which it emerged. In this way the handbook is an up-to-date reference to issues and problems one encounters when approaching the speeches: it showcases the role that Demosthenes’ presentation of his world has had for our view of it and how Athenian reality in turn influenced the speeches, as it formed the backdrop to which the rhetoric had to adapt. Thirty-five experts contribute to explore and enrich our knowledge of one of the most prominent figures of ancient Greece and the masterpieces he left. Their wide range of expertise and the different scholarly traditions they represent make this book a demonstration of the richness and diversity of current Demosthenic studies.

Defining Citizenship in Archaic Greece

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Community Setting ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Explicit Statement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archaic Greece ◽  
Beaten Track

Citizenship is a major feature of contemporary national and international politics. It is also a legacy of ancient Greece. The concept of membership of a community appeared in Greece some three millennia ago as a participation in the social and political life of small-scale communities, but only towards the end of the fourth century BC did Aristotle offer the first explicit statement about it. Though long accepted, the Aristotelian definition remains deeply rooted in the philosophical and political thought of the classical period, but it probably fails to account accurately for the previous centuries or the dynamics of the emergent cities. Focusing on archaic Greece, this collective enquiry, bringing together renowned international scholars, aims at exploring new routes to archaic citizenship, exemplifying the living diversity of approaches to archaic Greece and to the Greek city. If the Aristotelian model has long been applied to all Greek cities regardless of chronological issues, historians are now challenging Aristotle’s theoretical definition and are looking for other ways of conceiving citizenship and community, setting the stage for a new image of archaic cities, which are no longer to be considered as primitive or incomplete classical poleis. Driven by this same objective, the essays collected here have not, however, been tailored to endorse any specific view. Each contributor brings his or her own national background and approaches to archaic citizenship through specific fields of enquiry (law, descent, cults, military obligations, associations, civic subdivisions, athletics, commensality, behaviours, etc.), often venturing off the beaten track.

‘Orts, Scraps, and Fragments’: Translation, Non-Translation, and the Fragments of Ancient Greece

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Nora Goldschmidt
Keyword(s):  
James Joyce ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Ezra Pound ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Historical Difference ◽  
Ancient Texts

This chapter shows how a wide range of writers—including Richard Aldington, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, C. P. Cavafy, and James Joyce—deployed contemporary interpretations and translations of fragments of Ancient Greek. A wealth of newly discovered source texts on papyrus was uncovered in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Together with recent scholarly commentaries on fragmentary Greek authors, these were taken up by modernist writers, foregrounding the difficulties of textual and cultural transmission. The chapter emphasizes the remoteness of the ancient texts and examines how modern attempts to downplay this historical difference, as in Liddell and Scott’s celebrated dictionary, could perversely prove to be barriers to understanding. The chapter contends that attempts to express the meaning of an alien and irrecoverable ancient past can be more estranging even than non-translation.

Tribes, festivals and processions; civic ceremonial and political manipulation in archaic Greece

1987 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 40-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Classical Studies ◽  
Archaic Greece ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
Traditional Approaches

In recent years classicists and ancient historians have devoted renewed attention to the Archaic Age in Greece, the period from approximately the eighth century to the fifth century BC. Important articles, excavation reports and monographs, as well as books by Moses Finley, L. H. Jeffery, Oswyn Murray, Chester Starr and others, not to mention a recent volume of the Cambridge Ancient History, bear witness to the vigor of recent scholarship in this area. Among many of these treatments of the period, moreover, is evident an increasing recognition of the close connection between social and economic developments and the political life of the Greek cities of the period. At the same time that this renewed interest in the Archaic Age has become so prominent in classical studies, a group of scholars working in more modern periods has developed a fresh approach to the role of ritual and ceremonial in civic life, especially during the European Middle Ages and Renaissance. Deeply influenced by cultural anthropology, they have found in the often surprisingly rich documentation about festivals, processions, charivaris etc. important insights into the societies in which these activities took place. Classicists looking upon this movement may be inclined to undervalue its originality and perhaps its controversiality, pointing out that a serious interest in ancient festivals has long been prominent in classical scholarship and is well represented in recent books such as those by Mikalson, Parke and Simon and such older works as Martin Nilsson's frequently cited Cults, myths, oracles and politics in ancient Greece (Lund 1951). Yet there is a great difference both in method and in results between the traditional approaches to ceremonial represented in the study of ancient Greece and those being developed in more recent fields.

Liberty, Manners, and Politeness in Early Eighteenth-Century England

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence E. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
English Language ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Polite Society ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aesthetic Standard ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

In the early eighteenth century, the language of politeness became a major fixture of English discourse. Centring on the term ‘politeness’ and consisting of a vocabulary of key words (such as ‘refinement’, ‘manners’, ‘character’, ‘breeding’, and ‘civility’) and a range of qualifying attributes (‘free’, ‘easy’, ‘natural’, ‘graceful’, and many others), the language was used to make a wide range of objects intelligible. Though the word ‘polite’ had been in the English language from at least the fifteenth century, denoting the state of being polished or neat in quite literal and concrete ways, the term entered on its significant career only in the mid-seventeenth century, when it began to convey the meanings of studied social behaviour of the sort inspired by and associated with princely courts. However, in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, ‘politeness’ grew to cover a range of meanings, considerably freed from the initial association with courts. Several broad categories of usage of the term ‘polite’ are indicative: as a behavioural and moral standard for members of an elite (e.g. ‘polite gentlemen’, ‘polite ladies’, ‘polite society’, ‘polite conversation’); as an aesthetic standard for many kinds of human artifacts and products (e.g. ‘polite arts’, ‘polite towns’, ‘polite learning’, ‘polite buildings’); and as a way of generalizing about and characterizing society and culture (‘polite age’, ‘polite nation’, ‘polite people’). In the latter usage, ‘politeness’ was frequently deployed retrospectively as an attribute of classical civilizations. ‘Politeness’ helped recast the renaissance model of history, in which modernity was separated from its true ancestor, the ancient world, by the vast dark gulf of the middle ages: the ‘politest’ nations were ancient Greece and ancient Rome; the ‘politest’ ages, the spells of Hellenic and Roman creativity.

scholarly journals Key indicators and issues of the development of culture and leisure in Moscow

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-D) ◽  
pp. 506-516
Author(s):  
Alexey Nikolaevich Boyko ◽  
Elena Evgenevna Kabanova ◽  
Tatiana Anatolyevna Evstratova ◽  
Elena Vladimirovna Litvinova ◽  
Veronika Andreevna Danilova
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Object Condition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Original Sense ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Key Indicators

The concept of culture exists in almost all languages and is used in a wide range of situations, with a huge number of meanings in different areas of human activity. In its original sense, the word "culture" has never referred to any particular object, condition, or content. The notion of culture first appears in Latin. Poets and scholars of Ancient Rome have used it in their treatises and letters to mean "to cultivate" something or "cultivate" it to improve it. In ancient Greece, a close relative of the term culture has been paideia, which refers to "internal culture" or, in other words, the "culture of the soul". In Latin sources, the word first appears in a treatise on agriculture by the Roman statesman and writer Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 B.C.), whose Latin translation of the title sounds something like this: agroculture. Hence, the word "culture" is originally used as an agronomic term.

scholarly journals ЦИКЛ «ПАРНАС» ВІТАЛІЯ МАНИКА ДЛЯ СКРИПКИ СОЛО: ПРОГРАМНИЙ СЮЖЕТ ІЗ АНТИЧНОЇ МІФОЛОГІЇ В СУЧАСНІЙ ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЇ

World Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (8(48)) ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
Климбус Ірина Михайлівна
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Range ◽  
Symphony Orchestra ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Greek Mythology ◽  
Choral Singing ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lyrical Poetry ◽  
Basic Features

Vitali Manyk is a modern composer from Ivano-Frankivsk who productively works in various music genres. He is the author of works for symphony orchestra, vocal and chamber instrumental tracks, music background of theatre performances. Lack of critical analysis of his art has caused the topicality of this article. Its main objective is to reveal basic features of the programming principle application in the «Parnassus» cycle which consists of nine pieces for violin solo.Having chosen the figurative music plot which originated from Ancient Greece, V. Manyk declares his interest in European civilization and artistic attainment. On the other hand, he tends to synthesize arts. As you know, the phenomenon of synthesis of the arts also comes from antiquity. According to the Greek mythology, Parnassus is the home of gods and also the residence of the nine muses – the patronesses of arts and sciences.The first piece «Clio» (the muse of history) is aimed at improvisation. At the same time the author accompanies every miniature with remarks concerning instrumentation, manner, tempo, rhythm, provides detailed notes as to the sound dynamics, etc.The second piece «Euterpe» (the muse of lyrical poetry and music) is marked by the lack of lilt organization. Music theme has abundant rhythmics, abrupt texture and dynamic changes.The third and the fourth pieces «Thalia» (the muse of comedy) and «Melpomene» (the muse of tragedy) expose quite the opposite images and emotions of the Greek theatre genres. However, the composer applies means of humorous and tragic music spheres of different epochs.The fifth piece «Polyhymnia» (the muse of sacred poetry and pantomime) is based on the intonations of antique chants. Melody develops gradually, has narrow range, but in the middle of the piece reaches significant dramatic effect. The sixth miniature «Urania» (the muse of astronomy) is the illustration of a starry night. Quiet and peaceful sounding dominates, short motives are directed upwards.In the seventh piece «Terpsichore» (the muse of dance and choral singing), with the help of antiphonous sounding of imaginary male and female groups of singers, the author reproduces the model of an ancient syncretic roundelay. The eighth miniature «Erato» (the muse of love lyrics) resembles the second piece (Euterpe) in images’ character and exposition.The last piece «Calliope» (the muse of epos) reflects V. Manyk’s aspiration to generalize the contents of the entire cycle. That’s why short reminiscences of all previous pieces are quite prominent here.The cycle of short miniatures is enriched with the wide range of historic, cultural and even philosophical connotations. Programme plot embodies by means of expression such as improvisation of musical texture, s broad range articulation, characteristic contrast melodies and motifs, the uniqueness semantic structure work.

scholarly journals Myths of Ancient Greece and Rome in didactics

2016 ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Głogowska
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Classical Myths ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
Real Challenge

In text below the author would like to take this opportunity to raise the issue of the possibility of presenting during Latin lessons wide range of information relating to the myths and legends of Ancient Greece and Rome. A lesson dedicated to the Olympian gods will serve as an example of such practice. This lesson will provide a starting point for students and it will enable them to meet the fascinating world of history and culture of the classical antiquity. This article will start with presentation of the most important information about the polish school ‘gimnazjum’ and the curriculum of the Latin language in this school. Then some formal issues connected with conducting the discussed lesson will be highlighted. Afterwards the original lesson plan will be discussed. During the lesson the selected canon of Greek and Roman myths will be presented and then enriched by multimedia presentation and additional exercises. In addition to this both the lesson objectives and teaching methods and forms of work will be shown. Nowadays, very important matter is that all of this should be achieved in a friendly manner and at the same time it should be clear and understandable for pupils, who take Latin classes. This is a real challenge, it is a really difficult task to gain interest of those young people, who are accustomed or even addicted to the use of the Internet, in the language such as Latin. In addition, the author would like to show the pupils the timeless value of myths and legends of the classical antiquity and draw their attention to rediscover the power of classical myths, symbols and concepts in the 21st century.

Experience, Narrative, and Criticism in Ancient Greece

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Rhetorical Theory ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Linguistics

This volume, which brings together thirteen essays written by international specialists in the language, literature, and culture of ancient Greece, pursues a new approach to ancient Greek narrative beyond the taxonomies of structuralist narratologies. Focusing on the phenomenal and experiential dimension of our response to narrative, it triangulates ancient narrative with ancient criticism and cognitive approaches. Concepts such as immersion and embodiment help to establish a more comprehensive understanding of ancient narrative and ancient reading habits, as manifested in Greek criticism and rhetorical theory. At the same time, the rich ancient material opens up a historical perspective for cognitive studies. The individual chapters tackle a wide range of narrative genres, broadly understood, besides epic, historiography, and the novel, also tragedy and early Christian texts, while also considering such media as dance and sculpture. They do so with the help of a rich set of theoretical and methodological tools, taken from cognitive studies, phenomenology, and linguistics.

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