scholarly journals Mass Timber Design Research at the Nexus of Practice and the Academy

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd Beyreuther ◽  
◽  
Darren Griechen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Design Research ◽  
Parametric Design ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
Assembly Technology ◽  
Parallel Strand Lumber ◽  
Mass Timber

Mass timber is an emergent building assembly technology that advances themes of prefabrication, modularization, parametric design, and renewable materials in architectural practice and education. Mass timber is a collective term for several engineered heavy panel wood products including cross-laminated timber (CLT), nail-laminated timber (NLT), glued laminated timber (GLT) laminated veneer lumber (LVL), laminated strand lumber (LSL), and parallel strand lumber (PSL).

scholarly journals Engineered Wood Products as a Sustainable Construction Material: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjana Yadav ◽  
Jitendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
Engineered Wood Products ◽  
Engineered Wood

Engineered wood products are considered as best building materials due to environmentally friendly. Huge change to the way in which wood has been utilized in primary application of construction in the course of the most recent 25 years are in light of decreased admittance to high strength timber from growth forests, and the turn of events and creation of various new design of manufactured wood products. Engineered wood products are available in different variety of sizes and measurements like laminated veneer lumber, glued laminated timber, finger jointed lumber, oriental strand board etc. It is utilized for rooftop and floor sheathing, solid structure, beams and the hull of boats. This review objectively explores not only the environmental aspects of the use of different engineered wood composites as a building material, but also their economic aspects, to understand their effect on sustainability.

scholarly journals Open Source Timber Systems as a Democratic Tool for Construction

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Ulrich Dangel
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
Timber Construction ◽  
Wood Construction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Collective Production ◽  
Mass Timber

Architecture, as it exists today, is deeply rooted in perceptions that were established during the Renaissance, which credited the architect as the sole author of creative thinking processes and the resultant design ideas. Since then, the architectural profession has desired to develop new and innovative ways of building, often without being bound by traditions, the environment, or any other constraints and limitations. This approach has frequently failed to address the needs and concerns of many. As a result, architects have not been successful in imparting significant social change that is valuable to large portions of the population. In contrast, however, many other industries have adopted shared design and production practices for the benefit of the masses, warranting further exploration into how architectural practice might evolve its current modes of operation. Wood as a building material has many beneficial characteristics–specifically its widespread availability, versatility, and ease of workability–which make it particularly suitable for investigating shared authorship and collective production methodologies. As an alternative to steel and concrete for mid-rise and high-rise buildings, mass timber construction, in particular, has experienced significant advancements in recent years, resulting in the development of entirely new building processes that rely on innovative engineered wood products, digital manufacturing, and prefabrication techniques. However, this has frequently led to expensive one-off proprietary solutions that are limited in their application. To foster innovation and disseminate knowledge, an open source culture of designing and sharing is necessary. To this end, this paper will present approaches for open source mass timber construction systems that can be applied to a wide range of scenarios and settings, with the aim of ultimately increasing the acceptance and market share of wood construction for the benefit of society at large.

Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Holzwerkstoffen im Bauwesen | Possibilities of the use of wood-based materials in construction

2003 ◽  
Vol 154 (12) ◽  
pp. 472-479
Author(s):  
Peter Niemz
Keyword(s):  
Solid Wood ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Thermally Processed ◽  
Engineered Wood Products ◽  
Engineered Wood ◽  
Fibre Products ◽  
Parallel Strand Lumber

Wood-based materials and wood products are becoming increasingly important in construction. Engineered wood products, especially, are being used as a substitute for solid wood. The use of thermally processed solid wood is also increasing. Following a general overview of materials (materials based on solid wood, or laminated, veneer and fibre products)we describe their composition and most important characteristics. Emphasis is given to new developments as, for example, laminated strand lumber (LSL), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and parallel strand lumber (parallam). We conclude with an overview of the possibilities for the use of woodbased materials in construction.

scholarly journals Non-Destructive Lumber and Engineered Pine Products Research in the Gulf South U.S. 2005–2020

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
R. Dan Seale ◽  
Rubin Shmulsky ◽  
Frederico Jose Nistal Franca
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Mississippi State University ◽  
State University ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Mass Timber ◽  
Structural Lumber

This review primarily describes nondestructive evaluation (NDE) work at Mississippi State University during the 2005–2020 time interval. Overall, NDE is becoming increasingly important as a means of maximizing and optimizing the value (economic, engineering, utilitarian, etc.) of every tree that comes from the forest. For the most part, it focuses on southern pine structural lumber, but other species such as red pine, spruce, Douglas fir, red oak, and white oak and other products such as engineered composites, mass timber, non-structural lumber, and others are included where appropriate. Much of the work has been completed in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory as well as the Agricultural Research Service with the overall intent of improving lumber and wood products standards and valuation. To increase the future impacts and adoption of this NDE-related work, wherever possible graduate students have contributed to the research. As such, a stream of trained professionals is a secondary output of these works though it is not specifically detailed herein.

scholarly journals Environmental Product Declarations of Structural Wood: A Review of Impacts and Potential Pitfalls for Practice

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Freja Nygaard Rasmussen ◽  
Camilla Ernst Andersen ◽  
Alexandra Wittchen ◽  
Rasmus Nøddegaard Hansen ◽  
Harpa Birgisdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Data Uncertainty ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Environmental Product Declarations ◽  
Timber Products

The use of wood and timber products in the construction of buildings is repeatedly pointed towards as a mean for lowering the environmental footprint. With several countries preparing regulation for life cycle assessment of buildings, practitioners from industry will presumably look to the pool of data on wood products found in environmental product declarations (EPDs). However, the EPDs may vary broadly in terms of reporting and results. This study provides a comprehensive review of 81 third-party verified EN 15804 EPDs of cross laminated timber (CLT), glulam, laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and timber. The 81 EPDs represent 86 different products and 152 different product scenarios. The EPDs mainly represent European production, but also North America and Australia/New Zealand productions are represented. Reported global warming potential (GWP) from the EPDs vary within each of the investigated product categories, due to density of the products and the end-of-life scenarios applied. Median results per kg of product, excluding the biogenic CO2, are found at 0.26, 0.24, and 0.17 kg CO2e for CLT, glulam, and timber, respectively. Results further showed that the correlation between GWP and other impact categories is limited. Analysis of the inherent data uncertainty showed to add up to ±41% to reported impacts when assessed with an uncertainty method from the literature. However, in some of the average EPDs, even larger uncertainties of up to 90% for GWP are reported. Life cycle assessment practitioners can use the median values from this study as generic data in their assessments of buildings. To make the EPDs easier to use for practitioners, a more detailed coordination between EPD programs and their product category rules is recommended, as well as digitalization of EPD data.

Timber-concrete composite frame joint for high-rise buildings

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Höltke ◽  
Achim Bleicher
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Modular Construction ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Composite Frame ◽  
Composite Joint ◽  
First Results

<p>Timber is one of the few renewable materials that improves its structural properties when combined with concrete. The composite of timber and concrete increase stiffness and fire protection, unlike timber when used alone. In contrast to concrete structures, timber-concrete composite (TCC) structures reduce the carbon footprint and the specific weight of a building. At the Chair of Hybrid Structures - Structural Concrete of BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg a moment-resistant TCC joint was developed for multi-story frames, which can be used as a structural system for high-rise buildings. Facts like a modular construction, a fast assembly and a plug-in connection were aspects that shaped the development. A high rotational stiffness and load-bearing at the composite joint was also achieved using high strength beech laminated veneer lumber (LVL).</p><p>The TCC frame works on its own and in combination with other bracing systems. Initial investigations on the load-bearing behavior were carried out using numerical analysis followed by experiments on real-sized joints in further studies. First results will be presented in this paper. The developed TCC joint as part of structural systems offers a high variability and can thus contribute to tomorrow’s sustainable vertical growth of cities.</p>

Structural fire performance of wood-steel-wood bolted connections with and without perpendicular-to-wood grain reinforcement

2019 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Roman Petrycki ◽  
Osama (Sam) Salem
Keyword(s):  
Time To Failure ◽  
Bolted Connections ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Structural Fire ◽  
Fire Condition ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
End Distance ◽  
Wood Grain ◽  
Mass Timber ◽  
In Fire

Purpose In fire condition, the time to failure of a timber connection is mainly reliant on the wood charring rate, the strength of the residual wood section, and the limiting temperature of the steel connectors involved in the connection. The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the effects of loaded bolt end distance, number of bolt rows, and the existence of perpendicular-to-wood grain reinforcement on the structural fire behavior of semi-rigid glued-laminated timber (glulam) beam-to-column connections that used steel bolts and concealed steel plate connectors. Design/methodology/approach In total, 16 beam-to-column connections, which were fabricated in wood-steel-wood bolted connection configurations, in eight large-scale sub-frame test assemblies were exposed to elevated temperatures that followed CAN/ULC-S101 standard time-temperature curve, while being subjected to monotonic loading. The beam-to-column connections of four of the eight test assemblies were reinforced perpendicular to the wood grain using self-tapping screws (STS). Fire tests were terminated upon achieving the failure criterion, which predominantly was dependent on the connection’s maximum allowed rotation. Findings Experimental results revealed that increasing the number of bolt rows from two to three, each of two bolts, increased the connection’s time to failure by a greater time increment than that achieved by increasing the bolt end distance from four- to five-times the bolt diameter. Also, the use of STS reinforcement increased the connection’s time to failure by greater time increments than those achieved by increasing the number of bolt rows or the bolt end distance. Originality/value The invaluable experimental data obtained from this study can be effectively used to provide insight and better understanding on how mass-timber glulam bolted connections can behave in fire condition. This can also help in further improving the existing design guidelines for mass-timber structures. Currently, beam-to-column wood connections are designed mainly as axially loaded connections with no guidelines available for determining the fire resistance of timber connections exerting any degree of moment-resisting capability.

Eco-labeled wood products in the U.S. residential construction industry: Architects’ awareness and usage of certified wood and green building programs

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 (05) ◽  
pp. 605-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tait Bowers ◽  
Indroneil Ganguly ◽  
Ivan Eastin
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Residential Construction ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Certified Wood ◽  
The U.S

The use of environmentally friendly building materials has experienced slow growth within the residential construction market due to higher cost and low availability of certified wood. The development of green building programs (GBPs) marked the beginning of the effort to adopt energy-efficient design guidelines and utilize eco-friendly renewable materials in structures. These programs were targeted at reducing environmental impacts by integrating eco-friendly materials into the design and construction of buildings, including promoting the use of environmentally certified wood products (ECWPs) harvested from sustainably managed forests. This research was designed to determine which attributes influence architects’ decisions to use environmentally certified wood products in residential construction projects and how this might influence their perceptions and use of green building programs. The results indicate that architects who have participated in a GBP were more likely to have used ECWPs. The material attributes that influence architects’ selection of materials are mainly related to economics and function as opposed to environmental friendliness. These results will help to inform and broaden the understanding of issues that influence the adoption and utilization of environmentally certified wood products, and identify some of the factors that can contribute to their continued growth in the U.S. marketplace.

The effect of end distance on the moment resistance of timber rivet connections

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 945-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Hampson ◽  
H G.L Prion ◽  
F Lam
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mode ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Moment Connections ◽  
Moment Capacity ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Moment Connection ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
End Distance ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
The Moment

The results of an experimental study on moment connections with timber rivets are reported. The end distance for a four-rivet moment connection is varied in an attempt to determine the effect on the moment capacity and the failure mode. Varying the end distance did not seem to induce the occurrence of a brittle failure mode, but a slight reduction in the strength and stiffness of joint was observed. This was confirmed for specimens made with glued-laminated timber (glulam), laminated-veneer lumber (LVL), and parallel-strand lumber (PSL).Key words: wood, timber, moment, connection, brittle, end distance, glulam and rivet.

scholarly journals Feasibility Study of Mass-Timber Cores for the UBC Tall Wood Building

Buildings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Connolly ◽  
Cristiano Loss ◽  
Asif Iqbal ◽  
Thomas Tannert
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Environmental Footprint ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Mass Timber

The UBC Brock Commons building in Vancouver, which comprises of 18 stories and stands 53 m in height, was at the time of completion in 2016 the world’s tallest hybrid wood-based building. The building’s 17 stories of mass-timber superstructure, carrying all gravity loads, rest on a concrete podium with two concrete cores that act as both the wind and seismic lateral load-resisting systems. Whereas the construction of the concrete cores took fourteen weeks in time, the mass-timber superstructure took only ten weeks from initiation to completion. A substantial reduction in the project timeline could have been achieved if mass-timber had been used for the cores, leading to a further reduction of the building’s environmental footprint and potential cost savings. The objective of this research was to evaluate the possibility of designing the UBC Brock Commons building using mass-timber cores. The results from a validated numerical structural model indicate that applying a series of structural adjustments, that is, configuration and thickness of cores, solutions with mass-timber cores can meet the seismic and wind performance criteria as per the current National Building Code of Canada. Specifically, the findings suggest the adoption of laminated-veneer lumber cores with supplementary ‘C-shaped’ walls to reduce torsion and optimize section’s mechanical properties. Furthermore, a life cycle analysis showed the environmental benefit of these all-wood solutions.

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