scholarly journals Child Labor’s Link with Literacy and Poverty in Pakistan

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Ashraf Toor
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Developmental Issue ◽  
Per Capita

In developing countries, children have long been largely ignored in public policy-making and the development of program strategies for improving their welfare. The complex issue of child labor is a developmental issue worth investigating. The notion that children are being exploited and forced into labor, while not receiving education crucial to development, concerns many people. This study focuses on child labor in Pakistan with two main objectives. We first estimate the prevalence of child labor in the 100 districts of Pakistan and then examine the hypothesis that child labor is significantly higher in districts that have a higher incidence of poverty and lower level of educational attainment. The results show that child labor has a negative relationship with the literacy rate both 10-14 year age and 15 years and above. There is a negative but insignificant relationship with per capita income and Deprivation Index in the case of male child labor. The study proved that literacy rate and per capita income has influenced negatively on female child labor.

Analysis on Enhancing Private Sector Contribution in GDP through E-Government and Research in ASEAN Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Kevin Hart ◽  
Samhitha Kalman
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Review Section ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
The Impact

Private sector is important for a country as it contributes to the economy and GDP of a country to a greater extent. E-government is the use of latest technologies in the services provided by the government and other information management systems. Research and development is the process applied before introducing a new product or starting a new business. This study analyzes the influence of e-government adoption and R&D process on private sector contribution of GDP in ASEAN countries. Two control variables i.e. literacy rate and per capita income have also been used. The past studies have been discussed in literature review section. For analysis purpose, data about the concerned variables has been collected from ASEAN countries for 27 years. After application of several tests and methods i.e. IPS unit root test, Pedroni cointegration test and FMOLS coefficient estimation test, the two major hypotheses of this study are accepted along with the impact of a control variable, literacy rate. However, the impact of other control variable i.e. per capita income is rejected. This study has various implications in theoretical, practical and policy making context in order to increase the performance and GDP contribution by private sector.

Comparison of Socio Economic Development of Tarai and Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Dipak Duvey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita

The comparison of socio economic development of Tarai and Nepal is the comparison of development of total Nepal with its southern part Tarai. Socio economically southern belt of Nepal, Tarai is leading whole Nepal in development. There are not any significant impacts of conflicts of Tarai in one and half decade, in socio economic development of rural development of Tarai. The comparative study has selected timeline of 2004, 2011 and 2019 to collect and analyze the socioeconomic indicators based on data of Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS Data). It is the study of literacy rate, access to electricity, GDP Growth rate and Per capita income of Nepal and Tarai region in different point of time of conflicts and resiliencies. The literacy rate was 55%, 65%, and72% in Tarai and 49%, 60% and 69% in Nepal; access to electricity were 40%, 78% and 95% in Tarai and 37%, 65% and 96% in Nepal. Similarly, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth rate was 5%, 5% and 7.2% in Tarai and 4.7 %, 3.4%, and 7.1% in Nepal; Per capita income in USD was 300, 629 and 1100 in Tarai and 286, 610, and 1034 in Nepal from 2004, 2011, and 2019respectively. Therefore, Tarai is leading Nepal in socio economic development.

scholarly journals Economic Factors behind Social Entrepreneurship in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. p115
Author(s):  
Farhana Yasmin ◽  
Farhana Ferdousi Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
The Self ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

Bangladesh has pool of entrepreneurs whereas there are also new establishments; new employment opportunities and so are the income sources. For the better measurement of entrepreneurship characteristics, the growth and different indicators impact on entrepreneurship needs to be identified. Thus this paper tries to find out the key economic indicators of entrepreneurship in the context of Bangladesh. The research is based on secondary research; has used entrepreneurship as a dependent variable proxied by self-employment and seven independent variables—per capita income, unemployment rate, labor force, industrial structure change, capital, human capital and literacy rate. Two regression models have been used encompassing the stated variable data from year 2008 to 2018. In the first regression analysis it has been tried to identify whether the model can be constructed with the overall economic variables with the self employment. At second regression model it has been tried to find out whether there is the explain ability of the variables result in the regression analysis and what is the degree and pattern of the relationship. The research shows that literacy rate and human capital have aligned with the self employment. But all the other variables are not matched with the self employment and could not provide the support for self employment to thrive. And the linear regression analysis shows that per capita income, labor force and literacy rate play the most important role in case of nourishing self employment. Unemployment rate is found as contradictory with the findings in the context of Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Var Modelling of Dynamics of Poverty, Unemployment, Literacy and Per Capita Income in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Adefemi Alamu Obalade ◽  
Ayooluwade Ebiwonjumi ◽  
Anthony Olugbenga Adaramola
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Var Model ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Research background: Poverty, unemployment, literacy and per capita income are intertwined. However, there seems to be a disconnect between literacy and good living in Nigeria. Purpose: This study investigated the dynamic relationship between poverty, unemployment, literacy and per capita income in Nigeria by examining the impact, shocks and responses among these identified variables. Research methodology: The secondary data on poverty, unemployment and literacy rates were extracted from the National Bureau of Statistics and per capita income was extracted from the World Bank Annual Report. A vector autoregressive (VAR) model of lag order (4) was adopted for the study. Results: The results revealed that poverty rate is an increasing function of unemployment rate and literacy rate and a reducing function of per capita income. The results further showed that dynamics of poverty is affected by shocks in unemployment rate, literacy rate and per capita income. Novelty: Therefore, the study concluded that literacy rate fails as a vital tool for poverty reduction and that the high rate of unemployment results in chronic poverty. The application of VAR to untangle the interrelationship among the variables, without doubt, adds to the literature on the uses of the VAR model.

Population Ex(im)plosion?

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Fred Heilizer
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Population Explosion ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between population density and per capita income was investigated for 117 nations with a population of more than one million persons. H1, the population explosion hypothesis, asserts that there is a negative relationship. H2, the population implosion hypothesis, asserts that there is a positive relationship. The data favor H2 rather than H1.

scholarly journals Natural Resource Dependence and Rural American Economic Prosperity From 2000 to 2015

2020 ◽  
pp. 089124242098451
Author(s):  
J. Tom Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Resource Development ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Natural Resource Development

Research suggests dependence on natural resource development leads to decreases in per capita income, increases in inequality, and elevated poverty. Natural resource development generally takes two forms—extractive (e.g., oil and gas, mining, timber) and nonextractive (e.g., tourism, recreation, real estate). However, research has rarely examined both in tandem. Drawing on the concept of dependence (i.e., overspecialization), the author tests the hypothesis that increasing levels of both forms of development were associated with diminishing returns to economic prosperity—operationalized as per capita income, inequality, and poverty—in rural America over the period of 2000 to 2015. Extractive development exhibited the expected relationship in remote rural counties for all outcomes, while nonextractive development had a generally negative relationship with per capita income, a positive relationship with poverty, and no relationship with inequality. Support for the overall hypothesis was limited due to the returns of nonextractive development being more negative than expected.

scholarly journals Natural Resource Dependence and Rural American Economic Prosperity from 2000 to 2015

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Resource Development ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Natural Resource Development

Research suggests dependence upon natural resource development leads to decreases in per capita income, increases in inequality, and elevated poverty. Natural resource development generally takes two forms, extractive (e.g. oil and gas, mining, timber) and non-extractive (e.g. tourism, recreation, real estate). However, research has rarely examined both in-tandem. Drawing on the concept of dependence (i.e. over-specialization), I test the hypothesis that increasing levels of both forms of development was associated with diminishing returns to economic prosperity— operationalized as per capita income, inequality, and poverty—in rural America over the period of 2000 to 2015. Extractive development exhibited the expected relationship in remote rural counties for all outcomes, while non-extractive development had a generally negative relationship with per capita income, a positive relationship with poverty, and no relationship with inequality. Support for the overall hypothesis was limited due to the returns of non-extractive development being more negative than expected.

scholarly journals Impact of Remittance on Household Income, Consumption and Poverty Reduction of Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Nirajan Bam ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Thagurathi ◽  
Deepak Neupane
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Poor Quintile ◽  
Consumption Level ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

<p>The study aims to identify the impact of remittance income on household per capita income, consumption, poverty headcount ratio and poverty gap by using simple linear and log linear regression model furthermore it focused on to identify the gap of income and consumption level of upper and poor quintile population and compare the income and consumption level of different development region of Nepal by using data of Nepal living standard survey III.It was found that,remittance income has statistically significant positive impact on household per capita income and consumption.There is significant negative relationship between remittance income and proportion of poor quintile population and significant positive relationship between remittance income and richest quintile population. It indicates that due to remittance income lower quintile population was decreased significantly and richest quintile population was increased significantly. Furthermore there is inverse relationship between remittance and poverty head count ratio and poverty gap, which indicates increment on average per capita remittance income reduce the poverty headcount ratio and poverty gap.</p><p> <strong><em>Economic Literature</em></strong><em>, </em>Vol. XIII August 2016, page 1-8</p><p> </p>

Political Conservatism and its Social Environment: An Appraisal of the American Presidential Election of 1972

1974 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Clay Lindgren
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Peace Corps ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Partial Control ◽  
Murder Rate ◽  
Political Conservatism ◽  
Per Capita

Although common sense and popular belief hold that the white-collar class is more conservative politically and less liberal than the blue-collar class, researchers have found a negative relationship between social status and authoritarian traits, including political conservatism. The election of 1972 offered a unique opportunity to test the hypothesis that voters' preferences in each state for the more conservative candidate would be negatively, state by state, related to demographic indicators of social status (per capita income, educational attainment), positively related to social deficiencies of the type associated with authoritarian tendencies (high school dropout rate, highway death rate, murder rate), and negatively related to Peace Corps volunteer rate, considered as a negative indicator of authoritarianism. Correlations were in the hypothesized direction and were significant ( p = .005; except for murder rate, p = .05). Analysis introducing partial control for the size of state population produced similar results, as did analysis correlating per capita income in major California counties with percentages of voters preferring the conservative candidate.

scholarly journals Determinant Mean Years of Schooling in Central Java

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-539
Author(s):  
Dina Hernita Lestari ◽  
Andryan Setyadharma
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Fund Allocation ◽  
Insignificant Effect ◽  
Central Java ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Per Capita

The purpose of this research is to determine factors that affect mean years schooling in Central Java between 2014-2017. The data used in this research is panel data. The panel data consists of time series data (2014-2017) and cross section data (35 districts/cities in Central Java). The variables used in this research are dropouts school rate, child labor, BOS fund allocation, per capita income, and poverty rate. The results of this research indicate that: dropouts school rate has insignificant effect on MYS, child labour has a negative and significant effect on MYS, BOS has insignificant effect on MYS, per capita income has a positive and significant effect on MYS, poverty rate has a negative and significant effect on MYS. Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that: (1) The local goverment need to do coordination regulary with related institute; (2) First before other things, finish the poverty problems so the child labor will be decreased; (3) The government needs to maximize work programs other than BOS fund allocation such as the Poor Students Program (BSM) and the Smart Indonesia Card (KIP); (4) The increasement of human welfare will improve the capability to defray education tp the next level; (5) The goverment must maximize more the work program that have been made such as the BSM and KIP programs so it can be reached by children from the poor family.   Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi rata-rata masa sekolah di Jawa Tengah antara 2014-2017. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data panel. Data panel terdiri dari data deret waktu (2014-2017) dan data penampang (35 kabupaten / kota di Jawa Tengah). Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah angka putus sekolah, pekerja anak, alokasi dana BOS, pendapatan per kapita, dan tingkat kemiskinan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: tingkat putus sekolah berpengaruh tidak signifikan terhadap MYS, pekerja anak memiliki efek negatif dan signifikan terhadap MYS, BOS memiliki efek tidak signifikan pada MYS, pendapatan per kapita memiliki efek positif dan signifikan terhadap MYS, tingkat kemiskinan memiliki efek negatif dan signifikan pada MYS. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, disarankan agar: (1) Pemerintah daerah perlu melakukan koordinasi secara teratur dengan lembaga terkait; (2) Pertama sebelum hal-hal lain, selesaikan masalah kemiskinan sehingga pekerja anak akan berkurang; (3) Pemerintah perlu memaksimalkan program kerja selain alokasi dana BOS seperti Program Siswa Miskin (BSM) dan Kartu Indonesia Pintar (KIP); (4) Peningkatan kesejahteraan manusia akan meningkatkan kemampuan untuk membiayai pendidikan ke tingkat berikutnya; (5) Pemerintah harus memaksimalkan lebih banyak program kerja yang telah dibuat seperti program BSM dan KIP sehingga dapat dijangkau oleh anak-anak dari keluarga miskin.

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