scholarly journals The Great Theft

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 96-98
Author(s):  
David L. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Bombings ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
The Face ◽  
Per Se

Written creeds, which always come much later than the original revelation,invariably seek to define theological “orthodoxy” over and against the perceivedheresies of competing sects. Thus, in Islam, the Fiqh Akbar I stoodagainst the Kharajites, the Wasiyat Abu Hanifah against the Qadarites andthe first Mu`tazilites, and the Fiqh Akbar II against the later Mu`tazilites.Later on, such theological treatises as al-Ash`ari’s Al-Ibanah and `Abd al-Qahir al-Baghdadi’s Kitab Usul al-Din appeared.In The Great Theft, Khaled Abou El Fadl revives this tradition by statingthat in the wake of numerous “acts of ugliness” committed by Muslims,the ummah has reached a grave theological crossroads. Muslims are nowdivided along a spectrum between two extremes. Fundamentally, this schismis one between “moderates” (the extreme being defined by those most willingto reinterpret the Islamic tradition in the light of contemporary realities)and “puritans,” who, on the basis of a selective reading of Islam’s strictestschool of law (Hanbali), claim that 90 percent of human affairs are alreadycovered by God’s law (the Shari`ah). At the heart of these diametricallyopposed worldviews, he claims, is a theological decision regarding creationand the Shari`ah’s meaning.Significantly, the book’s first part is devoted to an analysis of the presentcrisis. In the first chapter (“Islam Torn between Extremism andModeration”), Abou El Fadl describes the split that divides the Islamic communityand helpfully defines the terms moderate (as opposed to modernist,progressive, or reformist) and puritan (not fundamentalist, militant, extremist,radical, or jihadist). From the beginning, he lays aside the commonMuslim objections in the face of suicide bombings or beheadings: “the problemis with Muslims, not Islam per se.” Unfortunately, he argues, all sidesclaim that they are following the precepts of Islam. What is needed is a ...

The Qur’anic Calf Episode Between Orientalism and Islamic Tradition

2020 ◽  
pp. 265-317
Author(s):  
Michael E. Pregill
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
The West ◽  
Biblical Story ◽  
Golden Calf ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Western Scholarship ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Radical Revision

This chapter discusses the qur’anic Golden Calf episode as it is traditionally interpreted in both Muslim exegesis and Western scholarship. The qur’anic references to the image worshipped by the Israelites are usually understood as depicting the Calf as alive or at least possessing some semblance of life—as ? lowing image of a calf, as the Qur’an puts it. Further, the Qur’an seems to posit that the Calf was made and animated by a character called al-sāmirī—the “Samaritan”—and not Aaron as in the biblical story. Western scholars and traditional Muslim commentators have always agreed on this interpretation of the qur’anic version of the episode. However, this chapter shows that Western scholars have generally relied upon the explanation of the episode in Muslim exegesis or tafsīr, misunderstanding the role that early Muslim commentators played in introducing a radical revision of the story that was quite different in major details from the account found in the Qur’an itself. This can be demonstrated by examining historical translations of the Qur’an in the West, beginning with some of the earliest translations and commentaries of the medieval and early modern periods in Europe. In the specific case of the Calf narrative, Western scholars’ reliance on tafsīr has typically been motivated not by a desire to validate the claims of Muslim authorities, but rather by the assumption that Islam is at its root thoroughly dependent upon Judaism. This assumption has colored not only the overarching approach to the qur’anic narrative per se, but also the characterization of a number of rabbinic traditions that have been cited as the sources of that narrative.

scholarly journals Thrombocytosis in Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia: Incidence and Clinical Significance

Blood ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe E. Mason ◽  
Vincent T. DeVita ◽  
George P. Canellos
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Median Duration ◽  
Blastic Crisis ◽  
Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia ◽  
The Face ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Granulocytic Leukemia

Abstract The clinical significance of an elevated platelet count in the course of chronic granulocytic leukemia was studied in a group of 111 previously untreated patients, whose entire course was evaluated by one clinic. Seventy-one patients (64%) developed a platelet count >450,000/cu mm either at diagnosis (56 patients) or in the subsequent course (15 patients). Twenty-nine of the 71 patients had counts in excess of 1 x 106/cu mm. Four patients had serious thrombohemorrhagic complications. None were fatal, and all occurred in the group with counts over a 1 x 106/cu mm. The occurrence of thrombocytosis as a new observation in the face of previous normal counts (15 patients) was associated with frank blastic crisis (six cases) or heralded its onset with a median duration of 8 mo (nine cases). Thrombocytosis per se was associated with a shorter survival (median 36 mo) as opposed to 45 mo in the group (40 cases) whose count was never elevated.

The Qur’an and Christianity

2020 ◽  
pp. 151-164
Author(s):  
Neal Robinson
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Lord's Prayer ◽  
Gospel Of Thomas ◽  
Last Supper ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Q 61 ◽  
Death Of Jesus ◽  
Early Islam ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Face

This chapter advocates a critical stance towards both normative Christianity and normative Islamic tradition but highlights the inadequacies of revisionist histories of early Islam. It suggests that the fātiḥa was intended to replace the Lord’s Prayer and that sura 112 was a response to the Christology of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. It finds a precedent for the 114 suras of the Qur’an in the 114 logia of the Gospel of Thomas. It argues that Q. 7:157 was revealed in Medina but concedes that Q. 61:6b may be a later editorial addition. However, it stresses that regardless of whether these two passages are authentic the biblical teaching about the prophet like Moses and the Paraclete is the key to understanding the dynamics of the Qur’anic discourse. It maintains that the Qur’an is not concerned with the death of Jesus as such. Rather Q. 4:156–7 rebuts Jewish anti-Christian polemic and Q. 3:55 serves to strengthen the believers in the face of death and defeat. Q. 5:112–5 differs from the biblical accounts of the last supper because the crucifixion is not viewed as an act of atonement. The three elements in Jesus’ name, al-Masīḥ ʿĪsā Ibn Maryam, are examined in the light of the Qur’anic chronology, philology, and the New Testament. The background to the designation of Christians as naṣārā is explored with reference to the New Testament and other pre-Islamic sources.

Effects of hypercapnia, hypoxia, and rebreathing on heart rate response during apnea

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. C. Lin ◽  
K. K. Shida ◽  
S. K. Hong
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Heart Rate Response ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Face Immersion ◽  
The Face ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Male Subjects

Five series of breath-hold (BH) experiments were conducted on eight male subjects with the purpose of partitioning the effects of apnea per se, hypercapnia, and hypoxia on the development and maintenance of BH bradycardia. All BH were 90 s in duration and were achieved by face immersion at room temperature. Of the five series of BH, one was a continuous BH and the remaining included rebreathing at 15-s intervals while the face remained immersed. Comparison of heart rate (HR) responses between the continuous BH with air and that interrupted every 15 s by rebreathing without improving the alveolar gas composition yields the attenuating effect of respiratory activity. The hypercapnic effect was calculated from the difference in HR responses between two series of BH with O2, in which hypoxia was not present and rebreathing was common to both; in one rebreathing was through a CO2 scrubber thus creating different alveolar CO2 levels in the two series. The effect of hypoxia was deduced by finding the difference between the total bradycardial response (continuous BH) and the summed effects of hypercapnia and apnea per se. By this procedure, it was found that apnea and hypoxia reduced the HR by 19 and 18%, respectively, from the pre-BH value, and hypercapnia increased HR by 6% from the pre-BH level, thus accounting for the total 31% reduction in HR in a continuous BH.

Harold Innis and the Empire of Speed

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
RONALD J. DEIBERT
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Michel Foucault ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Ir Theory ◽  
Jürgen Habermas ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Anthony Giddens ◽  
The Face ◽  
Robert Cox ◽  
Per Se

Increasingly, International Relations (IR) theorists are drawing inspiration from a broad range of theorists outside the discipline. One thinks of the introduction of Antonio Gramsci's writings to IR theorists by Robert Cox, for example, and the ‘school’ that has developed in its wake. Similarly, the works of Anthony Giddens, Michel Foucault, and Jurgen Habermas are all relatively familiar to most IR theorists not because of their writings on world politics per se, but because they were imported into the field by roving theorists. Many others of varying success could be cited as well. Such cross-disciplinary excursions are important because they inject vitality into a field that – in the opinion of some at least—is in need of rejuvenation in the face of contemporary changes. In this paper, I elaborate on the work of the Canadian communications theorist Harold Innis, situating his work within contemporary IR theory while underlining his historicism, holism, and attention to time-space biases.

The Rowdies of Darjeeling

2018 ◽  
pp. 135-153
Author(s):  
Mona Chettri
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Contemporary State ◽  
The Social ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Face ◽  
Per Se

‘Rowdies or rowdy’ refers to a person who fits somewhere between a gangster and a goon, not a criminal per se but prone to crime and violence, usually at the behest of political leaders. ‘Rowdies’ are the face of political movements, an integral and ubiquitous feature of Darjeeling politics. Their centrality to popular movements indicates a form of hill politics that challenges accepted notions of political participation, democracy, and mobilization. The essay engages in an assessment of the political culture of Darjeeling through the perspective of the ‘rowdies’ who are a product of the social, political, and material circumstances of postcolonial Darjeeling. It examines the vital role that ‘rowdies’ play in shaping the political terrain of the region and how their lives provide a context through which to understand contemporary state and society in Darjeeling.

scholarly journals The role of animal faces in the animate-inanimate distinction in the ventral temporal cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Proklova ◽  
M.A. Goodale
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
The Face ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Ventral Temporal Cortex ◽  
Animal Faces

AbstractAnimate and inanimate objects elicit distinct response patterns in the human ventral temporal cortex (VTC), but the exact features driving this distinction are still poorly understood. One prominent feature that distinguishes typical animals from inanimate objects and that could potentially explain the animate-inanimate distinction in the VTC is the presence of a face. In the current fMRI study, we investigated this possibility by creating a stimulus set that included animals with faces, faceless animals, and inanimate objects, carefully matched in order to minimize other visual differences. We used both searchlight-based and ROI-based representational similarity analysis (RSA) to test whether the presence of a face explains the animate-inanimate distinction in the VTC. The searchlight analysis revealed that when animals with faces were removed from the analysis, the animate-inanimate distinction almost disappeared. The ROI-based RSA revealed a similar pattern of results, but also showed that, even in the absence of faces, information about agency (a combination of animal’s ability to move and think) is present in parts of the VTC that are sensitive to animacy. Together, these analyses showed that animals with faces do elicit a stronger animate/inanimate response in the VTC, but that this effect is driven not by faces per se, or the visual features of faces, but by other factors that correlate with face presence, such as the capacity for self-movement and thought. In short, the VTC appears to treat the face as a proxy for agency, a ubiquitous feature of familiar animals.Significance StatementMany studies have shown that images of animals are processed differently from inanimate objects in the human brain, particularly in the ventral temporal cortex (VTC). However, what features drive this distinction remains unclear. One important feature that distinguishes many animals from inanimate objects is a face. Here, we used fMRI to test whether the animate/inanimate distinction is driven by the presence of faces. We found that the presence of faces did indeed boost activity related to animacy in the VTC. A more detailed analysis, however, revealed that it was the association between faces and other attributes such as the capacity for self-movement and thinking, not the faces per se, that was driving the activity we observed.

scholarly journals A Core National Security Interest: Framing Atrocities Prevention

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-43
Author(s):  
Matthew Levinger
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Status ◽  
National Community ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Security Interest ◽  
The Face ◽  
Roman Jakobson ◽  
Per Se

This essay analyzes President Barack Obama’s communication strategies in his speeches and presidential statements concerning threats of mass atrocities in Libya, Syria, and Iraq from 2011 through 2015. It examines how he has used three rhetorical “frames” to explain events in these countries and to advocate specific U.S. policy responses: the “legalistic” (or “liberal internationalist”), the “moralistic,” and the “security” frame. Obama utilized primarily the legalistic frame to justify U.S. military intervention in Libya in 2011, and he relied mainly on the security frame (focusing on terrorist threats against U.S. nationals) to justify the deployment of U.S. military forces against ISIL in Iraq and Syria in 2014−2015. Obama’s rhetorical framing of the violence perpetrated by the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad since 2011 has been less consistent. Hardly ever in these speeches did Obama suggest that mass atrocities per se constituted a threat to U.S. national security—despite the declaration in Obama’s 2011 Presidential Study Directive on Mass Atrocities that “preventing mass atrocities and genocide is a core national security interest” of the United States. Utilizing an approach to linguistic analysis developed by Roman Jakobson, the paper shows how Obama has employed rhetorical devices that emphasize the boundaries between the “in-group” of the American national community and the “out-groups” in other countries who are threatened by mass atrocities. Because members of an in-group are typically depicted as warranting greater concern than members of out-groups, Obama’s assignment of victimized communities to out-group status has effectively justified inaction by the U.S. government in the face of genocidal violence.

Stereopsis Loses Dominance over Relative Size as Target Separation Increases

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p7033 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1413-1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Marlow ◽  
Barbara J Gillam
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Stereoscopic Depth ◽  
Relative Depth ◽  
Fixation Disparity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Depth Cue ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The One

Binocular disparity produces less stereoscopic depth if the targets are separated by several degrees. It is thus possible that separation decreases the influence of stereopsis as a relative depth cue. Here, four experiments tested the strength of disparity in determining the direction of relative depth in the face of strongly conflicting relative size for a range of target separations. Under conditions of natural fixation—permitting sequential stereopsis—disparity dominated completely at small separations (0.42°) but gradually gave way to relative size domination at large separations. However, when brief presentations prevented changes in fixation, disparity completely dominated at a separation of 0.5° while relative size mostly dominated by 0.75° – 1° of separation. By varying target separation at different retinal eccentricities, we showed that separation per se was the critical factor in the dominance switch. Stereoacuity as a function of target separation for the same observers did not predict the switch from disparity to relative size. Stereoscopic dominance was found for the same small separations that are immune to stereoscopic reversals (Gillam, 1993 Perception22 1025 – 1036). Our results suggest that relative disparity has a compulsory influence on perceived depth at small separations, suggesting a different mechanism from the one operating at larger separations.

scholarly journals Calling International Rescue: knowledge lost in literature and data landslide!

2009 ◽  
Vol 424 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa K. Attwood ◽  
Douglas B. Kell ◽  
Philip McDermott ◽  
James Marsh ◽  
Steve R. Pettifer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Data Archives ◽  
Biochemical Journal ◽  
The Face ◽  
Time Test ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Turn Over

We live in interesting times. Portents of impending catastrophe pervade the literature, calling us to action in the face of unmanageable volumes of scientific data. But it isn't so much data generation per se, but the systematic burial of the knowledge embodied in those data that poses the problem: there is so much information available that we simply no longer know what we know, and finding what we want is hard – too hard. The knowledge we seek is often fragmentary and disconnected, spread thinly across thousands of databases and millions of articles in thousands of journals. The intellectual energy required to search this array of data-archives, and the time and money this wastes, has led several researchers to challenge the methods by which we traditionally commit newly acquired facts and knowledge to the scientific record. We present some of these initiatives here – a whirlwind tour of recent projects to transform scholarly publishing paradigms, culminating in Utopia and the Semantic Biochemical Journal experiment. With their promises to provide new ways of interacting with the literature, and new and more powerful tools to access and extract the knowledge sequestered within it, we ask what advances they make and what obstacles to progress still exist? We explore these questions, and, as you read on, we invite you to engage in an experiment with us, a real-time test of a new technology to rescue data from the dormant pages of published documents. We ask you, please, to read the instructions carefully. The time has come: you may turn over your papers…

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