scholarly journals LAND USE OF THE NALCHIK DISTRICT IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
I.S. Pazov
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Hired Labor ◽  
Market Relations ◽  
The Village

This article discusses the relevance of the problems of formation of land relations and land use in the Nalchik district at the beginning of the 20th century. Issues related to the distribution of land plots and their use in the land structure of the region are touched upon. The article analyzes all the land plots of Nalchik, and provides their differentiation by the quality of each of the lands. The author also reveals the importance and role of the factor of pasture economy in the context of land relations. The conclusion is made that the penetration of commercial capital in the period under review played a decisive role in changing land use, radically changing socio-economic relations in the village. In turn, the penetration of capital caused serious problems in the sphere of private land ownership, the reason for this was the inability of the privileged classes to switch to new market relations. Having received the land “on the basis of private property”, many of them found it difficult to effectively organize the landlord economy using hired labor, agricultural machinery, which led to leasing of landowners to wealthy peasants, as a result, most of the land in the district was distributed between large landowners and wealthy peasants.

The State—Local Regulatory Nexus in US Growth Management: Claims of Property and Participation in the Localist Resistance

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
T A Clark
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Growth Management ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Local Participation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Starting Point

Influenced possibly more by volume than substance, some scholars have concluded that significant progress is being realized in state-level land-use regulation in the United States. In truth, more time must pass before a definitive evaluation of the more comprehensive efforts can be made. In this critical paper I examine the statewide growth-management legislation of the four states having tripartite (local—regional—state) administrative hierarchies: Florida, Vermont, Maine, and Georgia. There and elsewhere, numerous structural compromises have won adoption. Bold declarations of regulatory intent are found here often to be wrapped around ambiguous and easily subverted administrative mechanisms and standards. With prima facie evidence of significant structural shortcomings in hand, I then restore focus on the founding debates in search of a synthesis that might be more supportive of regional growth management. Using the theory of local autonomy as a starting point, I disentangle the normative foundations of the Liberal ethic of local participation and ‘control’, and of private rights in property. The centralization of growth management is seen by its proponents as a means to regionalize the ‘public interest’ in land use, positing a new and more expansive norm defining the public's interest in private property. Opponents, on the other hand, resist the public encumbrance of private land, and find in centralization a regionalized ‘public’ desirous of greater control and less amenable to private influence. In these opposing views, however, lies the possibility of less conflicted, more efficacious regional growth-management enactments. Centralization, I conclude, can actually deepen the capacity for ‘local’ participation yet at the same time extend its domain to matters of regional concern. The result can improve the capability of the local state to manage spillovers, achieve more sustainable patterns of growth, and facilitate more satisfactory templates of private investment and equity accumulation.

scholarly journals INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF TRANSFORMATION OF PROPERTY RELATIONS IN THE RECREATIONAL LAND USE TOWARDS ECOLOGIZATION OF UKRAINE�S URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1(63)) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
D.V. Bulysheva
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Urban Agglomerations ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
The Way

Research is dedicated to institutional capacity development of property relations towards ecologization of economic relations in recreational land use of urban agglomerations. The priority task on the way of ecologization is formation of the perfect institutional basis for recreational land use. Analyzing the current trends in the institutional framework in the system of ecologization of recreational land use, one can conclude that its deeper �haracter, which should be considered from a variety of aspects: natural resource systems, transaction transactions, contractual relations, legislative and regulatory frameworks and governance institutes. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need and to develop proposals for transformation of the existing institutional basis for recreational land use, based on the formation of the principles of balanced ecological and economic development of these territories. It is proved that in the conditions of the current ecological and economic state of recreational lands, there are certain obstacles on the way to sustainable development of the respective territories. At the present stage of development, sufficiently tense economic relations have been formed and they require reorientation of the institutional basis of the land use process of urban agglomerations, taking into account the socio-ecological and economic aspects of the development of territories. In the article subjects and institutions of ownership of land resources were formed and systematized. Proposals on the transformation processes of property relations on the way to ecologization of recreational land use were made in four directions: basic, normative-legislative, social-informative and market-oriented. So, perfect institutional environment for recreational land use should be a mutually coordinated activity of state, business and public institutions regarding transactions and other types of land relations. This is the most important condition for balanced recreational land use.

Land, Landowners, and Tenants

2020 ◽  
pp. 138-196
Author(s):  
Micaela Langellotti
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Public Land ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Village

This chapter investigates the village agricultural economy, and the evidence for landowning in the early Roman period is interpreted against the generally accepted framework of land tenure in Roman Egypt. The first part of the chapter investigates the location, distribution, and management of the different categories of land. In light of the land-related contracts that were registered at the record-office, a second section discusses the identity and social status of the holders of public land and owners and tenants of private land, their social and economic relations, and how these affected the general social structure of the village. The last part of the chapter examines the role of viticulture, oil production, and pastoralism.

Agrarian Reforms of the 20th Century in Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-214
Author(s):  
Olga Pasko ◽  
Natalia Staurskaya ◽  
Alexey Gorodilov ◽  
Alexander Zakharchenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Group Type ◽  
Agrarian Economy ◽  
Public Property ◽  
Agrarian Reforms ◽  
Type Of Land Use ◽  
The Government ◽  
Market Relations

Current political and economic reforms, as well as the development of market relations and private property rights, need a retrospect to the experience of the past. An ambitious reform implemented by Russian public entities in the early 20th century was a result of a compromise between the government, society, and individuals. The goals of the reforms offered by Pyotr Stolypin were similar to those of the contemporary ones. Stolypin's reforms aimed at the substitution of group type of land use by public property. The reforms were not evolutional but were motivated by the explosive political and social-economic situation. Another agrarian reform took place in the early 1990s in the Soviet bloc, including the USSR. It aimed at state land property and a centrally planned agrarian economy, the domination of big manufacturers like collective and communal farms, and state pricing control. Despite similar basic principles, the states chose different strategies for the implementation of agrarian reforms.

scholarly journals Public versus private land use controls in England and the USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Restrictive Covenants ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Land Use Controls

Purpose This paper aims to compare the law with regard to private property rights and restrictions and public controls in England and the USA, and the theoretical debates that surround them, to understand whether the private land use controls of nuisance and restrictive covenants could have a greater role to play or the public law system of planning is the best way to manage land. Design/methodology/approach This paper starts by summarising and comparing, firstly, the private laws of nuisance and restrictive covenants and then laws relating public planning, zoning and takings in England and the USA. It then reviews theoretical approaches taken in both jurisdictions to land use restrictions. Findings The paper concludes that private land use restrictions can only play a limited role in land management in England. Scarcity and cost of available housing necessitate a mechanism by which the state can intervene to remove or modify restrictions to enable alteration and development. The structure of freehold ownership in England and the low take-up of Commonhold as an alternative tenure mean that expansion in the use of private land use restrictions to control the use of land is unfeasible. Originality/value The value of this paper is that it seeks to provide insight into the contested relationship between private and public law and the relationship between property law and planning.

scholarly journals Structural and financial risks of land capitalization: lessons of domestic history

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-96
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Nebrat ◽  
◽  
Karolina Gorditsa ◽  
Nazar Gorin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Private Land ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Hired Labor ◽  
The Government

The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship between expected results and real institutional, structural, and financial consequences of agrarian reforms aimed at the capitalization of land. The purpose of the publication is to summarize the positive and negative experience of the peasant reform of 1861 on changes in the relations of ownership and land use in the budgetary and financial sphere and foreign economic activity. Research is based on the history-institutional methodology using tools of economic comparability, retrospective analysis, and historical reconstruction. It is defined that the opening of the land market and the creation of a system of mortgage land loans allowed to increase the share of private land ownership of peasants, but did not turn them into effective owners and did not solve the problem of peasant land. Rising land prices contributed to the development of land speculation and increased rents, encouraging the farmers to predatory land use and depletion of soils without increasing productivity. The capitalization of land and the expansion of the hired labor market contributed to economic growth, increased government revenues and expenditures, and overcame the chronic state budget deficit. At the same time, the credit indebtedness of peasants grew, while ransom payments depleted peasant farms, reducing the potential for capital formation and investment. The public policy of forcing grain exports and supporting large agribusiness allowed to replenish the gold reserves of the treasury, but also led to the impoverishment of farmers, reduced quality of the exported grain, increased share of fodder crops, and lower share of food crops and finished goods. Intensified international competition to expand the supply of cheap grain led to lower prices, weaker competitive position of domestic exporters, and the growing dependence of the economy on world markets for agricultural products, and the local agrarian business - on foreign capital. The article provides recommendations to the government about taking into account the historical experience in the implementation of modern agrarian transformations, in particular, comprehensive support for farming as the main link of agricultural production and the guarantor of food security of the country. Their implementation will help prevent the risks of over-concentration of land, the proletarianization of the peasantry and its mass migration to cities and abroad, growing environmental problems, and vulnerability of the economy due to increasing dependence on the world markets for agricultural raw materials.

scholarly journals Structural and financial risks of land capitalization: lessons of domestic history

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Nebrat ◽  
◽  
Karolina Gorditsa ◽  
Nazar Gorin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Private Land ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Hired Labor ◽  
The Government

The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship between expected results and real institutional, structural, and financial consequences of agrarian reforms aimed at the capitalization of land. The purpose of the publication is to summarize the positive and negative experience of the peasant reform of 1861 on changes in the relations of ownership and land use in the budgetary and financial sphere and foreign economic activity. Research is based on the history-institutional methodology using tools of economic comparability, retrospective analysis, and historical reconstruction. It is defined that the opening of the land market and the creation of a system of mortgage land loans allowed to increase the share of private land ownership of peasants, but did not turn them into effective owners and did not solve the problem of peasant land. Rising land prices contributed to the development of land speculation and increased rents, encouraging the farmers to predatory land use and depletion of soils without increasing productivity. The capitalization of land and the expansion of the hired labor market contributed to economic growth, increased government revenues and expenditures, and overcame the chronic state budget deficit. At the same time, the credit indebtedness of peasants grew, while ransom payments depleted peasant farms, reducing the potential for capital formation and investment. The public policy of forcing grain exports and supporting large agribusiness allowed to replenish the gold reserves of the treasury, but also led to the impoverishment of farmers, reduced quality of the exported grain, increased share of fodder crops, and lower share of food crops and finished goods. Intensified international competition to expand the supply of cheap grain led to lower prices, weaker competitive position of domestic exporters, and the growing dependence of the economy on world markets for agricultural products, and the local agrarian business - on foreign capital. The article provides recommendations to the government about taking into account the historical experience in the implementation of modern agrarian transformations, in particular, comprehensive support for farming as the main link of agricultural production and the guarantor of food security of the country. Their implementation will help prevent the risks of over-concentration of land, the proletarianization of the peasantry and its mass migration to cities and abroad, growing environmental problems, and vulnerability of the economy due to increasing dependence on the world markets for agricultural raw materials.

scholarly journals Ukraine Agricultural Land Market Formation Preconditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgen Dankevych ◽  
Vitalii Dankevych ◽  
Olexander Chaikin
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Market Formation ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Land Sale

The theoretical land relations reforming principles were reviewed.Land relations in agriculture transformation process was studied. The land use features were detected and agricultural land use efficiency analysis was conducted.Ukraine land market formation research problems results have been shown. It was established that private land ownership institution ambiguous attitude, rent relations deformation, lack of the property rights ensure mechanism inhibit the land market development. Sociological research of Ukrainian Polesie region to determine the prerequisites for agricultural land marketformation preconditions has been conducted. 787 respondents from Zhytomyr, Rivne and Volyn regions were interviewed. Land shares owners age structure, their distribution by education level, their employment, land shares owners and agricultural enterprises executives to the agricultural land sale moratorium cancellation attitudes, land purchase financial resources, directions of Ukrainian Polissya region land shares use, shares owners land issues level of awareness have been determined during the research. Was substantiated that agricultural land market turnover includes not only land sale moratorium cancellation but also the adoption of the legislative framework and the appropriate infrastructure development, one of the key elements of which is land relations regulation specialized state agency – State Land Bank.

Socio-economic determinants of the transformation of the education system in Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Maxim V. Starcev ◽  
Magomed A. Dzhabrailov ◽  
Oksana I. Kolesnikova
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Market Relations

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to draw the attention of the pedagogical community to the comprehension and understanding of the causes and essence of transformations taking place in the field of education of Russia at the present stage. We justified the deterministic nature of changes in the field of education by the peculiarities of building economic relations in the state. The transition of the Russian economy to a market system of relations with private property with means of production predetermined the subsequent transformations in the domestic education system. In the logic of market relations, education is considered as a service that should generate profit. This provision, according to us, is one of the starting points for transformations that have begun in the educational sphere. In the era of the industrial revolution, education became the locomotive for the development of science and technology, which, in turn, contributed to the economic efficiency of production processes, which favorably affected the growth of incomes of owners of industrial capital. Over time, scientific and technological progress, due to objective laws, began to lead to a negative effect for representatives of capital – a decrease in the rate of return. The current situation predetermined the artificial slowdown of scientific and technological progress and led to a review by the political and financial elites of the economically developed countries of the place and role of education in the state system. We considered essential transformations that take place in the domestic education system and gave our vision of the causes that determined these changes.

STRATEGY OF LIBERALIZATION AND PROBLEMS OF STATE REGULATION OF AZERBAIJAN ECONOMY

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-151
Author(s):  
G. Z. Yuzbashieva ◽  
A. M. Mustafayev ◽  
R. A. Imanov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Sectoral Development ◽  
Market Relations

The indicators that determine the change in the macroeconomic situation in the economy of Azerbaijan in 2010–2017, as well as the conditions for increasing the effectiveness of state intervention in solving economic problems are analyzed. It is noted that it is not the size of the public sector that becomes important, but its qualitative component (management and redistribution of resources and revenues, coordination of government intervention in economic relations). The main reasons limiting economic growth are identified, and the mechanisms for overcoming them are disclosed, since economic growth is of particular importance in the transformational period of state development. It substantiates the assertion that the forms and methods of state regulation should be the result of a reasonable combination of the private and public sectors of the economy to more effectively achieve the goal of economic development of the country and increase the welfare of the population. To this end, it is advisable to limit the actions of market forces and find a rational ratio of market and government measures that stimulate economic growth and development.It is shown that in the near future the development of the economy of Azerbaijan should be focused on the transition to the integration of various models of economic transformation; at the same time, “attraction of investments” should be carried out by methods of stimulating consumption, and the concept of a socially oriented economy, which the state also implements, should prevail, thereby ensuring social protection of the population and at the same time developing market relations. Disproportions in regional and sectoral development are also noted, which are the result of an ineffective distribution of goods produced, inadequate investment in human capital, a low level of coordination and stimulation of economic growth and development.

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