Rice Production in Punjab: Depletion of Water Resources and Environmental Problems

2020 ◽  
pp. 294-299
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Paddy Straw

Punjab has emerged as an important rice-producing state in the country. The state with 1.53 percent of the geographical area of the country produces more than 11 percent of total rice production in the country. The production of rice in Punjab increased more than 10 times due to an increase in area and yield. The growth of a rice crop at such a high rate over 20 years in Punjab is indeed a rare phenomenon in the history of agricultural development in the world. Due to extensive cultivation of rice in Punjab, the state has been over-exploiting the groundwater, more than its recharge. Most of the tube-well dominated districts of the state, witnessed the fall in water table more than 20 to 30 cm per year. To dispose of the paddy straw, the farmers of Punjab generally opt for burning it. This practice of burning of paddy straw besides nutrient loss is posing a serious problem for the public health and transportation system. Rice has now become a problematic crop for Punjab state due to its ill effects on its natural resources, that is, the water and soil environmental degradation. The Punjab Agricultural University experts and other committees estimated that the total groundwater recharge from all sources can sustain/support only 16-17 lakh ha of paddy in Punjab. The area under the crop increased to 29 lakh ha which was unsustainable in the long run. The area under rice in Punjab should be stabilized at 16-17 lakh ha and the remaining paddy area should be shifted to other crops like pulses, oilseeds, maize, fruits, and vegetables, etc. requiringless water, to achieve proper water balance. Thus diversification of some area from paddy is in the interest of Punjab farmers, State government and the Central government for long term food security on a sustainable basis.

Organisational Adventures in District Government in Long An Province: Central Regulation Versus Local Initiative

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-305
Author(s):  
Natalie Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
The State ◽  
Central Regulation ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Local Initiative ◽  
District Government

AbstractThis article explores the role of district government in agricultural development in Vietnam's Long An province from 1954 to the present. It argues that it is only in the reform era that the district has begun to realise its potential as a 'transmission belt' between the higher authorities and the grassroots. Under the South Vietnamese regime and in the pre-reform era of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, local initiative was stifled as policy was dictated from on high by central government, with disastrous consequences. In the reform era, district officials have been joined by 'associates of the state', such as agricultural extension officers, to develop innovative 'local' approaches to agricultural development. This has led to increased prosperity but also rising inequality. While the central government has been more willing to allow local experimentation under reform, its influence and interests are still felt, even at the district level. Most scholars emphasise a sharp break between pre-1975 and post-1975 Vietnam. By contrast, this article highlights the way in which there are important elements of continuity both between regimes and between the pre-reform and post-reform eras.

Trends of centre–state relations in India under the neo-liberal regime

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhat Patnaik
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
State Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Financial Strength

India had been envisioned as a federation by our Constitution makers, and so states were assigned some important subjects in which the centre could have no or only limited authority. Thus state governments run by opposition parties could pursue policies different from those of the Central Government in a number of ways. But since the onset of economic ‘liberalisation’ beginning with the late 1980s the financial strength and economic role of the state governments have been constantly undermined. This came, first, through the raising of interest rates to attract foreign finance capital, which created budgetary crises for the states since they fell under heavy debt simply to pay interest on existing debt. Neo-liberal policies were then imposed on them by Finance Commissions which made compliance with these compulsory for centre’s financial assistance. More recently the states’ powers have been further curtailed by the Goods and Services Tax, which has deprived the state government of the power to determine tax rates on goods produced within the states. Another means to the same end has been the centre’s trade agreements with foreign countries, with no reference made to states whose products thereby may be priced out of the market. The demonetisation of 2016, which impacted so destructively on employment and the cooperative sector in the states, was also undertaken by the centre without any reference to the states.

Sustainable Development through the Soil and Water Conservation Work: A Case Study of Village in Maharashtra

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-35
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
The State ◽  
Soil And Water Conservation ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Large Irrigation ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Soil And Water

It’s not possible to have relied on the large irrigation programmes only to solve Maharashtra’s recurring and acute water scarcity. In recent years, the state has recognized soil and water conservation activities as a potential option for agricultural development in rainfed, semi-arid areas. Further government has clubbed all the schemes regarding soil and water conservation run by different departments of the state government under the umbrella of Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan. The results revealed that the Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan activities had a significant impact on groundwater recharge, access to groundwater and hence the expansion in irrigated area. It has been found to alter crop patterns, increase crop yields and crop diversification and thereby provided enhanced employment and farm income. Local villagers were at the forefront of the programme, not just in decision- making, but also in actual execution and monetary contributions. In a nutshell Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan has not resulted in physical output but it gave support to the ecological and socio-economic progress of the beneficiaries. Looking at all the above results, Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan seemed to be one of the basic strategy for doubling the farmer’s income in rainfed and semi-arid regions of Maharashtra

Electronic Procurement (E-Procurement) Implementation in Municipalities

2013 ◽  
pp. 220-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rugayah Hashim ◽  
Mohd Anuar Mazuki
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
The State ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Electronic Procurement ◽  
Project Failures ◽  
Procurement System ◽  
Government Level

Local authorities or municipalities have different organizational structure and goals and as such implementing a customized information systems project requires a separate evaluation that would fit their needs. In the case of an electronic procurement (e-procurement) system, the implementation of this project at the central government level is not without challenges. Similarly, at the local government level, issues prevailed. Thus, this chapter highlights the issues encountered by twelve local authorities in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. The issues are broken down into four themes, namely, political, economic, social, and technological. It is important to note that local authorities fall within the jurisdiction of the state government; thus, more issues are abound particularly with regards to political interference. Nonetheless, the ultimate goal of having an online public procurement system is a win-win situation for both the local authority concerned and the vendors or suppliers. Hence, identifying the issues and learning from them will limit project failures or extended scheduling. Inherently, the implications of lessons learned from others who have implemented an online public procurement system will provide valuable guidelines for other lagging municipalities, yet at the same time, the late implementers will benefit more as they are able to avoid the pitfalls made by their counterparts that embarked earlier. In fact, the late-comers tend to achieve better success rate and report a significant return of investment.

Land Records Modernisation: Delhi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepika Jha ◽  
Ruby Moun ◽  
Vrishti Saini ◽  
Varun Panickar
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Indian Institute ◽  
The State ◽  
Institutional Complexity ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
Land Records

During 2017–2020, a team of researchers at the Indian Institute for Human Settlements conducted a series of primary and secondary studies on land record modernisation initiatives in five states and union territories of India. Based on extensive on-ground research, this work is part of a five-volume set that presents findings from Delhi, Maharashtra, Chandigarh, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh, with a focus on urban land and property records and the associated complexities. Delhi has a unique Constitutional position where ‘land’ as a domain is under the Central Government, whereas initiatives to computerise land records and registration are primarily implemented by the State Government. With a multi-layered history and varied property types, records and administration, this land volume on Delhi is among the best examples to understand the institutional complexity in urban land administration.

Cost-benefit analysis of adopting the solar photovoltaic water pumping system: A case of Rajasthan

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-49
Author(s):  
Krishna Muniyoor
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
The State ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Government

Rajasthan, the largest state in India, occupies 10.5 per cent of the total geographical area of the country, although about two-thirds of its area is arid. The state has a predominantly agrarian economy, and agriculture is the mainstay of about two-thirds of the workforce. Interestingly, only 28 per cent of the net cultivable area in the state is irrigated, compared to the national average of 49.8 per cent. With the aim to improve irrigation facilities and increase agricultural productivity, the state government implemented the solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS) in 2008-09 as an appropriate alternative to grid-connected water pumping. The aim of this paper is to assess the costs and benefits of adopting the SPVWPS using data from a field survey of 126 households. The findings show that use of the SPVWPS offers substantial benefits to adopters in the long run. In addition, government subsidy plays a major role in determining the payback period of adopters' investment in the scheme. The paper suggests that, alongside timely implementation of the scheme, the government should facilitate domestic manufacturing of solar cells and panels to fully harness social benefits of the SPVWPS.

scholarly journals TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND EMPLOYABILITY

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitava Sil
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
State Government ◽  
Software Engineer ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Technical Education ◽  
The State ◽  
It Services ◽  
Engineering Profession ◽  
Industry Sector ◽  
The University

With a manpower of over one billion, it is ironic that India suffers from dearth of talent and skill to fulfill the present day need of industry and as a result it is a serious challenge to mitigate shortages of skills required by in industry sector. Study reveals that of the 6 lakhs engineers that graduate annually, only 18% are employable for the software engineer-IT services role, while just 4% are appropriately trained to be directly deployed on projects. For core jobs in mechanical, electronics/electrical and civil engineering profession, only a mere 7.5% to 8% are employable. Education is a concurrent subject under the purview of the Central Government as well as the State Government. In addition, statutory bodies like All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) have their empowerment by the Acts of Parliament to regulate higher education.

Value Added Tax and Fiscal Federalism in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-170
Author(s):  
Wollela Abehodie Yesegat ◽  
Richard Krever
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Fiscal Federalism ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Design Feature ◽  
The State ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Legal Form

Crucial to the success of any federal state is the fiscal viability of the central government and component federal states. A feature common to most federal systems is the collection of greater revenues by the central government and reliance by states on transfers from the central government in addition to locally imposed taxes to fund budget expenditures. As is the case in many other federal jurisdictions, in Ethiopia the value added tax (VAT), a tax levied on business sales but ultimately borne by consumers, is an important source of central government revenue. As is also the case in many federal jurisdictions, an assignment of a portion of central government VAT revenues to states is one of the main sources of transfer payments by the central government to state governments in Ethiopia. However, the Ethiopian version of fiscal federalism differs significantly from that found in most other jurisdictions in three key design features – the division between the central and state governments of responsibilities to administer the VAT, the basis on which VAT revenues are divided between the central government and the state governments, and a peculiar design feature that results in tax collections by one state government to be offset by tax reductions suffered by another state government. All three features are cause for concern. The division of administrative responsibility undermines the goal of comprehensive uniform tax administration. The basis for division of tax revenues, a distinction built on the legal form of businesses, leads to assignments of VAT revenue unrelated to fiscal needs. And, most importantly, the odd design feature – the assignment of revenues from the VAT, intended to be a tax on consumers, to the state in which the seller is located rather than the state of the buyer – results in effective cross subsidies when businesses located in wealthier states sell goods and services to businesses operating in poorer states. This article provides a history of the Ethiopian regime and explores how the unique features of the Ethiopian fiscal federalism system arose. It suggests a system that divides revenue on the basis of a fiscal equalisation formula that divides VAT revenues on the basis of relative budget needs of states or a system that allocates revenue to the state in which the customer is located would yield a fairer outcome than the current system. It concludes with modernisation of the tax administration coupled with the adoption of a fiscal equalisation formula for distributing VAT revenues and a generous transitional system for transition to this regime would yield the optimal path going forward.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF STATE GOVERNMENT IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
Diana Kirika ◽  
Alla Bodnar
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
State Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Decentralization Reform ◽  
Democratic Transformation

The article discusses the principles of organization, functioning and interaction of the system of central executive bodies and local authorities, models of the distribution of powers and responsibilities between them. Attention is drawn to the essence of such interaction and the connection of these bodies with other facts and processes of public and state life is manifested. The search for ways to improve the legislation of Ukraine, in accordance with the standards of the Council of Europe, in the context of decentralization and local government reform, has been carried out. In particular, attention is drawn to problematic issues related to the fact that the citizens of Ukraine getting their own administrative centers with clearly defined territories can simultaneously destroy the decentralization reform, concentrating all the powers in the hands of the central government. In this regard, the issue of establishing territories of territorial communities cannot be the authority of a centralized executive power, that is, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. It should be determined by the legislative body – the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine jointly with the local self-government bodies. Further re-organization of local state administrations into prefectural bodies, which will oversee the legality of certain community decisions, also needs in-depth analysis. The spheres of activity of the state are directly transformed into the spheres of public administration. Recognizing the leading idea of the self-government`s study, the authors do not negate the concept of “public administration”. The article proves that it is the democratic transformation of public administration that will enable modern local self-government institutions to be formed. In this context, the powers of local governments and executive authorities in their interaction are analyzed in detail. The powers are delegated by the state to local self-government bodies only at the level of the administrative-territorial structure at which it is possible and appropriate to exercise them. And legal acts of local governments, adopted in violation of the Constitution and legislation of Ukraine, must be stopped until the question of their legality is resolved.

Crisis of the Paulista State and the Loss of Hegemony of the Paulista Elite

2018 ◽  
pp. 134-151
Author(s):  
Francisco Vidal Luna ◽  
Herbert S. Klein
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
The Impact

This chapter analyzes the impact of the international crisis of 1930 on the Brazilian economy and Government. It shows how the liberal federalist system that was developed from 1889-1930 was destroyed and replaced by an authoritarian, centralist and interventionist regime thus breaking the power hold of the paulista elite on the central government and even reducing their control over the state government.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document