scholarly journals Ciała otwarte, ciała zamknięte. Płeć w dziewiętnastowiecznym dyskursie medycznym

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 83-106
Author(s):  
Ewa Wojciechowska
Keyword(s):  
Medical Literature ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
Concept Of Illness

The analysis of sexual differences in the representations of illnesses and patients in Polish medical literature in the 1840s shows that female and male patients were depicted in different ways. While female bodies were shown as open, vulnerable and malleable, male bodies were fortified, closed, and resistant. These two modes of representation entail two different concepts of illness: while women’s illnesses were caused by external factors, men’s maladies were believed to be the result of a distortion of inner balance. Interestingly, in the period discussed, there was more and more scientific evidence to support the ‘feminine’ concept of illness. Doctors projected the new vision of malady only on women, equating femininity and modernity and depicting them as dangerous forces disturbing the previous autarky of the men’s world.

scholarly journals Nurses' contributions to good practices in child care: an integrative literature review

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (suppl 6) ◽  
pp. 2808-2817
Author(s):  
Fernanda Garcia Bezerra Góes ◽  
Maria da Anunciação Silva ◽  
Geicielle Karine de Paula ◽  
Luíza Pereira Maia de Oliveira ◽  
Nathalia da Costa Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Retrieval System ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Electronic Library ◽  
Brazilian Literature ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
Technical Factors

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify scientific evidence on the contribution of nurses' work to good practices in child care in the Brazilian literature. Method: integrative review of the literature, carried out in Latin American and Caribbean in Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Brazilian Nursing Database (BDENF), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO) database, from 2008 to 2018. Results: 14 complete studies were selected for interpretative analysis. Two categories allowed responding to the initial questioning of the study, namely: Nurses' contributions in child care; and Limits for the nurse's role in child care. Conclusion: evidences show the importance of nurses in child care for the promotion of comprehensive care for children and their families. However, there are socioeconomic, cultural, institutional and technical factors that hinder the nurses' performance in this setting.

"Ten Times More Difficult to Treat": Female Bodies in Medical Texts from Early Imperial China

NAN Nü ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Wilms
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
The Family ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Positive Focus

AbstractThis paper examines the interpretation of female bodies by male medical authors in post-Han China, investigating medical theories and practices as reflected in the applied medical literature of "prescriptions for women." Between the Han and Song periods, this paper argues, the negative association of the female body with the vague category of pathologies "below the girdle," referring most notably to conditions of vaginal discharge, was replaced with a more positive focus on menstruation, which symbolized regular and predictable cycles of generativity and free flow. As male physicians came to recognize the female body as gendered and accepted the need for a specialized treatment of women, menstruation became the window through which they gained access to the hidden processes inside the female body. By "balancing/regulating the menses," they learned to treat and prevent such dreaded chronic conditions as infertility, susceptibility to cold, or general emaciation and weakness, all which were seen as related to the female reproductive processes. Thus, the practice of menstrual regulation ultimately served to ensure female fertility and the continuation of the family line.

scholarly journals Evidências sobre o isolamento social em pacientes com exsudato em feridas neoplásicas: revisão integrativa

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willian Alves dos Santos ◽  
Patricia dos Santos Claro Fuly ◽  
Mauro Leonardo Salvador Caldeira dos Santos ◽  
Marise Dutra Souto ◽  
Caroline Marques Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Psychosocial Aspects ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
On Line

Objetiva-se identificar as evidências científicas sobre o isolamento social em pacientes com feridas neoplásicasexsudativas. Revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS) e PubMed: LiteraturaLatino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Sistem on-line(MEDLINE) e Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (COCHRANE) com a questão norteadora: quais são as evidênciascientíficas sobre o isolamento social em pacientes com feridas neoplásicas exsudativas? Utilizou-se estratégia PICOcom recorte temporal de 2002 a 2014, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. As informações foram tabuladas emprograma Microsoft Excel® e processadas a partir da média aritmética descritiva simples, frequência absoluta e relativa.Identificaram-se 288 artigos em sua totalidade. Após aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, foram selecionadas 23evidências científicas avaliadas a partir da categoria: os principais aspectos psicossociais prejudicados pelo exsudatoem pacientes com feridas neoplásicas. Concluí-se que o exsudato é um dos sintomas que interfere negativamente nosaspectos psicossociais do paciente com feridas neoplásicas, causando alteração da imagem corporal, perda dos limitesfísicos, ansiedade e depressão, fatores que favorecem diretamente o isolamento social.Palavras-chave: Cuidados Paliativos; Enfermagem Oncológica; Ferimentos e Lesões; Exsudatos e Transudatos;Isolamento Social. ABSTRACTThe aim is to identify the scientific evidence on social isolation in patients with exudative neoplastic wounds.An integrative literature review conducted in the Virtual Health Library databases (VHS) and PubMed: LiteratureLatin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System online(MEDLINE) and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (COCHRANE), with the guiding question: what are thescientific evidences about the social isolation in patients with exudative neoplastic wounds? We used a PICOstrategy with a temporal cut from 2002 to 2014, in Portuguese, English and Spanish languages. The informationwas tabulated in Microsoft Excel® program and processed from simple descriptive arithmetic mean, absoluteand relative frequency. It was identified 288 articles in their entirety. After applying the eligibility criteria, wasselected 23 scientific evidence evaluated from the category: the main psychosocial aspects impaired by exudatein patients with neoplastic wounds. It concludes that exudate is one of the symptoms that negatively interferesthe psychosocial aspects of the patient with neoplastic wounds, causing alterations in body image, loss of physicallimits, anxiety and depression, factors that directly favor social isolation.Keywords: Palliative Care; Oncology Nursing; Wounds and Injuries; Exudates and Transudates; Social Isolation.

Determinants of tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Asia and Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-399
Author(s):  
Yuliyani Yuliyani ◽  
Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Screening Criteria ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that is both infectious and deadly. Although it can be prevented and treated, the increasing number of TB patients is a nation-wide and global challenge, and thus it requires efforts to control the disease appropriately leading to good treatment outcomes. Identifying the determinants of treatment outcomes is necessary to improve control strategies and programs for TB. Scientific evidence on this issue is still limited. This systematic review aims to describe the potential determinants of TB treatment outcomes regarding the patient’s internal and external factors. The review was carried out using the procedures specified in the PRISMA guidelines. Five databases were used to identify studies related to the determinants of treatment outcomes obtained. There were 829 articles meeting the screening criteria, 23 meeting the criteria for full article review, and 21 for analysis. Most scientific evidence reports the age, sex, HIV status, and location of TB as determinants of treatment outcomes. Sorting and selecting data consistently are necessary in reporting the results of TB treatment which then becomes the foundation for formulating appropriate, targeted, effective, and most needed policies or interventions in improving treatment outcomes and reducing incidence of TB.

The Shame of Being a Man: Humiliation and/as Heroism

Writing Shame ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 199-244
Author(s):  
Kaye Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Critical Reception ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sexual Shame ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 4 discusses recent fiction and autofiction by canonical male authors, considering the relationship between masculinity and shame, and highlighting the persistent association between shame and femininity in works by male authors. The textual analyses of Philip Roth’s The Dying Animal (2001), Martin Amis’s The Pregnant Widow (2010), and Karl Ove Knausgaard’s My Struggle II: A Man in Love (2009/2014) suggest that, too often, men’s writing of and on shame seeks to disavow that shame, to project it onto female bodies, and/or to make of its confession a kind of heroism. The Roth and Amis novels are read as displacing male shamefulness (particularly, but not only, sexual shame) onto vulnerable female bodies – bodies that are sometimes also racially othered. The reading of Knausgaard then shows how that text, despite evincing an unusual perspicacity on the subject of masculine shame, ultimately transforms its ‘struggle’ with shame into a literary struggle for ‘authenticity’ and leaves intact the association of shamefulness and the feminine. An analysis of Knausgaard’s critical reception considers also how his positioning as (exceptional, paradigmatic, Proustian) Author counters his narrative of shame and failure with one of literary ‘greatness’, remasculinising him in the process.

From Dogs’ Testicles to Mares’ Urine: The Origins and Contemporary use of Hormonal Therapy for the Menopause

2002 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Banks
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Therapy ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Premature Menopause ◽  
Oestrogen Deficiency ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Deficiency Diseases

Contemporary hormonal therapy for the menopause has its conceptual origins in the ancient tradition of organotherapy. The popular but pharmacologically inactive precursors of hormonal therapy were developed as part of a resurgence of interest in organotherapy in the 19th century, which coincided with increasing medicalization of the menopause and the view that the ovaries were responsible for the ‘feminine’ identity and wellbeing of women. The subsequent chemical identification of oestrogens allowed the development of pharmacologically active hormonal therapy for the menopause, which was probably first used clinically in the late 1920s. Around this time, emphasis shifted from the ovaries to oestrogen as being responsible for femininity and health, with the menopause and ageing increasingly defined as oestrogen deficiency diseases. Hormonal therapy for the menopause was first used predominantly for women who had a premature menopause. In the 1960s, universal prescription was increasingly promoted as a way of preventing diseases of later life and the perceived ‘defeminization’ of women by menopause. Scientific evidence regarding the risks and benefits of hormonal therapy for the menopause has been accruing over the last 70 years; its interpretation has been affected by background beliefs regarding the effects of oestrogen and the menopause on women.

scholarly journals Music Iconography, Opera, Gender and Cultural Revolution – The Case Study of the Kwok On Collection (Portugal)

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 365-398
Author(s):  
Luzia Aurora Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Mao Zedong ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
New Vision ◽  
New Nation ◽  
Indispensable Tool ◽  
Music Iconography

Abstract This study aims to revisit the creation of opera, symphonic versions of opera and ballet (yangbanxi) during the period of the Cultural Revolution of Mao's China. Beginning with the Kwok Collection (Fundação Oriente, Portugal), I aim to establish a new vision of the yangbanxi (production and reception) by means of an analysis of sources with musical iconography. The focus of the study is on questions of gender and the way in which the feminine was an indispensable tool for the construction and dissemination of the idea of a new nation-state. This study thus aims to make a new contribution to the area, showing how the construction of new opera heroines, communist and of the proletariat, is built on the image of the first “heroine-villain” constructed by the regime, Jiang Qing, the fourth wife of Mao Zedong. The title chosen demonstrates the paradox of the importance of woman in opera and in politics at a time when the only image to be left to posterity was that of a dominant male hero, Mao Zedong.

scholarly journals OVERCOMING SOCIAL INCLUSION BARRIERS FOR PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Simone Zorzi ◽  
Gunars Strods
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
The Social ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
New Vision

The cultural changes that have taken place and the social sciences contributions that have been published over the last few decades have inaugurated a new vision of people with disabilities that upholds the values of rights, equality, participation, and social inclusion. Although these changes have been widely supported through the ratification of important international treaties (for example, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) and by scientific evidence, however, they are still struggling to penetrate into the wider social and cultural system, or to become common practice in services directed at people with disabilities. Social inclusion for people with disabilities, and in particular intellectual disabilities, remains, in fact, a difficult objective to achieve. Above all, cultural barriers are still a hindering factor in social inclusion processes. This paper is a commentary on the research carried out within the two-year European project ESEC (Extending Social Educators Competences).

Constructing Sex

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marli F. Weiner ◽  
Mazie Hough
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
The South ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
Reproductive Processes

This chapter examines how southern physicians constructed the meanings of male and female bodies. Believing that reproductive processes were inherently dangerous to women's health, doctors throughout the nation sought to extend their authority by proclaiming that menarche, menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, lactation, and menopause often required medical attention. In the South, these vulnerabilities had to be ascribed to white women's bodies at the same time that doctors rejected them for black women. However, doctors eager to expand their practice and willing to acknowledge black women's suffering could not reject them too vehemently. This chapter considers how physicians defined white women's bodies as well as the ways in which they addressed the contradictions in their explanations of racial and sexual differences. It shows that physicians utilized the familiar trope of the dangers of modern civilized life and sympathy theory to explain women's health, and especially white women's vulnerable bodies and reproductive suffering in contrast to the relative absence of such weakness in black women.

‘Views of the Past’ — Reflections on the Treatment of Historical Objects and Museums of History (1750–1850)

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 39-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Bann
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Visual Representation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Historical Objects ◽  
New Vision ◽  
The Middle Ages

It is argued that ‘viewing the past’ has a precise significance when this activity is interpreted within the context of the specific modes of representation which were current in the period from 1750 to 1850. Although theoretical awareness of this possibility came at a later stage, with Nietzsche's analysis of the ‘antiquarian’ attitude and Alois Riegl's concept of ‘age-value’, the antiquarians and collectors of the eighteenth century were already developing practices of installation and exhibition which gave expression to the new ‘vision’ of the past. The particular case of the Faussett Pavilion is examined to show how one of these antiquarians gave a strong affective character to the process of historical and archaeological retrieval. But it is also suggested that the ‘antiquarian’ attitude was vulnerable to ironic revision, as Scott and his fellow Romantic writers popularised the study of the Middle Ages; in Barham's Ingoldsby Legends (1840), the visual representation of a monument is merely the pretext for a far-fetched medieval story. It is further argued that the historical museum, essentially a product of this period, provided the most stable conditions for ‘viewing the past’. Although early examples like Alexandre Lenoir's Musée des Monuments français and Sir John Soane's Museum are discussed, it is Alexandre du Sommerard's Musée de Cluny (opening in the early 1830s) which is shown to have fulfilled these conditions to greatest effect.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document