Разработка перспективных способов обработки сточных вод с извлечением энергии в КНР и Индии (обзор)

Author(s):  
V. Kofman

В КНР ведутся активные исследования по разработке технологии ферментации избыточного активного ила с получением водорода. Процесс анаэробной ферментации состоит из трех основных стадий: гидролиз, образование водорода и кислот, образование метана. На стадии гидролиза происходит образование низкомолекулярных веществ из высокомолекулярного крахмала, волокон и белков. На стадии образования водорода и кислот гидрогеногенные и ацидогенные бактерии ферментируют низкомолекулярные вещества с образованием ряда органических кислот, водорода и диоксида углерода. На стадии образования метана метаногенные бактерии метаболизируют продукты, образовавшиеся на предыдущих стадиях с выделением метана и диоксида углерода. В результате получить водород можно только путем ингибирования активности метаногенных бактерий, не оказывая при этом воздействия на активность гидрогеногенных бактерий. С учетом этих обстоятельств разрабатывают способы интенсификации производства биоводорода. Основные усилия в данной области направлены на поиск штаммов с высокой эффективностью анаэробной ферментации. Другим направлением является выбор способа предварительной обработки активного ила из числа тепловой, кислотной, щелочной, СВЧ-обработки, стерилизации и ультразвуковой обработки. Значительные перспективы связывают с использованием консорциума микроорганизмов и смешанного субстрата, содержащего наряду с осадками сточных вод пищевые отходы, солому или навоз. В Индии получило развитие направление обработки сточных вод различных промышленных производств с получением обогащенной липидами биомассы для последующего производства биодизельного топлива. Исследования проведены с использованием бактерий Rhodococcus opacus, дрожжей Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae и микроводорослей Desmodesmus sp.In China, active research is underway for developing a technology for excess activated sludge fermentation to obtain hydrogen. The process of anaerobic fermentation includes three main stages: hydrolysis, formation of hydrogen and acids, and methane generation. At the hydrolysis stage, the formation of low-molecular substances from high-molecular starch, fibers and proteins. At the stage of the hydrogen and acids formation hydrogenogenic and acetogenic bacteria ensure the fermentation of low-molecular substances with the formation of a number of organic acids, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. At the stage of methane generation, methanogenic bacteria metabolize the products formed in the previous stages with the release of methane and carbon dioxide. As a result, hydrogen can be obtained only by inhibiting the activity of methanogenic bacteria eliminating the impact on the activity of hydrogenogenic bacteria. Considering these circumstances methods are being developed to enhance the production of biohydrogen. The main efforts in this area aim at finding strains with high efficiency of anaerobic fermentation. Another direction is choosing a method of activated sludge pre-treatment from among thermal, acid, alkaline, microwave treatment, sterilization and ultrasonic treatment. Significant prospects are associated with the use of a consortium of microorganisms and mixed substrate containing, along with wastewater sludge, food waste, straw or manure. In India, the technologies of processing various types of industrial wastewater with the production of biomass enriched with lipids for the subsequent production of biodiesel have been on the march. The studies have been performed using Rhodococcus opacus bacteria, Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae yeast and Desmodesmus sp microalgae.

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2117-2123
Author(s):  
N. J. Boyle ◽  
G. M. Evans

The effect of using small-scale, high surface area, nanoparticles to supplement polymer-conditioned wastewater sludge dewatering was investigated. Aerobically digested sludge and waste activated sludge sourced from the Hunter Valley, NSW, Australia, were tested with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The sludge samples were dosed with the nanoparticles in an attempt to adsorb a component of the charged biopolymer surfactants present naturally in sludge. The sludge was conditioned with a cationic polymer. The dewatering characteristics were assessed by measuring the specific resistance to filtration through a modified time-to-filter testing apparatus. The solids content of the dosed samples was determined by a mass balance and compared to the original solids content in the activated sludge. Test results indicated that nanoparticle addition modified the structure of the sludge and provided benefits in terms of the dewatering rate. The samples dosed with nanoparticles exhibited faster water removal, indicating a more permeable filter cake and hence more permeable sludge. A concentration of 2–4% nanoparticles was required to achieve a noticeable benefit. As a comparison, the sludge samples were also tested with a larger particle size, powdered activated carbon (PAC). It was found that the PAC did provide some minor benefits to sludge dewatering but was outperformed by the nanoparticles. The solids content of the final sludge was increased by a maximum of up to 0.6%. The impact of the order sequence of particles and polymer was also investigated. It was found that nanoparticles added before polymer addition provided the best dewatering performance. This outcome was consistent with current theories and previous research through the literature. An economic analysis was undertaken to confirm the viability of the technology for implementation at a full-scale plant. It was found that, currently, this technology is unlikely to be favourable unless the nanoparticles can be sourced for a low cost.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Rui Gong ◽  
Xiang Tang ◽  
Changzheng Fan ◽  
Baowei Zhang ◽  
Man Zhou

Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a common plasticizer in industrial production. Recently, environmental problems caused by microplastics have drawn wide attention. As the microplastics have a large specific surface area, the release rate of the plasticizer from the microplastics to the environment is accelerated. The DEHP in the wastewater enters the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) along with the urban pipeline. After DEHP enters the WWTPs, it may affect the anaerobic fermentation with waste activated sludge (WAS) as raw material. So far, there has been no study on the effect of DEHP on anaerobic fermentation of WAS. Our study focused on the impact of exogenous DEHP on WAS anaerobic fermentation, and the results showed that DEHP mainly affects the solubilization stage of sludge anaerobic digestion, but has no significant effect on other stages. It does not affect the total yield and composition of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). However, DEHP inhibited the solubilization process of WAS anaerobic fermentation, which was mainly manifested by the changes of soluble protein and soluble polysaccharide in the system. The results of the analysis of microbial communities revealed that the addition of DEHP did not change the diversity of microbial communities, but caused a change in the abundance of microbial organisms. DEHP reduced the abundance of acetogen bacteria and increased the abundance of methanogens. This work provides some insights into WAS fermentation systems in the presence of DEHP and helps to gain a better understanding of the potential environmental hazards of microplastics.


Author(s):  
S. A. Lysenko

The spatial and temporal particularities of Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) changes over territory of Belarus in the current century and their relationship with climate change were investigated. The rise of NDVI is observed at approximately 84% of the Belarus area. The statistically significant growth of NDVI has exhibited at nearly 35% of the studied area (t-test at 95% confidence interval), which are mainly forests and undeveloped areas. Croplands vegetation index is largely descending. The main factor of croplands bio-productivity interannual variability is precipitation amount in vegetation period. This factor determines more than 60% of the croplands NDVI dispersion. The long-term changes of NDVI could be explained by combination of two factors: photosynthesis intensifying action of carbon dioxide and vegetation growth suppressing action of air warming with almost unchanged precipitation amount. If the observed climatic trend continues the croplands bio-productivity in many Belarus regions could be decreased at more than 20% in comparison with 2000 year. The impact of climate change on the bio-productivity of undeveloped lands is only slightly noticed on the background of its growth in conditions of rising level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.


2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-636
Author(s):  
Jin-Cai SHI ◽  
Xin-Di LIAO ◽  
Yin-Bao WU

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Wong ◽  
C. D. Goldsmith

The effect of discharging specific oil degrading bacteria from a chemostat to a refinery activated sludge process was determined biokinetically. Plant data for the kinetic evaluation of the waste treatment plant was collected before and during treatment. During treatment, the 500 gallon chemostatic growth chamber was operated on an eight hour hydraulic retention time, at a neutral pH, and was fed a mixture of refinery wastewater and simple sugars. The biokinetic constants k (days−1), Ks (mg/L), and K (L/mg-day) were determined before and after treatment by Monod and Lineweaver-Burk plots. Solids discharged and effluent organic concentrations were also evaluated against the mean cell retention time (MCRT). The maximum utilization rate, k, was found to increase from 0.47 to 0.95 days−1 during the operation of the chemostat. Subsequently, Ks increased from 141 to 556 mg/L. Effluent solids were shown to increase slightly with treatment. However, this was acceptable due to the polishing pond and the benefit of increased ability to accept shock loads of oily wastewater. The reason for the increased suspended solids in the effluent was most likely due to the continual addition of bacteria in exponential growth that were capable of responding to excess substrate. The effect of the chemostatic addition of specific microbial inocula to the refinery waste treatment plant has been to improve the overall organic removal capacity along with subsequent gains in plant stability.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7148
Author(s):  
Wenjie Zhang ◽  
Mingyong Hong ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Fuhong Li

The implementation of green finance is a powerful measure to promote global carbon emissions reduction that has been highly valued by academic circles in recent years. However, the role of green credit in carbon emissions reduction in China is still lacking testing. Using a set of panel data including 30 provinces and cities, this study focused on the impact of green credit on carbon dioxide emissions in China from 2006 to 2016. The empirical results indicated that green credit has a significantly negative effect on carbon dioxide emissions intensity. Furthermore, after the mechanism examination, we found that the promotion impacts of green credit on industrial structure upgrading and technological innovation are two effective channels to help reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Heterogeneity analysis found that there are regional differences in the effect of green credit. In the western and northeastern regions, the effect of green credit is invalid. Quantile regression results implied that the greater the carbon emissions intensity, the better the effect of green credit. Finally, a further discussion revealed there exists a nonlinear correlation between green credit and carbon dioxide emissions intensity. These findings suggest that the core measures to promote carbon emission reduction in China are to continue to expand the scale of green credit, increase the technology R&D investment of enterprises, and to vigorously develop the tertiary industry.


2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-463
Author(s):  
Huixia Lan ◽  
Xiangzhi Wang ◽  
Shixin Qi ◽  
Da Yang ◽  
Hao Zhang

AbstractUsing the acclimated activated sludge from the pulping middle-stage effluent, the effect of pH shock on the micro-oxygen activated sludge system with a nano-magnetic powder/graphene oxide composite was studied. The results showed that the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) and ultraviolet adsorption at 254 nm (UV254) decreased. Also, the sludge settling performance was poor due to the impact of pH, but the impact resistance of nano-magnetic powder/graphene oxide group (MGO group) was higher and the recovery was faster. Results of high throughput sequencing indicated that the diversity of microbial community was reduced by the impact of pH, but it was significantly higher in MGO group than in the blank group. The dominant bacteria after pH shock or recovery in both of the system had a large difference. The percentage of the dominant bacteria in the MGO group was higher than that in the blank group. The MGO group had higher electron transfer system (ETS) activity which made the system having a strong pH impact resistance.


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