scholarly journals Onkogenesis, Morfologi, dan Modalitas Deteksi Dini Karsinoma Serviks

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Elsani P. L. Rapar ◽  
Maria K. Sambuaga ◽  
Meilany F. Durry
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Cervical Carcinoma ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
E6 And E7

Abstract: The incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in developing countries are relatively high compared to developed countries. The main risk factor for cervical cancer is high risk human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, such as types 16 and 18. Types of high-risk HPV expresses oncoproteins E6 and E7 which play an essential role in the pathogenesis of cervical carcinoma through inhibition of the activity of gene group expression products that play a role in suppressing tumor growth, such as p53 and pRB. This process will cause morphological changes in the squamous epithelium from precancerous lesions to cancer. The development of squamous epithelial cell cancer can be prevented through screening tests in order to detect cervical cancer early. This study was aimed to obtain the oncogenesis, morphology, and early detection modality of cervical carcinoma. This was a literature review study using three databases, as follows: ClinicalKey, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The results explained that p53 and pRB suppression by high-risk HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 played an important role in the pathogenesis of cervical carcinoma. The most common histological type is squamous cell carcinoma. Screening tests such as visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), Pap smears and HPV DNA have an important role as modalities for early detection of malignancy. More specifically VIA and Pap smears are suitable for Indonesia which is a developing country, especially when implemented in peripheral areas.Keywords: oncogenesis; morphological changes; early detection; cervical carcinoma  Abstrak: Insidens dan mortalitas kanker serviks di negara berkembang relatif tinggi dibandingkan negara maju. Faktor risiko utama dari kanker serviks adalah infeksi human papilloma virus (HPV) risiko tinggi yaitu tipe 16 dan 18. HPV tipe risiko tinggi mengekspresikan onkoprotein E6 dan E7, yang berperan penting dalam patogenesis karsinoma serviks melalui inhibisi terhadap aktivitas produk-produk ekspresi kelompok gen yang berperan dalam menekan pertumbuhan tumor, seperti p53 dan pRB. Proses ini akan menyebabkan perubahan morfologik pada epitel skuamosa mulai dari lesi prakanker sampai kanker. Perkembangan kanker sel epitel skuamosa dapat dicegah melalui pemeriksaan skrining guna mendeteksi dini kanker serviks. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui onkogenesis, morfologi, dan modalitas deteksi dini karsinoma serviks. Jenis penelitian ialah literature review menggunakan tiga basis data yaitu ClinicalKey, PubMed, dan Google Scholar. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa penekanan p53 dan pRB oleh onkoprotein HPV risiko tinggi E6 dan E7 sangat berperan penting dalam patogenesis karsinoma serviks. Tipe histologik tersering ialah tipe karsinoma sel skuamosa. Pemeriksaan skrining seperti pemeriksaan inspeksi visual dengan asam asetat (IVA), Pap smear dan HPV DNA memiliki peran penting sebagai modalitas deteksi dini keganasan. Lebih khusus IVA dan Pap smear cocok untuk negara Indonesia yang merupakan negara berkembang, terutama bila diimplementasikan di daerah perifer.Kata kunci: onkogenesis; perubahan morfologik; deteksi dini; karsinoma serviks

scholarly journals Prevalence and distribution of various human papillomavirus genotypes in women with high risk for cervical carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2498
Author(s):  
Sheenu Maheshwari ◽  
Ruchira Nautiyal ◽  
Aarti Kotwal ◽  
Smita Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Cervical Carcinoma ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Dna Isolation ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Hpv Dna

Background: In India, cervical cancer is second most common cancer in women and is the second most common cause of death due to cancers in women. Human papillomavirus (HPV), mainly genotype 16 and 18, are responsible for most of the precancerous lesions of cervix and for cervical cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the spread of HPV infection and its early treatment to decrease cervical cancer associated morbidity and mortality. Aims of this study was to find out the prevalence and distribution of various HPV genotypes in women high risk for cervical carcinoma. To find correlation between HPV DNA test and cytology report.Methods: An observational study was done on a total of 384 women who were at a high risk for cervical cancer.  Ectocervix and endocervix samples for conventional cytology along with cervical swab collection for HPV DNA isolation were obtained from women aged 21-65 years. Multiplex real time PCR used for HPV DNA isolation and genotyping and Bethseda classification 2014 was used for reporting cytology. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22 and Microsoft excel 2010 software. Data assessment was done using independent t-test, Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.Results: Prevalence of HPV in women high risk for cervical cancer in our study was 14.58%. Most common high-risk genotypes were HPV 18 (7.03%) followed by HPV 16 (6.51%). All genotypes except genotype 31, were more frequently seen as a single infection rather than a multiple infection. In 323 subjects which were negative for Pap smear, 31 were positive for HPV DNA showing a statistically significant result with a p value of <0.0001.Conclusions: It was analysed that infection with HPV is very common (9.60%) even in women who had a negative Pap smear test showing a positive correlation between the two tests. HPV DNA testing can improve the detection rate of cervical intraepithelial lesions.

Early detection of cervical cancer based on high‐risk HPV DNA‐based genosensors: A systematic review

BioFactors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pegah Mahmoodi ◽  
Mona Fani ◽  
Majid Rezayi ◽  
Amir Avan ◽  
Zahra Pasdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
High Risk Hpv

scholarly journals Perceptions and Attitude of Women of Luderitz, Namibia on Pap Smear

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Hausiku ◽  
Koffi Kouame ◽  
Yapo Guillaume Aboua
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cervical Carcinoma ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multiple Sexual Partners ◽  
Motivation Factors ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Cervical cancer is one of the leading malignancies globally and has taken third place in Namibia amongst women aged 15-44 years. Infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been proven to increase women’s susceptibility to developing cervical carcinoma. Sadly, Namibia carries a twin burden of HIV and cervical cancer. Namibians are aware of HIV/AIDS, but remain poorly informed about cervical cancer. Furthermore, among those who are aware of the disease, low utilisation of screening tests have been reported. Objective: The purpose was to explore perceptions and attitudes held by women about cervical cancer, reasons for low uptake of Pap smear testing amongst those who are aware of the malignancy as well as unearth motivation factors that has fuelled women to go for screening. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling as a sampling technique. The survey instrument used was a self-administered questionnaire. It consisted of both closed and open ended questions. A total of 136 women were surveyed. Results and conclusion: The level of awareness for cervical cancer (92.6%) and Pap smear (93.4%) were high. Most were able to identify that pap smear test is used for screening for pre-cancerous lesions. However, knowledge about the impact of a HIV positive status along with co infection with HPV as the leading causes for progression of invasive cervical carcinoma was not well known. Knowledge about the other risk factors such as multiple sexual partners (39.7%), early sex debut (34.9%) and smoking was poorly demonstrated. This suggests that a high awareness level does not necessarily translate into having a good perception or understanding of a disease. A good attitude towards screening was observed although less than half of the study population reported ever having a test done.

Effect of Health Education with Flip Chart and Video on Knowledge about Early Detection of Cervical Cancer in Women of Reproductive Age in Nganjuk District, East Java

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ike Nurrochmawati ◽  
◽  
Ambar Dwi Retnoningrum ◽  
Remita Yuli Kusumaningrum ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Flip Chart ◽  
Independent Variable

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most prevalent cancer in women. Pap smear and visual inspection acetic acid (VIA) are essential screening tests to early detect cervical cancer. However, the use of screening tests remained low among women of reproductive age in Nganjuk district, East Java. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of health education using flip chart and video on knowledge about early detection of cervical cancer among women of reproductive age in Nganjuk district, East Java. Subjects and Method: A randomized control trial conducted in Rejoso, Nganjuk, East Java, from October to November 2019. A sample of 120 women of reproductive age was randomized into two groups: (1) Experiment group that received health education using a flip chart and video, and (2) Control group that received no intervention. The dependent variable was knowledge of early detection of cervical cancer. The independent variable was health education using a flip chart and video. The data were collected using questionnaire. The data were analyzed by independent t-test. Results: After the intervention, knowledge about early detection of cervical cancer in the experimental group (Mean= 80.40; SD= 10.54) was higher than the control group (Mean= 70.53; SD= 9.68), and it was statistically significant (p <0.001). Conclusion: Health education using a flip chart and video is effective in improving knowledge about early detection of cervical cancer among women of reproductive age. Keywords: early detection, cervical cancer, health education, women of reproductive age Correspondence: Ike Nurrochmawati. School of Health Sciences Satria Bhakti, Nganjuk. Jl. Panglima Sudirman VI, Nganjuk, East Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6282141578108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.36

Potential coverage of circulating HPV types by current and developing vaccines in a group of women in Bosnia and Herzegovina with abnormal Pap smears

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (12) ◽  
pp. 2604-2612
Author(s):  
I. SALIMOVIĆ-BEŠIĆ ◽  
M. HUKIĆ
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Abnormal Cytology ◽  
Hpv 16 ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Cervical Disease ◽  
Hpv 18

SUMMARYThe objectives of this study were to identify human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in a group of Bosnian-Herzegovinian women with abnormal cytology and to assess their potential coverage by vaccines. HPVs were identified by multiplex real-time PCR test (HPV High Risk Typing Real-TM; Sacace Biotechnologies, Italy) of 105 women with an abnormal cervical Pap smear and positive high-risk (HR) HPV DNA screening test. The most common genotypes in the study were HPV-16 (32·6%, 48/147), HPV-31 (14·3%, 21/147), HPV-51 (9·5%, 14/147) and HPV-18 (7·5%, 11/147). The overall frequency of HR HPV-16 and/or HPV-18, covered by currently available vaccines [Gardasil® (Merck & Co., USA) and Cervarix®; (GlaxoSmithKline, UK)] was lower than the overall frequency of other HPVs detected in the study (40·1%, 59/174,P= 0·017). Group prevalence of HR HPVs targeted by a nine-valent vaccine in development (code-named V503) was higher than total frequency of other HPVs detected (68·0%, 100/147,P< 0·001). Development of cervical cytological abnormalities was independent of the presence of multiple infections (χ2= 0·598,P= 0·741). Compared to other HPVs, dependence of cervical diagnosis and HPV-16, -18 (P= 0·008) and HPV-16, -18, -31 (P= 0·008) infections were observed. Vaccines targeting HR HPV-16, -18 and -31 might be an important tool in the prevention of cervical disease in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

scholarly journals Nurses’ Attitude About Pap Smear As An Early Screening Method For Cervical Cancer In The Private Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Belet Lydia Ingrit ◽  
Martina Elfrida Sinaga ◽  
Puji Astutik ◽  
Fransiska Ompusunggu
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Nurses Attitude

The prevalence of cervical cancer in Indonesia is very high, which it is estimated that every day 40-45 new cases appear. The purpose of this study was to describe nurses’ attitude about pap smear as an early detection of cervical cancer in a hospital in western Indonesia. The research method was used descriptive quantitative with purposive sampling technique. The results of this study shows that most of the respondents have the positive attitude in performing pap smears in the Western Indonesia hospitals with the percentage of 97,5% and the rest indicate negative attitude. The conclusion of this study is that the positive attitude of nurses towards early detection of pap smears is expected to be maintained and furthermore the hospital continues to provide health facilities for female nurses to carry out early detection of cervical cancer as an annual program from hospital.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK WANITA USIA SUBUR DENGAN TINDAKAN PENCEGAHAN KANKER SERVIKS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Supatmi Supatmi
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cervical Cancer Prevention ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level

AbstractBackground:  The awareness of Indonesian women to carry out early detection of cervical cancer on a regular basis have been still low. Cervical cancer can be prevented and cured by taking early detection measures because it has a long preinfassive phase. Cervical cancer prevention measures are influenced by several factors including age, education level, occupation and parity, Aims:   analyze the characteristics of women of childbearing age with cervical cancer prevention measures (HPV, IVA and Pap smear immunization) Methods: Quantitative analytic research design with cross sectional approach. The population was 193 women of fertile age in RW 9 Kelurahan Kapasan Surabaya with n Cluster Samples, the sample was 130 WUS. The research instrument used a characteristic questionnaire and cervical cancer prevention measures with a Dichotomy Question. The research variables were WUS cataristic and cervical cancer prevention behavior. Analysis with Chi-Square with a significance level of 0.05Results:  There was a relationship between age and HPV immunization (p = 0.066) and pap smear (p = 0.058), IVA action had not relationship (p = 0.770), education was related to HPV immunization (p = 0.346). IVA (0.005) was not related to pap smears = 0.603) Occupation was related to HPV immunization (p = 0.280), IVA (p = 0.000) and pap smears (p = 0.216), parity was related to HPV immunization (p = 0.003) ) and Pap smear (p = 0.117) meanwhile parity had not relationship with IVA (p = 0.839). Studying the characteristics of WUS is a first step to increase preventive efforts for cervical cancer both primary and secondary prevention   Keyword:  Characteristics of WUS, Prevention, Cervical Cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping by HPV DNA chip in cervical cancer and precancerous lesions

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.-Y. Lee ◽  
S.-M. Kim ◽  
S.-Y. Rim ◽  
H.-S. Choi ◽  
C.-S. Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
False Negative ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Dna Chip ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Hpv Dna

ObjectivesThe human papillomavirus (HPV) is a well-known cause of cervical cancer. HPV tests are used as an adjunct test to decrease the false-negative rate of cytological screening. However, attempts are being made to replace the cytological screening with HPV tests. Therefore, this study was performed to examine the possibility of using HPV tests as screening test.Materials and methodsThe results of the tests that were performed at the same time including the ThinPrep cytology, the high-risk group hybrid capture II (HC-II) test, the HPV DNA chip (HD-C) test, and a punch biopsy were compared in 400 women who were referred to us due to abnormal cytology or cervicogram. The accuracy of each test was then evaluated, and the type of virus was investigated using a HD-C test.ResultsThe positive predictive values detected by the high-risk group HC-II test and HD-C test according to the histological diagnosis outcomes were 56.8 and 53.8%, respectively, for cervicitis; 91.5 and 91.5%, respectively, for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I (CIN I); 88.1% and 81.0%, respectively, for CIN II; 88.6 and 84.2%, respectively, for CIN III, and 92.5 and 88.7%, respectively, for cancer (in 53 patients). The most prevalent types of HPV according to the HPV tests were types 16, 58, 18, and 52 in which type 16 was detected in the more advanced lesions. The sensitivity was 88.4% for the ThinPrep cytology, 89.9% for the HC-II for the high-risk group, and 86.2% for the HD-C test.ConclusionThese results suggest the possibility of using the HC-II and HD-C tests as screening tests, which have a similar sensitivity as the ThinPrep cytology. Nonetheless, randomized controlled trials will be needed before the actual application of the HPV tests as screening tests. Despite the fact that the importance of HPV type 16 in cancer development was confirmed, the prevalence of types 58 and 52 were relatively high compared with those found in other studies, showing a need for further studies on this subject. These HPV types need to be considered in vaccine development.

scholarly journals EARLY DETECTION KANKER SERVIKS SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN DERAJAT HIDUP PEREMPUAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Evicenna Naftuchah Riani ◽  
Dewi Ambarwati
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Smear Testing

ABSTRAKKanker merupakan penyebab kematian terbesar di dunia. Pada tahun 2018 terdapat 18,1 juta kasus dengan angka kematian sebesar 9,6 juta. Di Indonesia kanker serviks menduduki peringkat kedua setelah kanker payudara yang diderita oleh perempuan dengan angka kejadian 23,4/100.000 penduduk dengan rata-rata kematian sebesar 13,9/100.000 penduduk. Menurut perkiraan Kementrian Kesehatan RI saat ini, jumlah perempuan penderita baru kanker serviks berkisar 90-100 kasus per 100.000 penduduk dan setiap tahun terjadi 40 ribu kasus kanker serviks. Jawa Tengah merupakan propinsi tertinggi kedua di Indonesia dengan angka kejadaian kanker serviks sebesar 19.734 kasus. Kabupaten Banyumas tiap tahun meningkat, tahun 2010 terdapat 196 kasus, tahun 2011 terdapat 243 kasus dan pada tahun 2012 terdapat 268 kasus. Pasien yang dirawat di Rumah Sakit rata-rata sudah memasuki stadium lanjut, hanya 18,5% yang masih tahap stadium 1. Tujuan dilakukan kegiatan ibm untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan early detection kanker serviks sebagai upaya peningkatan derajat hidup perempuan. Metode yang digunakan dengan ceramah, diskusi, tanya jawab, demonstrasi iva dan pap smear serta evaluasi kegiatan. Terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan tentang tanda gejala kanker serviks dan peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya pemeriksaan IVA dan papsmear sebagai upaya peningkatan derajat hidup perempuan. Kata kunci : early detection; kanker serviks; derajat hidup perempuan. ABSTRACTCancer is the biggest cause of death in the world. In 2018 there were 18.1 million cases with a mortality rate of 9.6 million. In Indonesia cervical cancer is ranked second after breast cancer suffered by women with an incidence of 23.4 / 100,000 population with an average death of 13.9 / 100,000 population. According to current estimates of the Indonesian Ministry of Health, the number of women with new cervical cancer ranges from 90-100 cases per 100,000 population and 40 thousand cases of cervical cancer occur annually. Central Java is the second highest province in Indonesia with a cervical cancer survival rate of 19,734 cases. Banyumas Regency has increased every year, in 2010 there were 196 cases, in 2011 there were 243 cases and in 2012 there were 268 cases. Patients treated at the hospital on average had entered an advanced stage, only 18.5% were still in stage 1. The aim was to carry out ibm activities to increase knowledge of early detection of cervical cancer as an effort to increase the degree of life of women. The method used by lectures, discussions, questions and answers, demonstrations iva and pap smears and evaluation of activities. There is an increase in knowledge about the symptoms of cervical cancer and an increase in public awareness of the importance of IVA and Pap smear testing in an effort to increase the degree of life of women. Keywords : early detection; cervical cancer; degree of life of women.

scholarly journals Cervical Cancer Elimination by 2030: The “SMASH” Strategy of Raj © A Global Public Health Treatise

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajamanickam Rajkumar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Dna Test ◽  
Hpv Dna

Cervical cancer is a leading cancer among women, being the second most gynecological cancers in the developing countries, accounting for about 6 million new cases every year and 3.5 million deaths. The Cervical cancer is easily detectable by simple screening tests, like visual inspection methods, pap smear examination, and the recent HPV DNA test methods. If the precancer conditions are diagnosed, treatment can be done by ablation or excisional methods. The women can be followed by periodic cervical biopsy examinations, ideally once in 6 months for 3 years. If, at the end of 3 years, there is no evidence of cervical precancer, then the women will not develop invasive cancer stages. The HPV vaccination of adult and adolescent girls, offer more than 90% protection against Cervical Cancer. Thus, Cervical cancers are early detectable, effectively treatable and successfully preventable. The author, having been the Principal Investigator for one of the largest Cervical Cancer Screening programs in India, atAmbillikai, Tamil Nadu, India, during 2000–2007, which was in collaboration with the International Agency for Research on Cancer – IARC / WHO. The program was successful in reducing the Incidence Rate of Cervical Cancer by 25% and Mortality Rate due to Cervical Cancer, by 35% in a span of 5 years. From the experiences of this “Proof of Concept” project, the author has advocated, “SMASH” strategy of Raj©, for Cervical Cancer Elimination by 2030, which is deliberated in detail, i n this chapter. Hope that, this will serve as a Global Public Health Treatise, for the health care planners and providers in particular and the community at large, worldwide.

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