DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN AKUNTANSI PEMERINTAH DAERAH ATAS PENERAPAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 71 TAHUN 2010 DALAM RANGKA PEMBERIAN OPINI ATAS LAPORAN KEUANGAN (Studi Kasus pada Dinas Pendapatan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow)

The Implementation Government Regulation number 71 year 0f 2010 about Accrual Based Accounting Standard and The Indonesian Ministry Internal Affairs number 64 year of 2013 about Accounting Policies obligation impact for Local Government to spell the Financial Statements Accounts completely cosinst of presentation, disclosures, measurement, recognition, also used methods in Financial Statements. The Indonesian Ministry Internal Affairs number 64 year of 2013 rules the accounting entity is SKPD must be reported the Financial Statement based accrual to reported entity (DPPKAD) and than report to the BPK. This study aims to determine the extent to which the Accrual Accounting Policies implementation and also to reveal the Problems which in DPPKAD Bolaang Mongondow Regency. Bolaang Mongondow Regency through DPPKAD has outlined its accounting policies in accordance with the legislation in force through legislation regent Bolaang Mongondow number 12 year of 2014 on accounting policies. Data obtained from the DPPKAD show of 52 SKPD in Bolaang Mongondow Regency, only 6 SKPD reported financial statement to DPPKAD as the reporting entity. The results indicate that the human resources, personal transfers, SPIP weakness, understanding the rules, lack of coordination and leadership are the most decisive factors in the implementation of accounting policies in DPPKAD Bolaang Mongondow District. Then, it unveil a major constraint PPKAD Bolaang Mongondow District offices in describing the accrual-based accounting policies as a key condition of local government financial reporting to the audit board. Keywords : Human resources limitations, high number of personal transfers, SPIP weakness, understanding the rules, lack of coordination and leadership

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Enhancing Waqf Accountability: Nazhir’s Perspective towards Waqf Reporting

Al-Iqtishad Journal of Islamic Economics ◽

10.15408/aiq.v12i2.15828 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Sandra Monica ◽

Murniati Mukhlisin ◽

Dede Abdul Fatah

Keyword(s):

Human Resources ◽

Delphi Method ◽

Financial Statements ◽

Analytic Network Process ◽

Financial Statement ◽

High Quality ◽

Accounting Standard ◽

Continuous Education ◽

Help Line ◽

Network Process

Abstract. This study explores the best reporting form as a representation of waqf accountability through nazhir’s perspectives, i.e. waqf institutions in Indonesia. The method used in this study is the Analytic Network Process combined with Delphi. The results show that financial statements obtained from the first rank as the best reporting form. However, the waqf institutions could have difficulties in delivering a high-quality financial statement since there is a lack of understanding about the new waqf accounting standard that will be applied in 2021. The development of a comprehensive and down to earth guidance is crucial in helping the institutions apply the standard, with a help line as a backup. Continuous education and certification are also useful to enhance the skills of human resources in the waqf institutions concerning waqf management and accountability reporting. Keywords: Waqf Accountability; Waqf Reporting; Nazhir; ANP; Delphi method Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengksplorasi bentuk pelaporan terbaik sebagai representasi akuntabilitas wakaf, dilihat dari perspektif nazhir, yang dalam hal ini adalah institusi wakaf di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah Analytic Network Process yang dikombinasikan dengan Delphi. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa laporan keuangan yang diperoleh dari tingkat pertama adalah bentuk pelaporan terbaik. Akan tetapi, pemahaman institusi wakaf terhadap standar akuntansi wakaf terbaru yang akan diberlakukan pada tahun 2021 masih sangat kurang. Ini menyebabkan institusi wakaf mengalami kesulitan dalam menyusun laporan keuangan yang berkualitas baik. Pengembangan pedoman pelaporan yang komprehensif dan mudah dipahami diperlukan untuk membantu institusi wakaf. Hal ini perlu disertai layanan bantuan yang dapat diakses setiap saat. Pendidikan berkelanjutan dan sertifikasi juga dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan keahlian sumber daya manusia di institusi wakaf terkait manajemen wakaf dan pelaporan akuntabilitas.Kata kunci: Akuntabilitas Wakaf; Pelaporan Wakaf; Nazhir; ANP; Metode Delphi

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Financial statement comparability in the extractive industry

Accounting Research Journal ◽

10.1108/arj-08-2019-0161 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 523-541

Author(s):

Christelle Smith ◽

Elmar R. Venter

Keyword(s):

Financial Reporting ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Financial Statements ◽

Financial Statement ◽

Accounting Standard ◽

Extractive Industry ◽

Content Type ◽

Financial Reporting Standards ◽

Ifrs Adoption ◽

Cross Country

Purpose This paper aims to investigate financial statement comparability in the extractive industry. This paper focuses on the extractive industry because International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) contain limited guidance on the accounting treatment for exploration and evaluation (E&E) costs and IFRS 6 – Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources allowed firms to continue with existing divergent accounting treatment of E&E costs. Design/methodology/approach The authors use data from Australia, a country that adopted IFRS in 2005 with a large extractive industry. They also compare changes in cross-country comparability around the IFRS adoption date between Australian firms and adopters relative to Australian firms and non-adopters to better isolate changes in comparability that are attributable to the adoption of IFRS from other sources that are not related to the adoption of IFRS. The authors measure comparability consistent with De Franco et al. (2011) where financial statements are comparable when two firms produce similar accounting amounts for similar economic events. Findings For non-extractive industry firms, the authors find the comparability of financial statements of Australian firms increased with other adopters and that this increase was relatively greater than the increase with non-adopter firms. This evidence is consistent with comparability benefits associated with the adoption of IFRS. However, for extractive industry firms, the authors do not find a significantly greater increase in the comparability of financial statements of Australian firms with adopters relative to the increase with non-adopters, suggesting that the increase is likely not associated with the adoption of IFRS. In additional analysis, they find that following IFRS adoption non-extractive Australian firms have greater within-country comparability relative to extractive Australian firms, while there was no difference in the pre-adoption period. Originality/value The evidence suggests that the divergent practices for E&E costs under IFRS 6 and the lack of an accounting standard that deals with matters relating to the extractive industry hinder the comparability of financial statements in this industry.

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IMPLEMENTATION OF GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS TOWARD LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: CASE STUDY IN DELI SERDANG, INDONESIA

Journal of Social Sciences ◽

10.52326/jss.utm.2021.4(2).10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol IV (2) ◽

pp. 98-106

Author(s):

Fitri Yani Panggabean ◽

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Financial Management ◽

Local Governments ◽

Government Regulation ◽

Financial Statements ◽

Financial Accounting ◽

Financial Statement ◽

Accounting System ◽

Accounting Systems ◽

Balance Sheets

This paper aims to determine how the application of government financial accounting systems for financial statements government in the Deli Serdang district. The autonomy that has been carried out since 1999 in Indonesia refers to Law number 32 of 2004, which has been revised. Thus, local governments are given the authority to manage finances independently. The use of finance must be carried out accountably and transparently. The study was conducted in the Deli Serdang regency government – Indonesia, with descriptive qualitative research. The data were obtained primarily by the documentation technique, which is a regional financial statement document for two years, a central and local government regulation document. The results showed that; 1) preparation of financial statements, the Deli Serdang regency government has implemented a financial accounting system with inadequate equipment such as an uncomputerized system that has delayed financial statements; 2) delays in financial statements are also caused by unskilled human resources and a bit number of employees for the application of government financial accounting systems; 3) financial statements at the end of the year found that the calculation of the budget, calculation of the budget memorandum, cash flow, and balance sheets are in accordance. However, it is constrained by the unavailability of data comparisons with the previous year; and 4) the structure of government financial management organizations in the form of a direct line, in which leaders and employees have direct responsibility regarding their duties. This can facilitate the coordination of supervisors for the better.

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The Determinant of Financial Statements-Content Information: Corporate Governance as a Mediating Variable

Journal of Accounting and Business Education ◽

10.26675/jabe.v1i2.8491 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 247

Author(s):

Siti Nurohmi ◽

Sutrisno Sutrisno ◽

Zaki Baridwan

Keyword(s):

Corporate Governance ◽

Human Resources ◽

Financial Reporting ◽

Internal Control ◽

Financial Statements ◽

Financial Statement ◽

Survey Method ◽

Human Resource Capacity ◽

Resource Capacity ◽

Content Information

This study aimed to examine the effect of human resource capacity, internal control, utilization of information technology and corporate governance of the financial statement information. Retrieving data using a survey method. The sample in this study is the head of the bureau, division chief, section chief, head of the sub-division and the administrative manager of financial spread in the working area of Perum Jasa Tirta I is Brantas River and Bengawan Solo. A total of 148 data processed using smartPLS. The results of this study indicate that the capacity of human resources and internal control affecting corporate governance, in addition to the capacity of human resources and corporate governance affects the financial statements information directly. The implication of this study is the management of Perum Jasa Tirta I must ensure that the human resources that exist in the company are resources that are competent and have sufficient internal control, so as to improve the implementation of corporate governance and financial reporting information delivered in a timely manner. Keywords: determinants of financial statements information, corporate governance.

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OPINI AUDIT DAN PENGUNGKAPAN ATAS LAPORAN KEUANGAN PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN SERTA KAITANNYA DENGAN KORUPSI DI INDONESIA

ETIKONOMI ◽

10.15408/etk.v13i1.1875 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rini Rini ◽

Adhariani Sarah

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Financial Reporting ◽

Reporting Quality ◽

Financial Statements ◽

Financial Statement ◽

Quality Of Reporting ◽

Audit Opinion ◽

Content Analysis Method ◽

The Relationship

The study examined the relationship between the areas of financial reporting quality proxy by the audit opinion of the financial statements and the disclosure of local government (LKPD) districts, as well as the level of corruption in Indonesia. Study is qualitative and descriptive content analysis method (content) to process the data. The results of this study indicate that the quality of reporting of financial statements has increased as indicated by the improvement in the audit opinion above LKPD district in Indonesia. The second finding shows there is no link between the financial statement disclosures local government district with the opinion given by the BPK. The third findings showed case of corruption in Indonesian is increasing. The findings of the fourth, the disclosure of financial statements and audit opinions district has associated with the level of corruption in IndonesiaDOI: 10.15408/etk.v13i1.1875

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Analysis Effect of Accrual Discretion Against SILPA (SIKPA) Budget Calculations on Local Government

SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ◽

10.29259/sijdeb.v2i4.293-316 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 293

Author(s):

Abdul Rohman

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Local Governments ◽

Government Regulation ◽

Accounting Standards ◽

Financial Statements ◽

Discretionary Accruals ◽

Accounting System ◽

Accounting Standard ◽

Government Accounting ◽

The Government

The research we carry out is aimed at researching the implementation of measures taken by the local government (discretionary accruals) to the substantial amount of the budget obtained local governments in the current year. The government has issued regulations governing the Home Minister on the implementation of government's implementation of accrual based accounting system. Also, the government has issued Government Regulation No. 71 of 2010 concerning the Government Accounting Standard (PSAP) based on accrual. Governments in developing government accounting standards has also attempted to adopt international public sector accounting standards (IPSAS).Our study is a continuation of a research study before we take on research on the level of accrual in the financial statements of Local Government and research on the effect of discretionary accruals on revenue of local governments. This study uses some model approach

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STANDART AKUNTANSI PEMERINTAHAN (SAP) PERATURAN PEMERINTAHAN NO 71 TAHUN 2010 ATAS PERLAKUAN AKUNTANSI-LO DAN BEBAN PADA PEMERINTAH DAERAH

El Muhasaba Jurnal Akuntansi ◽

10.18860/em.v7i2.3889 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 203

Author(s):

Indra Mustika Sari ◽

Nanik Wahyuni

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Financial Reporting ◽

Quantitative Method ◽

Government Regulation ◽

Accounting Standards ◽

Accounting Standard ◽

Government Accounting ◽

Accrual Basis ◽

The Government

AbstractThis Study aimed to analyze the accounting treatment of Revenue-LO and Expenses arising from the change of Government Accounting Standards PP. 24/2015 with Cash Towards Accrual Basis be PP. 71/2010 with Accrual basis. Kediri Regency Government as government entity shall carry out accounting Revenue-LO and Expenses base on accrual-based SAP in accordance with PP. 71/2010 and presented in Statement of Operations (LO) in 2015 with the financial reporting provisions contained in the Statement of Accounting Standards accrual-based government. This research uses descriptive quantitative method is to describe the accounting Revenue-LO and Expenses that occurred in Kediri Regency Government with implementation of the conformity of Government Regulation No. 71/2010 about the Government Accounting Standard so that it can be deduced. The result showed that according to PP. 71/2010, The Government of Kediri Regency had implemented the accrual based accounting for Revenue-LO and Expenses appropriately. The accounting treatment for Revenue-LO dan Expenses which has been analyzed include the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure. The Recognition of Revenue-LO and Expenses was made when it arises right and obligations of local government. The measurement of Revenue-LO was carried out with gross principles, while the Expenses measurement was not explained in SAP. The presentation of Revenue-LO and Expenses was presented in the Statements of Operetions (LO) according to the classification in BAS. Disclosure of Revenue-LO and Expenses are disclosed detail in CaLK. Overall, Therefore, it can be concluded that the Kediri Regency Government has done the accounting treatment of Revenue-LO and Expenses in accordance with SAP PP. 71/2010.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlakuan akuntansi Pendapatan-LO dan Beban yang timbul akibat terjadinya perubahan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan PP. 24 Tahun 2005 dengan basis Cash Towards Accrual menjadi PP 71 Tahun 2010 dengan basis Acrrual. Pemerintah Kabupaten Kediri sebagai entitas pemerintah wajib melaksanakan akuntansi Pendapatan-LO dan Beban yang didasarkan pada SAP berbasis akrual sesuai dengan PP. 71 Tahun 2010 dan disajikan dalam Laporan Operasional (LO) pada pelaporan keuangan tahun 2015 dengan ketentuan-ketentuan yang termuat dalam Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan sehingga bisa ditarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 71 Tahun 2010, Pemeerintah Kabupaten Kediri telah menerapkan akuntansi berbasis akrual atas Pendapatan-LO dan Beban secara benar. Perlakuan akuntansi atas Pendapatan-LO dan beban yang telah dilakukan analisis meliputi proses pengakuan, pengukuran, penyajian dan pengungkapan. Pengakuan Pendapatan-LO dan Beban dilakukan ketika timbul hak dan kewajiban Pemerintah Daerah. Pengukuran Pengukuran Pendapatan-LO dilakukan dengan azas bruto, sedangkan pengukuran Beban belum terdapat penjelasan dalam SAP Penyajian Pendapatan-LO dan Beban disajikan dalam Laporan Operasional (LO) sesuai klasifikasi dalam BAS. Pengungkapan Pendapatan-LO dan Beban telah diungkapkan secara rinci dalam CaLK. Dengan demikian secara keseluruhan dapat disimpulkan bahwa Pemerintah Kabupaten Kediri telah melakukan perlakuan akuntansi Pendapatan-LO dan Beban sesuai dengan SAP PP. 71 Tahun 2010.

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ANALISIS PENERAPAN STANDAR AKUNTANSI PEMERINTAH TERHADAP ASET TETAP PEMERINTAH DAERAH KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW

ACCOUNTABILITY ◽

10.32400/ja.14427.5.2.2016.84-97 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 84

Author(s):

Enda Baisida Lauma ◽

Jenny Morasa ◽

Lintje Kalangi

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Government Regulation ◽

Financial Statement ◽

Accounting Standard ◽

Governmental Accounting ◽

Government Accounting ◽

Current Asset ◽

District Government ◽

Accrual Basis ◽

The Government

Government Accounting Standard have changed from Cash Basis is to comply with the Government Regulation number 24 2005s to Government Regulation number 71 2010s. Requirement to implemented Accrual basis SAP by the Local Government was start in the Local Government Financial Statement for the year ended on December 2015s. The District Government of Bolaang Mongondow, before implemented accrual basis PP 71/2010 always received non-WTP opinion, because of asset problems. The objective of the research is to analyze the implementation of Government Accounting Standard to Fix Asset on the District Government of Bolaang Mongondow. The result of research indicate that although the District Government of Bolaang Mongondow has implemented the SAP based on accrual basis on this fix assets based on regulation (PP 71/2010) at Local Government Financial Statement Budget Year 2015s, it is found that financial statement still have constraints such differences in recording those assets between accounting division and assets division. In addition, there is non-current asset which do not master by SKPD, there is no information regarding existing assets, and some assets are also not clearly described. Those constraints have caused to gain Qualified Opinion of LKPD 2015s as audited by BPK. Keywords : Implementation, Governmental Accounting Standard, Fix Asset.

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The Reporting Entity in Private-Public Accounting Harmonisation. Is Control Enough for the Local Government Consolidated Financial Statements?

FINANCIAL REPORTING ◽

10.3280/fr2017-001001 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 5-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Cristian Carini ◽

Laura Rocca ◽

Claudio Teodori ◽

Monica Veneziani

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Local Government ◽

Accounting Standards ◽

Financial Statements ◽

Consolidated Financial Statements ◽

The Public ◽

Financial Accountability ◽

Public Sector Accounting ◽

Definition Of ◽

Reporting Entity

The European Commission initiated a discussion on the expediency of using the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), based on the IAS/IFRS, as a common base for harmonizing the public sector accounting systems of the member states. However, literature suggests that accounting is not neutral with respect to the economic, social and political dimensions. In the perspective of evolution of the accounting regulation outlined, balanced between accountability, with the need to represent phenomena for reporting pur-poses, and decisionmaking issues, which concentrates on the quantitative importance of the values, the paper aims to analyse the effects of the application of different criteria for the definition of the reporting entity of the local government consolidated financial statements (CFS). The Italian PCA 4/4, the test of control and the financial accountability approaches are examined. The evidence that emerged from the case studies examined identifies several criticalities in the Italian PCA 4/4 and support the thesis that the financial accountability approach is more effective in providing a complete representation of the public resources entrusted to and managed by the group, whereas the control approach better approximates quantification of the group results in terms of central government surveillance. The analysis highlights the importance of the post implementation review period and the opportunity to contextualize the adoption of the consolidated financial statement in the broader spectrum of the accounting harmonization process, participating in the process of definition of the European Public Sector Accounting Standards (EPSAS).

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Fraud of Financial Statements at Listed Enterprises on Ho Chi Minh City Securities Department

VNU Journal of Science Economics and Business ◽

10.25073/2588-1108/vnueab.4129 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Nguyen Tien Hung ◽

Huynh Van Sau

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Financial Reporting ◽

Financial Statements ◽

Financial Statement ◽

Viet Nam ◽

Fraud Triangle ◽

Fraudulent Financial Reporting ◽

Financial Statement Fraud ◽

Corporate Fraud ◽

Two Factors

The study was conducted to identify fraudulent financial statements at listed companies (DNNY) on the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HOSE) through the Triangular Fraud Platform This is a test of VSA 240. At the same time, the conformity assessment of this model in the Vietnamese market. The results show that the model is based on two factors: the ratio of sales to total assets and return on assets; an Opportunity Factor (Education Level); and two factors Attitude (change of independent auditors and opinion of independent auditors). This model is capable of accurately forecasting more than 78% of surveyed sample businesses and nearly 72% forecasts for non-research firms. Keywords Triangle fraud, financial fraud report, VSA 240 References Nguyễn Tiến Hùng & Võ Hồng Đức (2017), “Nhận diện gian lận báo cáo tài chính: Bằng chứng thực nghiệm tại các doanh nghiệp niêm yết ở Việt Nam”, Tạp chí Công Nghệ Ngân Hàng, số 132 (5), tr. 58-72.[2]. Hà Thị Thúy Vân (2016), “Thủ thuật gian lận trong lập báo cáo tài chính của các công ty niêm yết”, Tạp chí tài chính, kỳ 1, tháng 4/2016 (630). [3]. Cressey, D. R. (1953). Other people's money; a study of the social psychology of embezzlement. New York, NY, US: Free Press.[4]. Bộ Tài Chính Việt Nam, (2012). Chuẩn mực kiểm toán Việt Nam số 240 – Trách nhiệm của kiểm toán viên đối với gian lận trong kiểm toán báo cáo tài chính. [5]. Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of financial economics, 3(4), 305-360.[6]. Võ Hồng Đức & Phan Bùi Gia Thủy (2014), Quản trị công ty: Lý thuyết và cơ chế kiểm soát, Ấn bản lần 1, Tp.HCM, Nxb Thanh Niên.[7]. Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman independence on corporate fraud. Managerial Finance 26 (11): 55-67.[9]. Skousen, C. J., Smith, K. R., & Wright, C. J. (2009). Detecting and predicting financial statement fraud: The effectiveness of the fraud triangle and SAS No. 99. Available at SSRN 1295494.[10]. Lou, Y. I., & Wang, M. L. (2011). Fraud risk factor of the fraud triangle assessing the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting. Journal of Business and Economics Research (JBER), 7(2).[11]. Perols, J. L., & Lougee, B. A. (2011). The relation between earnings management and financial statement fraud. Advances in Accounting, 27(1), 39-53.[12]. Trần Thị Giang Tân, Nguyễn Trí Tri, Đinh Ngọc Tú, Hoàng Trọng Hiệp và Nguyễn Đinh Hoàng Uyên (2014), “Đánh giá rủi ro gian lận báo cáo tài chính của các công ty niêm yết tại Việt Nam”, Tạp chí Phát triển kinh tế, số 26 (1) tr.74-94.[13]. Kirkos, E., Spathis, C., & Manolopoulos, Y. (2007). Data mining techniques for the detection of fraudulent financial statements. Expert Systems with Applications, 32(4), 995-1003.[14]. Amara, I., Amar, A. B., & Jarboui, A. (2013). Detection of Fraud in Financial Statements: French Companies as a Case Study. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(3), 40-51.[15]. Beasley, M. S. (1996). An empirical analysis of the relation between the board of director composition and financial statement fraud. Accounting Review, 443-465.[16]. Beneish, M. D. (1999). The detection of earnings manipulation. Financial Analysts Journal, 55(5), 24-36.[17]. Persons, O. S. (1995). Using financial statement data to identify factors associated with fraudulent financial reporting. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 11(3), 38-46.[18]. Summers, S. L., & Sweeney, J. T. (1998). Fraudulently misstated financial statements and insider trading: An empirical analysis. Accounting Review, 131-146.[19]. Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. (1996). Causes and consequences of earnings manipulation: An analysis of firms subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary accounting research, 13(1), 1-36.[20]. Loebbecke, J. K., Eining, M. M., & Willingham, J. J. (1989). Auditors experience with material irregularities – Frequency, nature, and detectability. Auditing – A journal of practice and Theory, 9(1), 1-28. [21]. Abbott, L. J., Park, Y., & Parker, S. (2000). The effects of audit committee activity and independence on corporate fraud. Managerial Finance, 26(11), 55-68.[22]. Farber, D. B. (2005). Restoring trust after fraud: Does corporate governance matter?. The Accounting Review, 80(2), 539-561.[23]. Stice, J. D. (1991). Using financial and market information to identify pre-engagement factors associated with lawsuits against auditors. Accounting Review, 516-533.[24]. Beasley, M. S., Carcello, J. V., & Hermanson, D. R. (1999). COSO's new fraud study: What it means for CPAs. Journal of Accountancy, 187(5), 12.[25]. Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. H. (1990). Applied statistical models.Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Burr Ridge, IL.[26]. Gujarati, D. N. (2009). Basic econometrics. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.[27]. McFadden, D. (1974). Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualita-tive Choice Behavior," in Frontiers in Econometrics, P. Zarenm-bka, ed. New York: Academic Press, 105-42.(1989). A Method of Simulated Moments for Estimation of Discrete Response Models Without Numerical Integration," Econometrica, 54(3), 1027-1058.[28]. DA Cohen, ADey, TZ Lys. (2008), “Accrual-Based Earnings Management in the Pre-and Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Periods”. The accounting review.

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