scholarly journals An Optimality Theory Account Of English Loanwords In Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu (Uttar Pradesh) India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5C) ◽  
pp. 758-765
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Conflict Situation ◽  
Consonant Cluster ◽  
Phonological Information ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Powerful Mechanism ◽  
Theoretical Developments

This paper contains the English Loanwords and their physical mechanism in Pilibhit Hind-Urdu that generalizes the different types of interchanging accounts of phonemes. The purpose of this paper is to present an account of English loanwords and their intervention in Urdu spoken in Pilibhit (U.P.), India within a framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993). The groundwork of this study lead towards basically describe the facts and proposes theoretical account of alteration of phonemes in English Loanwords and how the native speakers of Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu substitute and break consonant cluster and use in communication. There are many conflicts in the intervention of phonemes as deletion, insertion, voicing, devoicing, assimilation, aspiration, deaspiration etc of English loanwords in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. We propose that such conflicts can be resolve by using Optimality Theoretic ranking of constraints and find out proper language specific facts expressed with parameters. This not only makes the grammar simpler, but it also allows the lower ranked constraints to have an effect in a non-conflict situation. This paper is about the nature of loanwords and more specially, the proper relationship between phonemes and candidate sets within the framework of Optimality Theory. We shall argue that the phonological information of phoneme is the best encoded in constraints rather than in representations. In this paper we examine some of the better-known arguments originally adduce in support of constraint rankings and argue that adoption of loanwords such a powerful mechanism and justified with proper evidence that create some effective processes at least in the cases discuses. Theoretical insights from OT enrich our understanding of Hindi-Urdu phonology, and data also reveal implicit figure prominently in the latest theoretical developments within OT.

scholarly journals Directive Speech Acts in English and Spanish Filmspeak

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-125
Author(s):  
Carlos de Pablos-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Spanish Film ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Film Scripts ◽  
Directive Speech ◽  
Local Grammar

AbstractThe main aim of the study is to ascertain contrastively, in English and Spanish, how directive speech acts are represented in film discourse. For the purpose of the investigation, the directive speech acts of 24 films, 12 in English and 12 in Spanish, were extracted and analysed. A classification taxonomy, inspired by previous research, was created in order to categorize the different types of directive speech acts and determine their level of (in)directness. The results show that indirectness is more widely represented in the English than in the Spanish film scripts, thus confirming the assertion that being indirect is a distinctive feature of English native speakers (Grundy, 2008). This research makes a valuable contribution to the exploration of speech acts in filmspeak and informs the existing local grammar descriptions of the linguistic patterns of directive speech acts.

scholarly journals Phonological Analysis of Errors in the Consonant Cluster System Encountered by Saudi EFL Learners

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1237-1248
Author(s):  
Eman M. Al-Yami ◽  
Anwar A. H. Al-Athwary
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Language Instruction ◽  
English Department ◽  
Consonant Cluster ◽  
Freshman Year ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Inadequate Knowledge ◽  
Correct Pronunciation ◽  
Efl Students ◽  
Language Influence

This study investigates the pronunciation difficulty of selected English consonant clusters (CCs) encountered by Saudi EFL learners. The sample consisted of 134 female Saudi EFL students in their freshman year in the English Department at Najran University. Two instruments were used: a pronunciation test that assessed participants’ CC pronunciations in the onset and coda positions and a questionnaire that explored participants’ attitudes towards their CC pronunciations. This study provides detailed data on the participants’ pronunciation difficulties using Optimality Theory (OT). The results showed that the participants encountered CC pronunciation difficulties in both the onset and coda positions. However, most errors occurred in the coda position, especially for the four-consonant pattern (-CCCC). Participants used different strategies to simplify their CC pronunciations: epenthesis, deletion, substitution, or some combination thereof. Questionnaire data indicated that the participants attributed their pronunciation difficulties to inadequate knowledge of the pronunciation rules, insufficient language instruction, and native-language influence. The participants proffered some remedies to their difficulties, which included doing more pronunciation drills and offering a new course focused primarily on correct pronunciation. OT analysis revealed that onset clusters were mainly influenced by L1 ranking constraints whereas coda clusters were more influenced by universal Markedness constraints. OT indicated that the tendency to satisfy Markedness constraints over the Faithfulness constraints led the participants to use the above-mentioned simplification strategies.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Blood Groups in Eastern UP Population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Vandana Rai
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Allelic Frequency ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Allele Frequency Distribution ◽  
Abo Blood Groups ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Different Types

Approximately 300 different types of blood groups are identified so far, the ABO and Rh antigens are still the clinically most significant and genetically most polymorphic of all human blood group systems to date. A total of 200 unrelated individuals from Uttar Pradesh were studied for the phenotype and allele frequency distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups. In total 200 samples analyzed, phenotype B blood type has the highest frequency 36.5% (n=73), followed by O (34.5%; n=69), A (20.5%; n=41) and AB (8.5%; n=17). The O, A and B frequencies were 0.5849, 0.1571 and 0.2580 respectively. The overall phenotypic frequencies of ABO blood groups were B>O>A>AB. The variation in phenotypic frequencies between male and female might be due to small sample size of male sample. The allelic frequency of Rh-negative was 0.2.

Architecture of Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla Packevich
Keyword(s):  
Planetary System ◽  
Conflict Situation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Science Students ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Energy ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

The monograph, on the one hand, examines the period of development of the descending cycle of evolution and the associated progressive changes that show the irreversibility of the processes of formation of the planetary system. The end of one cycle and the beginning of another leads to the transformation of the system of life and the expansion of consciousness at a new energy level. On the other hand, the questions of potential opportunities for the development of the ascending phase of evolution, which goes both along the path of complexity of the organization and along the path of diversity, are considered. In the ascending evolutionary stream, what has been differentiated into the corresponding levels in the descending cycle is brought together and thus prepared to enter into new, more perfect forms of unity. It is shown that the development of humanity along its entire path depends on the interaction of energies of various forms and potentials. Understanding the relationships between different types of energy and their use provides insight into many important issues in the evolution of society. The material introduces the modern features of the existence of the male and female sexes from the energy point of view. The idea of a way out of the current conflict situation that has arisen between the sexes at the present stage of evolution is proposed. It will be useful for those interested in the problems of scientific knowledge, architects, philosophers,historians, physicists and methodologists of science, students and students of secondary schools.

scholarly journals Initial effective stress controls the nature of earthquakes

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
François X. Passelègue ◽  
Michelle Almakari ◽  
Pierre Dublanchet ◽  
Fabian Barras ◽  
Jérôme Fortin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Stress ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Fault Slip ◽  
Rupture Velocity ◽  
Complete Spectrum ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Shallow Part

Abstract Modern geophysics highlights that the slip behaviour response of faults is variable in space and time and can result in slow or fast ruptures. However, the origin of this variation of the rupture velocity in nature as well as the physics behind it is still debated. Here, we first highlight how the different types of fault slip observed in nature appear to stem from the same physical mechanism. Second, we reproduce at the scale of the laboratory the complete spectrum of rupture velocities observed in nature. Our results show that the rupture velocity can range from a few millimetres to kilometres per second, depending on the available energy at the onset of slip, in agreement with theoretical predictions. This combined set of observations bring a new explanation of the dominance of slow rupture fronts in the shallow part of the crust or in areas suspected to present large fluid pressure.

scholarly journals Variation is information: Analyses of variation across items, participants, time, and methods in metalinguistic judgment data

Linguistics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-81
Author(s):  
Véronique Verhagen ◽  
Maria Mos ◽  
Joost Schilperoord ◽  
Ad Backus
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Judgment Data

AbstractIn a usage-based framework, variation is part and parcel of our linguistic experiences, and therefore also of our mental representations of language. In this article, we bring attention to variation as a source of information. Instead of discarding variation as mere noise, we examine what it can reveal about the representation and use of linguistic knowledge. By means of metalinguistic judgment data, we demonstrate how to quantify and interpret four types of variation: variation across items, participants, time, and methods. The data concern familiarity ratings assigned by 91 native speakers of Dutch to 79 Dutch prepositional phrases such as in de tuin ‘in the garden’ and rond de ingang ‘around the entrance’. Participants performed the judgment task twice within a period of one to two weeks, using either a 7-point Likert scale or a Magnitude Estimation scale. We explicate the principles according to which the different types of variation can be considered information about mental representation, and we show how they can be used to test hypotheses regarding linguistic representations.

Light verb constructions in spoken L2 English

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëtanelle Gilquin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
Light Verb Constructions ◽  
Light Verb ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
The Trinity

Abstract Light verb constructions (LVCs), that is, combinations like take a walk or make a choice, are often claimed to be problematic for non-native speakers of English. In this paper, spoken data from the Trinity Lancaster Corpus are used to explore the use of these constructions across different sections of the corpus, representing different proficiency levels (from lower intermediate to upper advanced) as well as different types of acquisitional contexts, namely English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and English as a Second Language (ESL). The results of the study reveal a tendency towards an increased frequency of LVCs, as well as more complex and abstract uses, as we move from an intermediate to an advanced level and from an EFL to an ESL context. For the EFL speakers, this development corresponds to a better approximation to native English. For the ESL speakers, on the other hand, LVCs seem to have become ‘constructional teddy bears’, used more often than by the native speakers themselves.

Quantified Optimality and the Phonological Parsing of Korean Sov Sentences

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 25-54
Author(s):  
David J. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Rating Data ◽  
Variable Nature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Phonological Phrase

Abstract. In an attempt to understand the variable nature of phonological phrasing in Korean, this study analyzes intuitional judgments of 53 native speakers of Korean who evaluated possible phonological phrasings of simple Subject-Object-Verb sentences: [S]-[OV], [SO]-[V], [SOV], and [S]-[O]-[V]. Analysis of the quantified rating data reveals a strong preference for a subject-predicate phrasing ([S]-[OV]) and a distinct dispreference for the phrasing in which the subject and object were grouped into a single phonological constituent ([SO]-[V]). These preferences are then analyzed in the context of a constraint-based theoretical framework; by extending the Optimality Theory (OT) notion of "ranking" to include not only constraints but also candidates, we corroborate the existence of preference patterns in native-speaker intuitions regarding the phrasing of [SOV]. These patterns are explained by referencing three putatively universal constraints that govern the phonological phrase formation: one that aligns phonological phrases with syntactic phrases, a second that requires phonological phrases to be binary branching, and a third that limits the weight of phonological phrases to five syllables. Although the quantitative data and the proposed OT account are not in complete agreement, the account put forward should encourage further research into a more comprehensive integration of variation studies and OT.

scholarly journals Review and Mechanism of the Thickness Effect of Solid Dielectrics

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2473
Author(s):  
Liang Zhao ◽  
Chun Liang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Breakdown Strength ◽  
Power Relation ◽  
Thickness Effect ◽  
Power Exponent ◽  
Relative Standard Error ◽  
Dielectric Thickness ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Solid Dielectrics

The thickness effect of solid dielectrics means the relation between the electric breakdown strength (EBD) and the dielectric thickness (d). By reviewing different types of expressions of EBD on d, it is found that the minus power relation (EBD = E1d−a) is supported by plenty of experimental results. The physical mechanism responsible for the minus power relation of the thickness effect is reviewed and improved. In addition, it is found that the physical meaning of the power exponent a is approximately the relative standard error of the EBD distributions in perspective of the Weibull distribution. In the end, the factors influencing the power exponent a are discussed.

scholarly journals Rights, Inequality, and Afro-Descendant Heritage in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fernanda Escallón
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
State Recognition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Powerful Mechanism ◽  
Afro Brazilian

For the past thirty years, the Brazilian government has recognized dozens of sites and cultural practices of Afro-descendant groups as national heritage, including the historical maroon site Quilombo dos Palmares. As this site has gained international notoriety, academic research has focused on the value of this historical landmark for commemorating Afro-Brazilian heritage. This article looks to the ambiguous effects of such commemoration on contemporary people living in the area, some of whom are being forcefully evicted from the site in connection with its heritage status. The article addresses the vulnerability experienced by these residents, as it highlights broader issues associated with multicultural and heritage-recognition policies in Brazil. Specifically, I analyze the policies protecting contemporary maroon descendants and sites to reveal why Palmares residents making claims on their land and heritage fall outside of state recognition. I argue that as these policies have become an increasingly powerful mechanism for protecting Afro-Brazilian and minority groups, they have also acquired the capacity to hurt the most vulnerable individuals within these communities. Two very different types of heritage stand to be protected at Palmares: one of the historical maroons and their contemporary kin, and another of the structurally unequal system that inadvertently replicates the oppression it intends to dismantle. In the context of massive inequality that disproportionately affects blacks, maroon descendants, indigenous, and other minority populations in Brazil, it is critical to consider how political strategies for redressing ethnoracial inequality may also end up perpetuating segregation. Resumo Ao longo dos últimos trinta anos, o governo brasileiro tem reconhecido como patrimônio cultural dezenas de espaços e práticas culturais de grupos afrodescendentes, entre estes, o espaço histórico do Quilombo dos Palmares. À medida que este local tem adquirido notoriedade histórica internacional, a pesquisa acadêmica tem priorizado a importância do local no que se refere à comemoração do patrimônio cultural afro-brasileiro. Meu trabalho analisa as consequências de tal reconhecimento patrimonial na vida de populações que residem atualmente nesta região, algumas das quais estão sendo expulsas à força do local, devido à declaratória deste como patrimônio cultural. Analiso também as vulnerabilidades experimentadas por tais populações, no contexto da problemática mais ampla das políticas multiculturais de reconhecimento do patrimônio no Brasil. Especificamente, examino as políticas de proteção aos quilombos e indivíduos quilombolas, e analiso como e por que o Estado não reconhece as reclamações de terras e patrimônio feitas pelos residentes de Palmares. Minha tese é que embora tais políticas venham sendo poderosos mecanismos de proteção aos grupos afro-brasileiros e às minorias, têm também adquirido uma capacidade desproporcional para prejudicar os indivíduos mais vulneráveis daquelas comunidades. Assim sendo, a declaração de Palmares oferece proteção a dois patrimônios muito distintos: um é dos quilombos históricos e seus descendentes contemporâneos, e outro, do sistema estruturalmente desigual que tem como consequência inesperada a replicação da mesma opressão que a própria política visava a desmantelar. Dentro do contexto de desigualdade massiva no Brasil, que prejudica desproporcionalmente as populações negras, os quilombolas, os indígenas e outras minorias, é de suma importância considerar como as políticas atuais que visam à reparação da desigualdade etnorracial também levam à perpetuação da segregação.

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