scholarly journals A Survey on Computer Ethics (w.r.t. Artificial Intelligence, Robot Weaponry, Fuzzy Systems, Autonomous Vehicles)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-210
Author(s):  
Naresh Kshetri
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Fuzzy Systems ◽  
Computer Ethics ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Human Control ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
Machine Work

Computer Ethics study has reached a point where Artificial Intelligence, Robot, Fuzzy Systems, Autonomous Vehicles and Autonomous Weapon Systems ethics are implemented in order to make a machine work without intervening and harming others. This survey presents many previous works in this field of computer ethics with respect to artificial intelligence, robot weaponry, fuzzy systems and autonomous vehicles. The paper discusses the different ethics and scenarios up through the current technological advancements and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the different ethics and needs of morality. It is observed that all ethics are equally important today, but human control and responsibility matters. Most recent technology can be implemented or improved by careful observation and involvement of organizations like the United Nations, International Committee for Robot Arms Control, Geneva Conventions and so on.

scholarly journals The Design of Human Oversight in Autonomous Weapon Systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Verdiesen
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Human Control ◽  
Autonomous Weapons ◽  
Technical Architecture ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Weapons Systems

Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) can be defined as weapons systems equipped with Artificial Intelligence (AI). They are an emerging technology and are increasingly deployed on the battlefield. In the societal debate on Autonomous Weapon Systems, the concept of Meaningful Human Control (MHC) is often mentioned as requirement, but MHC will not suffice as requirement to minimize unintended consequences of Autonomous Weapon Systems, because the definition of ‘control’ implies that one has the power to influence or direct the course of events or the ability to manage a machine. The characteristics autonomy, interactivity and adaptability of AI  in Autonomous Weapon Systems inherently imply that control in strict sense is not possible. Therefore, a different approach is needed to minimize unintended consequences of AWS. Several scholars are describing the concept of Human Oversight in Autonomous Weapon Systems and AI in general. Just recently Taddeo and Floridi (2018) describe that human oversight procedures are necessary to minimize unintended consequences and to compensate unfair impacts of AI. In my PhD project, I will analyse the concepts that are needed to define, model, evaluate and ensure human oversight in Autonomous Weapons and design a technical architecture to implement this.

scholarly journals Risks and Ethical-Legal Models of Using Artificial Intelligence Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Dmitrii V. Bakhteev
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Intelligence Studies ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Technology ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Systems

The matter under research of the legal patterns of interaction between the society and individuals and artificial intelligence technologies. Elements of the matter under research is the technological grounds for functioning of artificial intelligence systems, potential risks and negative consequences of using this technology based on the example of intellectual processing personal data and autonomous vehicles and weapon systems, ethical and legal approaches to its regulation. Bakhteev analyzes approaches to describing positions of artificial intelligence systems and whether these systems have personalities and thus certain rights. The research is based on the method of modelling that is used to describe stages of ethical-legal research of artificial intelligence technology. The author also describes different kinds of responses of the society to the development of the aforesaid technology. The main conclusions of the research is the description of stages of artificial intelligence studies, in particular, analysis of the technology itself, associated risks and responses of the society and creation of ethical and then legal grounds for regulation of this technology. The author gives the results of the analysis of possible ethical-legal models of subjectivity of artificial intelligence systems from the point of view of the need and possibility to grant them certain rights. These models include instrumental, tolerant, xenophobic and empathetic. The author also states the main provisions of the code of ethics for developer and user of artificial intelligence systems. 

scholarly journals IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPMENT ON NATIONAL SECURITY

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-128
Author(s):  
MOJCA PEŠEC
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
National Security ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
International Security ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Information Operations ◽  
Intelligence Development ◽  
And Control

The development of artificial intelligence will have a significant impact on international security and the use of a military instrument of power. One of the most important tasks for national security professionals and decision makers is thus to prepare for the repercussions of artificial intelligence development. In the development of military capabilities, artificial intelligence is integrated into intelligence, observation, control and reconnaissance applications, as well as into logistics, cyber operations, information operations, command and control systems, semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicles, and lethal autonomous weapon systems. The artificial intelligence revolution is not going to happen tomorrow. Therefore, pre-prepared policies and the knowledge shared by policy- and decision makers can help us manage the unknowns ahead. Ključne besede Artificial intelligence, national security, military instrument of power, military capabilities, decision-makers

scholarly journals Autonomous Vehicles – a New Challenge to Human Rights?

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Iwan
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Control ◽  
And Robotics

New technologies, as autonomous vehicles are, disrupt the way people exist, and con-sequently with human rights. Research devoted to artificial intelligence and robotics moves freely and the destination, for the time being, is unknown. This is the reason why special attention should be paid to the ethics of these branches of computer science in order to prevent the creation of a crisis point, when human beings are no longer neces-sary.. The aim of this paper is to examine whether such development is a new challenge to human rights law and what happens when an autonomous vehicle drives an autono-mous human being. The paper also mentions the desirable level of human control over the machine so that human dignity, from which human rights originate, is preserved.

Autonomous Vehicles in the Mobility System

2020 ◽  
pp. 500-514
Author(s):  
Thilo von Pape
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Communication Research ◽  
Collective Control ◽  
System P ◽  
Mobility System ◽  
And Control ◽  
Transportation Technologies

This chapter discusses how autonomous vehicles (AVs) may interact with our evolving mobility system and what they mean for mobile communication research. It juxtaposes a conceptualization of AVs as manifestations of automation and artificial intelligence with an analysis of our mobility system as a historically grown hybrid of communication and transportation technologies. Since the emergence of railroad and telegraph, this system has evolved on two layers: an underlying infrastructure to power and coordinate the movements of objects, people, and ideas in industrially scaled speeds, volumes, and complexity and an interface to seamlessly access this infrastructure and control it. AVs are poised to further enhance the seamlessness which mobile phones and cars already lent to mobility. But in assuming increasingly sophisticated control tasks, AVs also disrupt an established shift toward individual control, demanding new interfaces to enable higher levels of individual and collective control over the mobility infrastructure.

Autonomous vehicles: a review of the ethical, social and economic implications of the AI revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Autonomous Cars ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThere are ethical, legal, social and economic arguments surrounding the subject of autonomous vehicles. This paper aims to discuss some of the arguments to communicate one of the current issues in the rising field of artificial intelligence.Design/methodology/approachMaking use of widely available literature that the author has read and summarised showcasing her viewpoints, the author shows that technology is progressing every day. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are at the forefront of technological advancement today. The manufacture and innovation of new machines have revolutionised our lives and resulted in a world where we are becoming increasingly dependent on artificial intelligence.FindingsTechnology might appear to be getting out of hand, but it can be effectively used to transform lives and convenience.Research limitations/implicationsFrom robotics to autonomous vehicles, countless technologies have and will continue to make the lives of individuals much easier. But, with these advancements also comes something called “future shock”.Practical implicationsFuture shock is the state of being unable to keep up with rapid social or technological change. As a result, the topic of artificial intelligence, and thus autonomous cars, is highly debated.Social implicationsThe study will be of interest to researchers, academics and the public in general. It will encourage further thinking.Originality/valueThis is an original piece of writing informed by reading several current pieces. The study has not been submitted elsewhere.

The ideological divide in public perceptions of self-driving cars

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-451
Author(s):  
Yilang Peng
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
Scientific Literacy ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
New Information ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Self Driving Cars ◽  
Social Conservatism

Applications in artificial intelligence such as self-driving cars may profoundly transform our society, yet emerging technologies are frequently faced with suspicion or even hostility. Meanwhile, public opinions about scientific issues are increasingly polarized along the ideological line. By analyzing a nationally representative panel in the United States, we reveal an emerging ideological divide in public reactions to self-driving cars. Compared with liberals and Democrats, conservatives and Republicans express more concern about autonomous vehicles and more support for restrictively regulating autonomous vehicles. This ideological gap is largely driven by social conservatism. Moreover, both familiarity with driverless vehicles and scientific literacy reduce respondents’ concerns over driverless vehicles and support for regulation policies. Still, the effects of familiarity and scientific literacy are weaker among social conservatives, indicating that people may assimilate new information in a biased manner that promotes their worldviews.

Two ICRC publications

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (100) ◽  
pp. 368-369
Keyword(s):  
Medical Personnel ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Specialized Knowledge ◽  
Geneva Conventions

The International Committee has just produced a booklet entitled Rights and Duties of Nurses, as defined by the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949.The basic idea of this publication is a simple one: to collect in a single work of modest size, and easy to read, the essential provisions of the four 1949 Conventions relative to the medical services and medical personnel. Apart from specialized knowledge, a thorough grounding in the principles and the spirit itself of these Conventions is to be found. It should be added that this brochure, of some fifty pages, is published in French, English, Spanish and German and can be obtained from the ICRC in Geneva at a cost of Sw. fr. 1.50 a copy.

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