scholarly journals Fuzzy Geographical Model for Visualizing Crimes Hot Spots

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1308-1312
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Police Personnel ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Good Manner

Crimes Hot spots are areas that have a greater than average number of criminal or disorder events. Recently, many researchers pay more attentions for detecting crime hot spots to allow police personnel to plan effectively for emergency response, determine mitigation priorities, analyze historical events, and predict future events. This paper introduces a fuzzy geographical model for detecting crimes hot spots. The proposed model has three main phases which are: (1) Pre-processing, (2) Fuzzification, and (3) Visualization. In pre-processing phase, the model uses statistical methods and cleansing techniques to clean the raw dataset. In Fuzzification phase, the number of crimes converts into linguistic value according to the hybrid (triangular and trapezoidal) membership function. In visualization phase, the results are visualized on GIS map with different colors based on the density of crime hot spot. This paper aims to rank the hotspot crime places in the country, so the decision-makers can be knowing accurately. Our dataset collected from Cairo crimes at year 2016 and the results of our approach suitable and has a good manner for the decision maker with high accuracy.

scholarly journals Hot Spots of Crime Are Not Just Hot Spots of Crime: Examining Health Outcomes at Street Segments

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Weisburd ◽  
Clair White
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
The Relationship

In this article, we seek to identify whether the relationship between health disparities and crime occurs at a micro-geographic level. Do hot spot streets evidence much higher levels of mental and physical illness than streets with little crime? Are residents of crime hot spots more likely to have health problems that interfere with their normal daily activities? To answer these questions, we draw upon a large National Institutes of Health study of a sample of hot spots and non-hot spots in Baltimore, Maryland. This is the first study we know of to report on this relationship, and accordingly, we present unique descriptive data. Our findings show that both physical and mental health problems are much more likely to be found on hot spot streets than streets with little crime. This suggests that crime hot spots are not simply places with high levels of crime, but also places that evidence more general disadvantage. We argue that these findings have important policy implications for the targeting of health services and for developing proactive prevention programs.

scholarly journals Does Collective Efficacy Matter at the Micro Geographic Level?: Findings from a Study Of Street Segments

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Weisburd ◽  
Clair White ◽  
Alese Wooditch
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Baltimore City ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
Street Segments ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Many scholars argue that collective efficacy is not relevant to understanding crime at the microgeographic level. We examine variation in collective efficacy across streets with different levels of crime in Baltimore City, MD, and, then, employ multilevel modelling to assess this relationship. We find that people who live in crime hot spots have much lower levels of collective efficacy than people who live in non-hot spot streets and that this relationship persists when controlling for a large number of potential confounders both at the street and community levels. These findings suggest the importance of collective efficacy both in understanding and controlling crime at microgeographic units.

scholarly journals Improving the Creation of Hot Spot Policing Patrol Routes: Comparing Cognitive Heuristic Performance to an Automated Spatial Computation Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Spencer P. Chainey ◽  
Jhonata A. S. Matias ◽  
Francisco Carlos F. Nunes Junior ◽  
Ticiana L. Coelho da Silva ◽  
José Antônio F. de Macêdo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Computational Approach ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact

Hot spot policing involves the deployment of police patrols to places where high levels of crime have previously concentrated. The creation of patrol routes in these hot spots is mainly a manual process that involves using the results from an analysis of spatial patterns of crime to identify the areas and draw the routes that police officers are required to patrol. In this article we introduce a computational approach for automating the creation of hot spot policing patrol routes. The computational techniques we introduce created patrol routes that covered areas of higher levels of crime than an equivalent manual approach for creating hot spot policing patrol routes, and were more efficient in how they covered crime hot spots. Although the evidence on hot spot policing interventions shows they are effective in decreasing crime, the findings from the current research suggest that the impact of these interventions can potentially be greater when using the computational approaches that we introduce for creating hot spot policing patrol routes.

Epigenetics and Hot Spots of Crime: Rethinking the Relationship Between Genetics and Criminal Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotem Leshem ◽  
David Weisburd
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stressful Environments

There is a growing recognition of the importance of micro-geographic areas in the generation of crime problems. While many studies show that crime is heavily concentrated at crime hot spots, scholars have only begun to examine how living in such places affects human development. We point to an unexplored component of the relationship between living in a hot spot, and crime and violence. We argue that crime hot spots function as violent and stressful environments and thus have long-term, possibly intergenerational, impacts on brain development. It is proposed that living in such places may be associated with DNA methylation profiles related to aggressive behavior. In this context, the study of the epigenetic influences of crime hot spots has tremendous potential for advancing our understanding of crime and violence, as well as generating new approaches for crime prevention.

Where’s The Crime? Exploring Divergences Between Call Data and Perceptions of Local Crime

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren C Porter ◽  
Andrew Curtis ◽  
Eric Jefferis ◽  
Susanne Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Crime Reporting ◽  
Corner Store ◽  
Crime Hot Spots ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Spatial Video

Abstract Scholars typically use calls to the police to study crime patterning; however, crime reporting may be systematic across space. Using spatial video and geonarrative methodology, we investigate the overlap between perceived crime hot spots among 35 neighbourhood insiders (police officers, ex-offenders and residents) and hot spots gleaned from call data. In general, perceptual hot spots diverge from call data, but in particular, a corner store emerges as a perceptual hot spot across all groups, but not in call data. We use our data to explore the microgeographic dynamics of this ‘hidden hot spot’. We find that the corner store is relatively isolated, with few occupied residences around it and participants avoiding it. In addition, our geonarratives suggest that the store lacks adequate guardianship. We argue that mixed methodological approaches such as these are useful for understanding discrepancies between measures as well as the situational and environmental dynamics of problem places.

scholarly journals A GIS-based model to estimate flood consequences and the degree of accessibility and operability of strategic emergency response structures in urban areas

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2847-2865 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Albano ◽  
A. Sole ◽  
J. Adamowski ◽  
L. Mancusi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Proposed Model

Abstract. Efficient decision-making regarding flood risk reduction has become a priority for authorities and stakeholders in many European countries. Risk analysis methods and techniques are a useful tool for evaluating costs and benefits of possible interventions. Within this context, a methodology to estimate flood consequences was developed in this paper that is based on GIS, and integrated with a model that estimates the degree of accessibility and operability of strategic emergency response structures in an urban area. The majority of the currently available approaches do not properly analyse road network connections and dependencies within systems, and as such a loss of roads could cause significant damages and problems to emergency services in cases of flooding. The proposed model is unique in that it provides a maximum-impact estimation of flood consequences on the basis of the operability of the strategic emergency structures in an urban area, their accessibility, and connection within the urban system of a city (i.e. connection between aid centres and buildings at risk), in the emergency phase. The results of a case study in the Puglia region in southern Italy are described to illustrate the practical applications of this newly proposed approach. The main advantage of the proposed approach is that it allows for defining a hierarchy between different infrastructure in the urban area through the identification of particular components whose operation and efficiency are critical for emergency management. This information can be used by decision-makers to prioritize risk reduction interventions in flood emergencies in urban areas, given limited financial resources.

Decision making based on intuitionistic fuzzy preference relations with additive approximate consistency

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 4041-4058
Author(s):  
Fang Liu ◽  
Xu Tan ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Hui Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Real Interval ◽  
Preference Relations ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Fuzzy Preference Relations ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Fuzzy Weights ◽  
Fuzzy Preference

Intuitionistic fuzzy preference relations (IFPRs) have the natural ability to reflect the positive, the negative and the non-determinative judgements of decision makers. A decision making model is proposed by considering the inherent property of IFPRs in this study, where the main novelty comes with the introduction of the concept of additive approximate consistency. First, the consistency definitions of IFPRs are reviewed and the underlying ideas are analyzed. Second, by considering the allocation of the non-determinacy degree of decision makers’ opinions, the novel concept of approximate consistency for IFPRs is proposed. Then the additive approximate consistency of IFPRs is defined and the properties are studied. Third, the priorities of alternatives are derived from IFPRs with additive approximate consistency by considering the effects of the permutations of alternatives and the allocation of the non-determinacy degree. The rankings of alternatives based on real, interval and intuitionistic fuzzy weights are investigated, respectively. Finally, some comparisons are reported by carrying out numerical examples to show the novelty and advantage of the proposed model. It is found that the proposed model can offer various decision schemes due to the allocation of the non-determinacy degree of IFPRs.

Spatial Hotspot Analysis of Bucharest’s Urban Heat Island (UHI) Using Modis Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgiana Grigoraș ◽  
Bogdan Urițescu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
The City

Abstract The aim of the study is to find the relationship between the land surface temperature and air temperature and to determine the hot spots in the urban area of Bucharest, the capital of Romania. The analysis was based on images from both moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), located on both Terra and Aqua platforms, as well as on data recorded by the four automatic weather stations existing in the endowment of The National Air Quality Monitoring Network, from the summer of 2017. Correlation coefficients between land surface temperature and air temperature were higher at night (0.8-0.87) and slightly lower during the day (0.71-0.77). After the validation of satellite data with in-situ temperature measurements, the hot spots in the metropolitan area of Bucharest were identified using Getis-Ord spatial statistics analysis. It has been achieved that the “very hot” areas are grouped in the center of the city and along the main traffic streets and dense residential areas. During the day the "very hot spots” represent 33.2% of the city's surface, and during the night 31.6%. The area where the mentioned spots persist, falls into the "very hot spot" category both day and night, it represents 27.1% of the city’s surface and it is mainly represented by the city center.

The family Orthotrichaceae (Bryophyta) in flora of Russia: results of revision and biogeographical review

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. E. Fedosov
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Longitudinal Gradient ◽  
Biogeographic Pattern ◽  
The Family ◽  
North Pacific Region

Recent studies on Orthotrichoid mosses in Russia are summarized genus by genus. Orthotrichum furcatum Otnyukova is synonymized with Nyholmiella obtusifolia. Orthotrichum vittii is excluded from the Russian moss flora. Description of O. dagestanicum is amended. Fifty four currently recognized species from 9 genera of the Orthotrichaceae are presently known to occur in Russia; list of species with common synonyms and brief review of distribution in Russia is presented. Numerous problematic specimens with unresolved taxonomy were omitted for future. Revealed taxonomical inconsistencies in the genera Zygodon, Ulota, Lewinskya, Nyholmiella, Orthotrichum are briefly discussed. Main regularities of spatial differentiation of the family Orthotrichaceae in Russia are considered. Recently presented novelties contribute to the certain biogeographic pattern, indicating three different centers of diversity of the family, changing along longitudinal gradient. Unlike European one, continental Asian diversity of Orthotrichaceae is still poorly known, the Siberian specimens which were previously referred to European species in most cases were found to represent other, poorly known or undescribed species. North Pacific Region houses peculiar and poorly understood hot spot of diversity of Orthotrichoid mosses. Thus, these hot spots are obligatory to be sampled in course of revisions of particular groups, since they likely comprise under-recorded cryptic- or semi-cryptic species. Latitudinal gradient also contributes to the spatial differentiation of the revealed taxonomic composition of Orthotrichaceae.

scholarly journals Family Practices and Temporality at Breakfast: Hot Spots, Convenience and Care

Sociology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003803852110155
Author(s):  
Daniela Pirani ◽  
Vicki Harman ◽  
Benedetta Cappellini
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Family Meals ◽  
Personal Integrity ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Family Time ◽  
Dominant Feature ◽  
Family Practices ◽  
Cold Spots

Drawing on 34 semi-structured interviews, this study investigates the temporality of family practices taking place in the hot spot. It does so by looking at how breakfast is inserted in the economy of family time in Italy. Our data show that breakfast, contrary to other meals, allows the adoption of more individualised and asynchronous practices, hinged on the consumption of convenience products. These time-saving strategies are normalised as part of doing family. Although the existing literature suggests that convenience and care are in opposition, and consumers of convenience products can experience anxiety and a lack of personal integrity, such features were not a dominant feature of our participants’ accounts. These findings suggest that the dichotomies of hot/cold spots and care/convenience are not always experienced in opposition when embedded within family practices. Hence, this study furthers understandings of family meals, temporality and the distinction between hot and cold spots.

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