scholarly journals The Role of Christian Religious Organisations in Community Development Programmes in Cross River State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniefiok S. Ukommi ◽  
Udensi, Lawrence Okoronkwo ◽  
Otu A. Ekpenyong
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Community Development ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
The Church

This paper investigated rural-urban differentials in the role of Christian religious organisations in Community Development Programmes (CDPs) in Cross River State. Adopting the survey method, 150 churches were selected from 6 Local government Areas, comprising 3 urban and 3 rural communities across the 3 senatorial districts of Cross River State. Questionnaire was used to generate primary data, and descriptive statistics was employed for data analysis. Using the exchange theory as the basic framework for analysis, the study found that more rural than urban churches do not have autonomy, thus could serve as a hindrance to initiating and implementing CDPs in the study area. Result also shows that membership taxonomy of the church could hinder the goal of CDPs in terms of members’ financing and participation in CDPs in the area. The church has the capacity to promote sustainable livelihood, guaranty social order, spur development, enhance the social functioning of individuals, serve as agent of change, and bring about increased organized commitment and participation in community development activities. It is recommended that the local church should see community development programmes as part and parcel of their ministry.

scholarly journals Communal Crisis and Livelihoods in Akamkpa (A Regression Analysis Study)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dormcklaims Enamhe ◽  
Egbe E. Tangban ◽  
Thomas A. Omang ◽  
Mary U. Ojong-Ejoh
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Benign Condition ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

Communal crisis and rural community are juxtaposed given the background that Nigeria is anchored upon a conglomeration of cultures with the assumption that cultural heritage should be enjoyable under a benign condition. Unfortunately, societal dynamics emerged with different value systems and new orientations, paving the way for a "jet age" characterized by deviance, conflict and immediate gratification. Nigerian contemporary society is characterized by an identified crisis with common features of destructive, confrontational and violent dimensions, which has led to the loss of lives and property worth millions of naira. Most rural communities have been characterized by unhealthy conflictual situations, which has eventually turned the settlements into theatres of blood and fire emanating from various communal conflicts. The energy of communal violence has assumed a centre stage in our day-to-day interactions. Despite numerous attempts at stemming the tide of such violence, all concerted efforts have proved abortive. The issue is on the ascendency and has also defied remedial measures to curb such negativing phenomenon.  This has a lasting and deleterious effect on the social development of rural communities. Social development means investing in people, which requires the removal of barriers so that all citizens can journey toward their dreams with confidence and dignity. The study adopted a cross-sectional research survey method using a structured questionnaire as an instrument for data collection to examine the impact of the communal crisis on people’s livelihood sources. Data was collected from 800 samples selected from 4 political wards in Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The result from the descriptive analysis was subjected to parametric statistics at 0.05 confidence level. The findings revealed a significant effect of the communal crisis on people’s sources of livelihood in Akamkpa local government area of cross river state, Nigeria. Based on this finding, the study calls for government intervention in the way of policy change and social intervention in the affected area and other parts of Nigeria Affected by communal conflict.

scholarly journals Relationships between Final Purchasers and Offerors in the Context of Their Perception by Final Purchasers

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3271
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Izabela Baruk
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Marketing Process ◽  
Research Gap

The aim of this article was to identify the role of good mutual relationships with offerors for final purchasers, as well as define the meaning of the perception of offerors in the scope of listening to purchasers’ opinions and profiting from purchasers’ readiness to cooperate for the specificities of the prosumeric activity. A deep analysis of the world literature was used to prepare the theoretical part of this paper. The results of this analysis confirm the existing cognitive gap and research gap regarding mentioned aspects, including energy market. Empirical studies were conducted to reduce identified gaps. The survey method was used to collect primary data. The collected data were subjected to quantitative analysis, during which statistical analysis methods and tests were applied (Pearson chi-square independence test, V-Cramer factor analysis, Kruskal–Wallis test (KW), and exploratory factor analysis). The results of the statistical analysis and testing allowed the three research hypotheses formulated to be checked. Between the significance of good relationships with offerors and their perception, a statistically significant dependence was identified for all groups of offerors. The perception of offerors was a feature differentiating respondents’ opinions about the significance of good relationships with offerors for the two following groups: producers and traders. Additionally, the perception of offerors was a feature differentiating forms of prosumeric activity of respondents only for three interpurchase behaviors. The results obtained have a visible cognitive and applicability value. They contribute to the theory of marketing, as well as possibly facilitating the formation of good mutual relationships between offerors (including offerors of energy) and final purchasers as key partners cooperating with offerors in the marketing process. The approach presented in this paper has not been studied and analyzed so far, either in theoretical or in practical terms. This fact confirms its originality and value.

scholarly journals The Effect of Using Social Media in the Modern Marketing Communication on the Shaping an External Employer’s Image

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4177
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Izabela Baruk ◽  
Grzegorz Wesołowski
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Marketing Communication ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this article was to determine the significance of modern marketing communication channels used in the process of shaping the external image of an enterprise as an employer. An analysis of the world literature on marketing, management, marketing communication and human resource management was used to prepare the theoretical part. The results of the analysis indicate a cognitive and research gap regarding the use of modern communication channels for building the external image of an enterprise in the role of an employer. In order to reduce the gap, empirical studies were conducted among young Polish potential employees, in which the survey method was used to gather primary data. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis, during which the following methods and statistical tests were applied: the analysis of average values, exploratory factor analysis, Kruskal–Wallis test (KW), Pearson chi-square independence test and V-Cramer coefficient analysis. The results of the analyses conducted indicate, inter alia, that statistically significant diversity was identified in the case of non-professional media in terms of respondents’ opinions on whether the employer’s image created by modern media is better than the employer’s image created on the basis of classical marketing communication channels. In the case of professional and non-professional media, the age of the respondents was not a differentiating feature. Moreover, neither for professional media nor for non-professional media were statistically significant dependencies identified between respondents’ opinions on the impact of actions undertaken by enterprises on shaping their positive external image as an employer and respondents’ opinions on whether the employer’s image created on the basis of modern marketing communication channels is more beneficial than the employer’s image created on the basis of classical marketing communication channels. The results obtained on the basis of the research have a cognitive and applicability value, characterized by originality. Until now, the importance of using modern marketing communication channels in shaping the employer’s external image has not been analysed. This also applies to enterprises operating on the energy market.

scholarly journals Contributions of Tourism to Community Development

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Mbagwu, Felicia. O ◽  
Bessong, Columbus. Deku ◽  
Anozie, Okechukwu. O
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
High Extent ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Descriptive Survey

This study focused on contributions of tourism to community development in Cross River State, Nigeria. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The population used for the study was 357 respondents comprising, 101 community leaders and 256 tourism staff. A 21-item questionnaire and focus group discussion guide were used to elicit information from respondents and discussants. The questionnaire was analyzed using mean and standard deviation, t-test statistics was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance and the FGD was analyzed qualitatively. Findings from the study revealed among others, that tourism attracted banking institutions and communication industries; thus contributed to a high extent in economic development and very high extent in social development of Cross River State, Nigeria. Some recommendation was made based on the research findings.

scholarly journals FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF POVERTY AND WELFARE IN BOKI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
Rosemary I. Eneji ◽  
Attah Frank
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Health Care Education ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
The Social

The worsening state of poverty among rural farmers in Nigeria’s Cross River State has attracted great concern from government and its agencies but farmers’ perception of poverty and welfare is little understood. In this study, it was determined whether and how the social variables of income, healthcare and education affect farmers’ perception of poverty and welfare in Boki Local government area. Primary data were derived from one hundred (100) respondents, randomly drawn from the study area using standard questionnaires and analysed using the chi-square technique. There was a significant direct relationship between income level, health care, education and nutrition on one hand and welfare of farmers on the other. Evidence from this field study strongly suggests that poverty alleviation programmes and infrastructural projects should be extended to rural areas for improved welfare and livelihood. However, farmers do not necessarily perceive poverty based only on the variables studied.

scholarly journals National Poverty Eradication Programme and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria: Empirical Investigation of the Programme Impact in Cross River State

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Sylvester Antai ◽  
Anam, Bassey Ekpenyong
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The Impact

The study examines the impact of the National Poverty Eradication Programme on poverty reduction in Cross River State. To guide the study, two major hypotheses were stated and primary data were obtained from 361 respondents from the benefactors of the State government Conditional Cash Transfer. The data obtained were tested using Chi-square statistical tool at. 05 degree of significance to examine the level of impact. The analysis of data in reveals that the calculated value of chi square (18.1) was greater than the table value of chi (9.49), tested at. 05 level of significance. This implied that the implementation of NAPEP has a significant impact on entrepreneurial development among youths in Cross River State. In table 2, the results obtained also showed that the calculated value of chi square (15.1) is greater than the table value of chi (9.49), tested at .05 level of significance, meaning that the null hypothesis was ignored and the alternative that the implementation of NAPEP has significant impacts on the provision of micro credit facilities to entrepreneur in Cross River State was accepted. However, the results obtained called for attention to other areas of interest neglected by the programme. These were identified to include the need to harness agriculture, water and solid minerals resources and conservation efforts especially in the rural-areas where the main occupation is agriculture. This concern formed the baseline for policy recommendations.

scholarly journals Tracing livelihood trajectories: Patterns of livelihood adaptations in rural communities in eastern Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 57-80
Author(s):  
Phu Doma Lama ◽  
Per Becker ◽  
Johan Bergström
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Mountain Communities ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Political Economic

Mountain communities are adapting their livelihoods to a complex combination of social, political and economic changes and associated risks. Despite recognition of adaption in response to multiple changes in sustainable livelihood and critical climate change literature, risks attributed to biophysical effects of climate change have increasingly assumed importance. Consequently, diversification is promoted as an adaptive approach to reduce such risks. However, understanding livelihood adaptation from the vantage point of climate change alone might lead to a limited understanding of non-climatic factors also shaping it. This paper proposes understanding adaptation through analysing long-term livelihood changes and using society rather than climate change as a conceptual starting point. It argues that such an approach has better potential to highlight a broader range of dynamic drivers operating over decades and to inform contextually grounded rural livelihood adaptation policies. Changes are traced in the overall livelihood trajectories among four rural communities in Nepal, in living memory, to understand the role of adaptation in shaping it. Qualitative life narratives were collected and complemented by key informant interviews, field observations and the analysis of official documents. The findings suggest that livelihoods have shifted not only from subsistence towards income generation but also from engagement in diverse livelihood sectors towards specialisation; the opposite of the advocated diversification. The role of political, economic, social and cultural processes within and outside the community has been prominent in shaping this trajectory.

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