scholarly journals Ukrainization in North Caucasus Krai of the RSFSR (1923–1932): Plans, Public Reaction, Results

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
А.В. Баранов
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Rostov Oblast ◽  
The State ◽  
Problem Analysis ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Government

Автор статьи определяет причины и цели украинизации в Северо-Кавказском крае РСФСР и анализирует реакцию населения на реформы и результаты такого политического курса. Исследование выполнено в рамках конструктивистской парадигмы, основано на документах Центров документации новейшей истории Ростовской области и Краснодарского края, Государственного архива Ростовской области, материалах Всесоюзной переписи населения 1926 г. Украинизация была составной частью этнополитики «позитивной дискриминации» («коренизации»), принятой РКП(б) в 1923 г. Она включала в себя задачи распространения в Северо-Кавказском крае, Центрально-Черноземной области РСФСР и других макрорегионах украинского литературного языка, формирования украинской идентичности, обеспечения представительства украинцев в партийных и государственных органах власти, общественных организациях. Реформы встретили сопротивление местных чиновников и населения, были оправданно прекращены в условиях коллективизации и военной угрозы. The author of the article aims to determine the plans of Ukrainization in relation to North Caucasus Krai of the RSFSR, the reaction of the regional community to the reforms, and the results of the course of Ukrainization. The work is prepared within the framework of the constructivist paradigm of ethno-historical research. The main directions of the problem analysis in historiography are determined: analysis of the goals of the party-state course, Ukrainization of the government apparatus, educational and language policy, comparative analysis of processes in the districts of North Caucasus Krai. The article is based on the documents of the Centers for Documentation of Contemporary History of Rostov Oblast and Krasnodar Krai, the State Archive of Rostov Oblast, the materials of the All-Union population censuses of 1926 and 1939. The circumstances of the beginning of Ukrainization on the scale of the USSR are described; the interrelation of the reforms with the policy course “Face to the Village” is noted. The institutions, regulatory legal acts and resources for the implementation of modernization in North Caucasus Krai are considered. The reasons for the slow implementation of Ukrainization in the region are analyzed. The measures of Ukrainization adopted by the North Caucasus Regional Committee of the Russian/All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the district committees of the ruling party are described. The author has determined that the population, without objecting to the cultural policy in the Ukrainian language (the elimination of illiteracy, secondary education, libraries, theater), resisted the imposition of Ukrainian as an official language, mandatory for office work and employment in party and state agencies. Dissatisfaction was expressed with the introduction of the Ukrainian literary language (“Galician dialect”), residents preferred local dialects (“Kuban language”, “Balachka”). The author has established that Ukrainization was an integral part of the ethnopolitics of “positive discrimination” (“korenizatsiya” [indigenization]) adopted by the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1923 and was carried out until the end of 1932. Ukrainization included the tasks of spreading the Ukrainian literary language in North Caucasus Krai, the Central Black Earth Region of the RSFSR and other macro-regions; forming the Ukrainian identity; ensuring the representation of Ukrainians in party and state agencies, and in public organizations. The author has found that the reforms met the resistance of the local officials and the population, and were justifiably stopped due to collectivization, the military threat, and the imperatives of the integration of the state.

Protest and Religion: Christianity in the People’s Republic of China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Tao
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
The State ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Contemporary China ◽  
Protestant Church ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Catholic Church

The relationship between religion and protest has been thoroughly discussed in various academic disciplines of social sciences, but there is far from consensus on the topic. Scholars differ significantly in their opinions on how religious values and doctrines shape the mechanisms which link protest and religion, and on how interaction between religious groups, the state, and other secular and religious groups may increase or reduce the likelihood of protests. Contemporary China provides an ideal setting in which to further advance scholarly understanding of roles that religion plays in protest, thanks to its richness, diversity, and complexity of religion, protest, and their relationship. In contemporary China, due to the inherent, profound, and possibly deliberate ambiguities within the state’s legal and regulatory arrangements on religious affairs, the boundaries between government-sanctioned churches and “underground” churches are often blurred. Many Christianity-related protests directly respond to government crackdowns, which are aimed not only at those congregations and groups that are normally considered as “underground,” “unofficial,” or “independent,” but also at churches that have long been tolerated or even officially recognized by the state. Further, while many Christianity-related protests are closely associated with the clash of ideologies in contemporary China, the specific causes of protests differ significantly among Catholic and Protestant churches, and Christian-inspired groups. The ideological incompatibility between the ruling Communist Party and the Catholic Church in China is epitomized by their struggle for authority and influence over the Chinese Catholic community. Until the provisional agreement signed between Beijing and the Vatican in September 2018, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Holy See had been competing fiercely for the authority to approve the ordination of new bishops, with such confrontations triggering numerous protests among Chinese Catholics. Unlike the Catholic Church, many of the Protestant churches that have emerged in the post-Mao era—including most “house” churches that do not affiliate with the state-sanctioned church—have no direct link with the transnational denominations which were active in China before the communist takeover in 1949 and are operated solely by Chinese citizens. However, while many Chinese Protestants display affection toward China and a sense of responsibility for improving their country, some influential Protestant church leaders have turned their progressive theology into social activism since the turn of the 21st century, leading to various forms of protests against the authoritarian policies and politics in contemporary China. Ideological and theological conflicts between different religions or religious schools may also trigger the Chinese state’s suppression of certain religious groups and activities, which often in turn cause protests. In particular, the Communist Party tends to impose extremely harsh repercussions on religious groups that are accused by mainstream Christianity of being “heterodoxies,” like the Shouters and the Disciples. These religious groups are often labelled as “evil cults” and their leaders and members often face legal action or even criminal charges. The protests organized by these religious groups have not only targeted the government but also the mainstream Christian churches that criticize them from a theological point of view. Given the profound ideological and political incompatibility of the CCP and various Christian groups, it is unlikely that Christianity can replicate the close collaborations that Buddhism and Daoism have developed with the CCP since the early 1980s.

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE BAPTIST MOVEMENT’S DIVISION IN UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Oksana Vysoven
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Special Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Prayer Meetings ◽  
Globalized World ◽  
The Church

The article analyzes the causes and consequences of the split in the evangelical-Baptist environment in the 1960s; found that one of the main causes of the split in the bosom of evangelical Baptist Christians was the destructive influence of state authorities on religion in general, and Christian denominations in particular when initiated by state bodies of the union of Protestant religious communities under the auspices of the All-Union Baptist Council Church for organization under control of special services bodies; it has been proved that the conflicts between the leadership of the Verkhovna Rada and the Council of Churches were artificial. The confrontations among the believers were mainly provoked by SSC agents and secret services, and were only in the hands of the Communist Party regime, which helped him control events, pacify some and repress others; it is proved that under the influence of the movement for the independence of the church from the state headed by «initiators», the regime has been operating since the second half of the 1960s. gradually began to ease the pressure on officially registered communities of evangelical Baptist Christians. Prayer meetings began to be attended by teens, and ordinary members and members of other congregations were allowed to preach. As a result of these changes and some easing of tensions between the church and the government, many believers and congregations began to return to the official union governed by the ACEBC, without wishing further confrontation; it is shown that the internal church events of the 60's of the twentieth century, which were provoked by the SSC special services and led to the split of the EBC community, reflected on the position and activities of the EBC Church and in the period of independence of Ukraine, the higher leadership of the split community (the ACEBC and the Church Council) and could not reconcile and unite in a united union. This significantly weakens their spiritual position in today's globalized world, where cohesion and competitiveness play an important role.

scholarly journals Influence of Electronic Administration on Public Service Delivery among State Agencies in Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Kenneth Goga Riany
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Strategy Execution ◽  
Public Service Delivery ◽  
The Government

E-Administration remains a key E-Government strategy that seeks to ensure the management of the government institutions and organizations if effectively done to enhance effectiveness and proper service delivery. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of E-Administration on the public service delivery among state agencies in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design to collect data from the target population comprising of 4230 employees within the management cadre at 132 specific government state agencies. Convenient sampling technique was used by the study to sample the respondents within the 132 specific government state agencies. A sampling formula was applied to calculate the sample size of 365 employees and self-developed questionnaires were used to collect data from the sample. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that E-Administration had a significant and positive influence on public service delivery by the state agencies in Kenya. The study further established that strategy execution had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between E-Administration and public service delivery by the state agencies in Kenya. The study recommended that the government through the state agencies should embrace E-Administration as a way of enhancing public service delivery. The management of state agencies should furthermore embrace strategy execution practices so as to enable success of E-Administration.

Shining Path

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel La Serna
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Small Time ◽  
The State ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Shining Path ◽  
The Government

Between 1980 and 1999, the Peruvian Communist Party—Shining Path—enveloped the Andean nation of Peru in an armed insurrection designed to topple the state and institute a communist regime. The Maoist insurrection began in the highland department of Ayacucho, quickly spreading throughout the countryside and into the cities. After initially dismissing the insurgency as the work of small-time bandits, the government responded by sending in counterterrorism police and the armed forces into guerrilla-controlled areas. Both Shining Path and government forces targeted civilians as part of their wartime strategies, while some Indigenous peasants took up arms to defend their communities from the bloodshed. In 1992, police captured Shining Path leader Abimael Guzmán, severely weakening the insurgency. By 1999, most remaining guerrilla leaders had been arrested, all but ending the armed phase of the conflict.

scholarly journals Food Supply to the Residents of Stalingrad During the Period of Industrialization (Late 1920s – Mid-1930s)

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-170
Author(s):  
Andrei Lunochkin ◽  
◽  
Ekaterina Furman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
The State ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Government ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The City

Introduction. This article examines the problem of food supply for the residents of Stalingrad in the late 1920s – mid-1930s, i.e. during the period of industrialization. Methods and materials. The authors use the historical-descriptive (idiographic), historical-genetic, historical-comparative methods, as well as quantitative methods in the study of statistical sources. In the course of the research, documentary materials of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, the State Archives of Volgograd Region, and the Center for Documentation of the Contemporary History of Volgograd Region were used to illustrate the main methods and directions for resolving the food problem in the city of Stalingrad in the late 1920s – first half of the 1930s. Analysis and results. The first five-year plan brought to citizens a sharp deterioration in food supply. Having refused to take economic measures the city authorities were forced to introduce a standardized distribution on the ration books of workers’ cooperatives. In 1931, Stalingrad as an important industrial center was included by the government in the list of the cities, which were supplied with basic products in a centralized manner. However, problems with food remained until the abolition of the card system in 1935. Interruptions in the supply of even standardized products, giant queues for them were the result not only of insufficient allocation of resources, but also of the unwillingness of the cooperative and state trade system to work effectively in the new conditions. The city’s population also grew too rapidly due to the peasants fleeing from the countryside, which contributed to the food shortage. The creation of subsidiary farms at large enterprises, the organization of collective farm fairs also did not lead to a noticeable result. The goal stated in the resolution of 1931 to bring the food supply of Stalingrad workers closer to the level of Moscow and Leningrad turned out to be unattainable. Some improvements in the food situation occurred only in autumn 1934, when a good harvest allowed the government to fulfill the state supplies, but the problem was never completely solved.

scholarly journals Sistem Informasi Keuangan Pada Universitas Negeri Gorontalo Berbasis Android

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Public Service ◽  
State Institution ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
Director General ◽  
Service Agency ◽  
Office Work ◽  
State University ◽  
The Government

Abstract: In the Director General Regulation of the Treasury NumberPER-47 / PB / 2014 concerning Technical Guidelines for Administration, Bookkeeping, and Accountability of Treasurers in Public Service Bodies and Verification and Monitoring of Treasurer Accountability Reports on Public Service Bodies in CHAPTER I (GENERAL PROVISIONS) Article 1 Paragraph 2 states that the Receiving Treasurer is a person appointed to receive, deposit, deposit, administer, and account for state revenue in the context of implementing the State Budget at the Office / Work Unit (Satker) of the State / Institution, and Article 6 states that the Public Service Agency, hereinafter abbreviated as BLU, is an agency in the environment the government is formed to provide services to the community in the form of the supply of goods and / or services sold without prioritizing profit and in carrying out their activities based on the principles of efficiency and productivity. In CHAPTER III (INTRODUCTION BOOKING) Article 7 Paragraph 1 states that the Treasurer keeps records of all the money administered. The purpose of this research is to design and produce an Android-based Financial Information System so as to assist the Receiving Treasurer in inputting transactions until the accountability report information is in accordance with the Director General of Treasury Regulation Number PER-47 / PB / 2014. Based on the results of the discussion and making of the Financial Information System at the Gorontalo-based Android University, it can be concluded that the system has been completed and can be used. Financial Information System at Gorontalo State University Based on Android as a means of information about income reports at the BLU Gorontalo State University. Keywords: Information System, Treasurer BLU Receipt, Android

scholarly journals POLITICAL and LEGAL ACTIVITY of DEPUTIES of the NORTH CAUCASUS IN the STATE DUMA of the RUSSIAN EMPIRE in the EARLY twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
M.M. Aybatov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Government

The article analyzes the political and legal activity of the deputies of the North Caucasus in the early XX century, during the formation and activity of the State Duma. It is noted that the tsarist administration, modernizing the state-political system of the country, could not ignore the multinational and multi-confessional nature of the Russian state and therefore tried to take into account these features of the Russian state-political system. The article concludes that the involvement of regional MPs in political and legal activities of the first legislature (State Duma) at the beginning of the XX century has allowed to bring to the attention of Central government authorities, the main problems of the North Caucasus region and provides a process for the integration of national and regional elites in the Russian political elite to pinpoint the positions of North Caucasian elites in the political space of the Russian state. But many legislative initiatives put forward by the deputies of the North Caucasus did not find support from the government authorities and their decisions were ostponed indefinitely

scholarly journals Guardianship for Popular Sobriety in Russia at the Beginning of 20th Century: from Wine Monopoly to “Dry Law”

2021 ◽  
pp. 426-450
Author(s):  
I. A. Shevchenko ◽  
E. V. Chernykh
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
The State ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Excessive Alcohol Consumption ◽  
The Government ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the guardianship of popular sobriety — institutions created by the government of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century to organize the fight against excessive alcohol consumption at the provincial and district levels. The study describes the situation with the consumption of alcoholic beverages in Russia at the turn of the XIX—XX centuries, provides the main provisions of the state wine monopoly, introduced in 1895 with the direct participation of the Minister of Finance S. Yu. Witte. Based on the Charter of Guardianship of People’s Sobriety, the authors describe their powers, composition, and features of work organization. Based on the analysis of diverse sources (including unpublished archival sources), the article characterizes the diverse activities of guardianship in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as its assessment by contemporaries. The conclusion is made about the relatively low efficiency of the work of sober institutions due to their bureaucracy and insufficient funding. The article describes the problem of reforming the guardianship, which was discussed with varying intensity in the 1900—1910s in the Ministry of Finance, the State Council, public and zemstvo circles. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the problems faced by the guardianship of popular sobriety during the First World War after the introduction of the “Prohibition”. The scientific novelty of the research lies in an attempt to analyze the entire set of issues related to the activities of guardianship in the period under review, starting from documents of a legal and office-work nature, statistical materials, periodicals, journalistic and memoir literature.

scholarly journals Orphanages of Zaporizhzhia Province in the Years of Mass Artificial Famine (1921—1923)

2021 ◽  
pp. 130-141
Author(s):  
Inna Shuhalova
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
Mass Mortality ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Government

The article analyzes the state of orphanages in Zaporizhzhia province during the mass artificial famine of 1921–1923 to explain the dynamics of how they were created and why they were closed, to characterize the attitude of Zaporizhzhia party nomenclature towards the aid for children starving in the orphanages. Statistics on the number of children's shelters and the number of children in them are summarized; on the basis of archival documents the author's tables of calculating the dynamics of movement of a contingent in shelters of Zaporizhzhia province are made; social and living conditions of children who were brought up there are disclosed.The mass artificial famine of 1921–1923 had devastating consequences for the starving provinces of Ukraine: the Bolshevik prodrozkladka exhausted the Ukrainian peasantry, and the famine was especially raging in the southern Ukrainian provinces, where more than 40% of the population were affected. The situation was aggravated by the systematic arrival in Ukraine of children from the Russian provinces, as a result of which the orphanages of the USSR were overcrowded, and the level of their provision with food and industrial goods was characterized by poverty.In 1921–1923, the Bolshevik Communist regime deliberately created a situation in which Ukrainians died en masse from artificial starvation. However, it was noted that the government had claimed responsibility for the crime. This was probably done unknowingly, but the presence of reports describing the poverty of shelters and recording the mass mortality of children suggests that officials were aware of the causes of the famine and its nature, and knew the names of its organizers. However, a caste of communist party nomenclature had already begun to form, which, under the guise of propaganda rhetoric, sought to seize control of food resources and people. In our opinion, the aggravating factor was the fact that Bolshevik officials appointed the management of shelters not on a professional but on a class basis. In Ukraine, the mass artificial famine of 1921–1923 significantly adjusted the juvenile policy of the Soviet system. It became distorted by ideology, corruption and bureaucracy, and children were turned into zombies by communist judgments.

scholarly journals The Establishment, Functioning and Reformation of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Petr N. Kobets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Early Period ◽  
The State ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
State Council ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Government

One of the primary roles in China’s public administration system is assigned to the state Council of the country. Currently, many researchers have an increased interest in this state body, which performs the functions of the country’s government and is the highest Executive authority. In this regard, the author set a task to study the features of the formation, functioning and reform of this public authority, which performs the function of the country’s government. As a result of the research, the author notes that the formation of the Chinese State Council has a long way to go, from the creation of rural administrations in the 1930s, to the formation of the Central people’s government in the 1950s and its regular reform until now. And if in the early period of the people’s Republic of China, the country’s Communist party together with the government were a single entity, then in the late 1970s, their functions were gradually distributed, and the government smoothly moved to independent day-to-day management of the state. Therefore, today the Communist party makes strategic decisions that determine the state’s policy, and government structures implement this policy, focusing on solving economic problems, leaving the issues of ideology, personnel and security to the Communist party. Special attention was paid to the modern features of the reform of the State Council, which is taking place within the framework of structural transformations carried out in the form of in-depth reforms of public administration institutions initiated in 2017 by the XIX Congress of the Chinese Communist party.

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