scholarly journals Isolation and Antibacterial Activity Test of The Extract Ethyl Acetate of Endophytic Fungi from Kencur (Kaempferia Galanga L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
M. Rifqi Efendi ◽  
Mesa Sukmadani Rusdi ◽  
Fitria Anisa
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Vibrio Cholera ◽  
Kaempferia Galanga ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Fusarium Sp

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi jamur endofit yang terdapat pada daun dan rimpang kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) serta menguji aktivitas antibakterinya. Isolasi jamur endofit dilakukan dengan kultivasi dan subkultivasi jamur yang tumbuh dari daun dan rimpang kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) yang sebelumnya telah disterilkan pada media potato dextrose agar (PDA). Identifikasi jamur endofit dilakukan secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis terhadap morfologinya. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi agar. Dari daun dan rimpang kencur diperoleh lima isolat jamur endofit  yang diidentifikasi sebagai Torulla sp. (KG001), Mucor sp. (KG002), Fusarium sp. (KG003), Geotricum sp. (KG004), dan Drechslera sp. (KG005). Tiga ekstrak etil asetat jamur endofit Torulla sp. (KG001), Fusarium sp. (KG003), dan Drechcera sp. (KG005) memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri Gram positif  (Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholera) dan Gram negatif (Bacillus subtilis and Eschericia coli) pada konsentrasi 3.75 %. Jamur endofit yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri kuat (diameter hambat 10-20 mm) adalah Torulla sp. (KG001) dan Drechslera sp. (KG005). Sedangkan, jamur endofit yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri sedang (diameter hambat 5-10 mm) adalah ekstrak etil asetat jamur Fusarium sp. (KG003). Aktivitas antibakteri terbesar ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak etil asetat isolat jamur Drechslera Sp. dengan diameter hambat 16 mm terhadap bakteri uji Vibrio cholera.

scholarly journals Uji Efek Antibakteri Jamur Endofit Akar Bakau Rhizophora stylosa Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Sumampouw
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Rhizophora Stylosa ◽  
E Coli

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial effect of endophytic fungi originated from the root of mangrove Rhizophora stylosa growing on Mangrove Plantation Area around DAS Simpang 5 Jl. Piere Tendean Manado. The method of this research was using combination of PDA and NA media. Two species of endophytic fungi were extracted from the root of R. stylosa, black mycelium fungi as isolate A and brown mycelium fungi as isolate B. The activities of both isolates were tested against pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The result showed the same inhibition zone of isolate A and B to S. aureus, while, isolate A showed bigger the inhibition zone in comparison to isolate B against E. coli. As a conclusion, the endophytic fungi taken from the root of R. stylosa have antibacterial activity toward S. aureus and E. coli. Keywords: endophytic fungi, Rhizophora stylosa, antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli.   Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat adanya efek antibakteri dari jamur endofit yang diambil dari akar bakau Rhizophora stylosa yang ditanam di sekitar Perairan Daerah Aliran Sungai Simpang Lima Jl. Piere Tendean Manado. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan kombinasi media Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dan Nutrient Agar (NA). Dari akar bakau R. stylosa diperoleh dua  jenis jamur endofit yaitu isolat A dengan karateristik miselium jamur berwarna hitam dan isolat B yang dengan karakteristik miselium berwarna coklat. Kedua isolat ini selanjutnya diujikan aktivitasnya terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan isolat A dan B memberikan  zona hambat yang sama terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan pada bakteri Escherichia coli isolat A menunjukkan diameter zona hambat yang lebih besar dibandingkan isolat B. Kesimpulan, Jamur endofit yang diisolasi dari akar bakau R. Stylosa memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus dan E. coli. Kata kunci: jamur endofit, Rhizophopra stylosa, antibakteri, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli.

IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENT ANTIMICROBIAL SECONDARY METABOLITE GENERATED FROM ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM JAMBLANG PLANT ( Eugenia cumini L)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Shirly Kumala ◽  
Ng Vini Aprilia ◽  
Partomuan Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Diffusion Method

Objective: Colletotrichium capsici endophytic fungi isolated from Jamblang plant (Eugenia cumini  L).  The secondary metabolites of this plant has the potent antibacterial efficacy  as well as diarrheal and anti-diabetic. This research focussed on isolation of the endophytic microbes from branches of Jamblang plants and their secondary metabolites.Methods: Isolation of endophytes were performed in PDA(potato dextrose agar) using direct seed plant. Endophytic fungi isolates with strongest antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli were fermented in Potato Dextrose Yeast (PDY) to produce  large scale of the metabolites.  Supernatant was extracted with ethyl acetate solvent. Ethyl acetate extract fractionated by column chromatography (SiO3, n-hexane- ethyl acetate = 50:1 ~ 1:1) and obtained three fractions. Further, agar diffusion method was performed to assess their anti-microbial activity.Results:  Antibacterial  test  results  indicated that fraction III had  the antibacterial  activity Staphylococcus aureus with  inhibition zone diameter  of 10.7 mm but no observed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli.  Furthermore, identification  by GC-MS showed that compounds present in fraction III was mainly fatty acid and phenolic compounds.Conclusion:  In conclusion, secondary metabolites isolated from Jamblang plants branches contained predominantly fatty acid and phenol related compounds that could be responsible for its potent anti microbial activity. Keywords : Endophytic fungi, Jamblang (Eugenia cumini L.), antimicrobial activity

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK n-HEKSAN, ETIL ASETAT DAN ETANOL KULIT BATANG KAYU EBONI (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) MENGGUNAKAN METODE DIFUSI

KOVALEN ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-239
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Sumitriasih ◽  
Ahmad Ridhay ◽  
Indriani
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Well Test ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

A study was conducted on the antibacterial activity test on n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts of ebony bark (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) using a diffusion method. The purpose of this research is to know the antibacterial activity of ebony bark against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria using n-hexane, ethyl acetate dan ethanol. The method of extraction used in this research was maceration method with three polarity levels of solvent. The antibacterial activity test was performed by diffusion-well test. The results showed that ethyl acetate extract gave the highest inhibition of 26.14 mm in gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and ethanol extract of 25.97 mm in gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Keywords: Ebony (Diospyros celebica. Bakh), Tree Bark, Inhibitory, Antibacterial

scholarly journals UJI EFEK ANTIBAKTERI JAMUR ENDOFIT DAUN MANGROVE AVICENNIA MARINA TERHADAP BAKTERI UJI STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS DAN SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda A. Kasi ◽  
Jimmy Posangi ◽  
O. Mona Wowor ◽  
Robert Bara
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Mangrove Plant ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
White Mycelium

Abstract: Endophytic fungi is a species of fungi which lives within plant tissues including leaf’s tissues that also harmless for the host plant itself. Isolates of endophytic fungi have a potent antibacterial capability with broad spectrum. The aim of this research is to know whether there is an antibacterial effect of endophytic fungi which isolated from Avicennia marina leaf towards Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae. The method that is used for the antibacterial activity test, done by putting mycelia of endophytic fungi in combination media that has been smeared with Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae. Based on research that has been done, it obtained two types of endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove plant, Avicennia marina leaf. Both endophytic fungi have potential for inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae, but endophytic fungi with white mycelium has a better antibacterial effect than endophytic fungi with black mycelium and positive control.Keywords: antibacterial, endophytic fungi, mangrove avicennia marinaAbstrak: Jamur endofit merupakan jamur yang hidup di dalam jaringan tanaman salah satunya yaitu dalam jaringan daun dan tidak membahayakan tanaman tersebut. Isolat-isolat jamur endofit memiliki daya antibakteri yang poten dengan spektrum luas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya efek antibakteri jamur endofit daun Avicennia marina terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Shigella dysenteriae. Metode yang digunakan untuk uji antibakteri yaitu dilakukan dengan cara menempelkan miselia jamur endofit pada media agar kombinasi yang telah dioleskan bakteri uji. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan, diperoleh dua jenis jamur endofit yang diisolasi dari daun Mangrove Avicennia marina. Kedua jamur endofit memiliki potensi dalam menghambat kedua bakteri uji tetapi jamur endofit miselium putih memiliki efek antibakteri yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan jamur endofit miselium hitam dan kontrol positif.Kata kunci: antibakteri, jamur endofit, daun avicennia marina

The Antibacterial Activity of the Extracts of Apocynum Venetum and Apocynum Venetum Fiber

2011 ◽  
Vol 233-235 ◽  
pp. 2328-2331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Juan Wang ◽  
Hao Chen ◽  
Guang Ting Han
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Butyl Alcohol ◽  
Apocynum Venetum

In this study, the total flavone contents of Apocynum venetum extract and Apocynum venetum fiber extracts were evaluated. Their antibacterial activity was tested via testing the antibacterial effect of their aqueous, ethyl acetate and n-butyl alcohol extracts. The results were showed that both the materials extracts at the concentration of 100, 50mg/ml had significantly antibacterial activities against staphylococcus aureus, and had a few effect on bacillus subtilis, pseudomonadaceae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus epidermidis, escherichia coli and candida albicans.

scholarly journals UJI EFEK ANTIBAKTERI JAMUR ENDIFIT PADA DAUN MANGROVE Sonneratia alba TERHADAP BAKTERI UJI Staphylococcus aureus DAN Escherichia coli

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwilestari . ◽  
Henoch Awaloei ◽  
Jimmy Posangi ◽  
Robert Bara
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mangrove Plant ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Sonneratia Alba ◽  
Tissue System

Abstract: Endophytic fungi is a species of fungi which life on plant tissue system. Endophytic fungi can be isolated from the roots, stems and leave of the plant. Endophytic fungi can produce a substance potencial to be antibacteria. This research aimed to test the presence of antibacterial effect on an isolated leaf of mangrove plant Sonneratia alba towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The method that is used for the antibacterial activity test, done by putting mycelia of endophytic fungi in combination media that has been smeared with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Obtained from research that has been made, it conducted two species of endophytic fungi that isolated from mangrove plant leaf Sonneratia alba. Both endophytic fungi has effect as antibacteria against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, but the second type of endophytic fungi has more effective and stronger antibacterial effect compare to endophytic fungi type I and positive control.Keywords: antibacterial, endophytic fungi, mangrove Sonneratia albaAbstrak: Jamur endofit adalah jamur yang terdapat dalam sistem jaringan tumbuhan. Jamur endofit dapat diisolasi dari akar, batang dan daun tumbuhan. Jamur endofit dapat menghasilkan senyawa yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya efek antibakteri jamur endofit daun Sonneratia alba terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Metode yang digunakan untuk uji antibakteri dilakukan dengan cara menempelkan miselia jamur endofit pada media agar kombinasi yang telah dioleskan bakteri uji. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan diperoleh dua jenis jamur endofit yang diisolasi dari daun tumbuhan mangrove Sonneratia alba. Kedua jamur endofit memiliki efek sebagai antibakteri terhadap kedua bakteri uji akan tetapi jamur endofit tipe II memiliki efek antibakteri yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan jamur endofit tipe I dan kontrol positif.Kata kunci: antibakteri, jamur endofit, daun Sonneratia alba

scholarly journals ANTI-BACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS AND ETHLACETATE FRACTION FROM THE EXTRACT OF JATROPHA CURCAS L. LEAVES AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Sekar Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacteria that can cause infection. One of the plants that has antibacterial activity is jatropha leaves which contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, steroids and polyphenols. Purpose: To determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction with concentrations of 30%, 60% and 100% against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Method: The method for extracting jatropha leaves is maceration with 96% ethanol solvent and the fractionation method, namely liquid-liquid fractionation with ethyl acetate solvent. Antibacterial activity test was carried out in vitro with the disc diffusion method and compared the mean zone of inhibition of each treatment with a positive control (gentamicin 10 μg). Result: The results showed that the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of jatropha leaves had a strong resistance response, while the positive control gave a very strong inhibitory response to the growth of S. aureus bacteria. Based on the one way ANOVA test, ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction showed a significant difference from each treatment with a significant value (P=<0.05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of Jatropha leaves can inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria at a concentration of 100% (18.28 ± 0.50 mm), 100% concentration of ethyl acetate fraction (15.10 ± 0.12 mm). The ethanol extract provided the best inhibition power, namely 18.28 ± 0.50 mm and a positive control 21.82 ± 0.092 mm.

Synthesis of Chalcones and Nucleosides Incorporating [1, 3, 4]Oxadiazolenone Core and Evaluation of their Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-679
Author(s):  
Alok K. Srivastava ◽  
Lokesh K. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Good Antibacterial Activity

Background: [1, 3, 4]oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones and nucleosides were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of a variety of benzaldehyde derivatives, obtained from oxidation of substituted 5-(3/6 substituted-4-Methylphenyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-one and various substituted acetophenone. The resultant chalcones were coupled with penta-O-acetylglucopyranose followed by deacetylation to get [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones and nucleosides. Various analytical techniques viz IR, NMR, LC-MS and elemental analysis were used to confirm the structure of the synthesised compounds.The compounds were targeted against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for antibacterial activity and Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum for antifungal activity. Methods: A mixture of Acid hydrazides (3.0 mmol) and N, Nʹ- carbonyl diimidazole (3.3 mmol) in 15 mL of dioxane was refluxed to afford substituted [1, 3, 4]-oxadiazole-2(3H)-one. The resulted [1, 3, 4]- oxadiazole-2(3H)-one (1.42 mmol) was oxidized with Chromyl chloride (1.5 mL) in 20 mL of carbon tetra chloride and condensed with acetophenones (1.42 mmol) to get chalcones 4. The equimolar ratio of obtained chalcones 4 and β -D-1,2,3,4,6- penta-O-acetylglucopyranose in presence of iodine was refluxed to get nucleosides 5. The [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 were tested to determined minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value with the experimental procedure of Benson using disc-diffusion method. All compounds were tested at concentration of 5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL, 0.62 mg/mL, 0.31 mg/mL and 0.15 mg/mL for antifungal activity against three strains of pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) and for antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacterium: Escherichia coli (E. coli), and two Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus subtilis(B. subtilis). Result: The chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 were screened for antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis whereas antifungal activity against A. flavus, A. niger and F. oxysporum. Compounds 4a-t showed good antibacterial activity whereas compounds 5a-t containing glucose moiety showed better activity against fungi. The glucose moiety of compounds 5 helps to enter into the cell wall of fungi and control the cell growth. Conclusion: Chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 incorporating [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core were synthesized and characterized by various spectral techniques and elemental analysis. These compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity against three fungi; viz. A. flavus, A. niger and F. oxysporum. In addition to this, synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria E. Coli and gram positive bacteria S. aureus, B. subtilis. Compounds 4a-t showed good antibacterial activity whereas 5a-t showed better activity against fungi.

scholarly journals Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of crude extracts of Lawsonia inermis against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Triveni A G ◽  
Suresh Kumar Mendem ◽  
Channapa T Shivannavar ◽  
Subhaschandra M Gaddad
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Lawsonia Inermis ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Crude Extracts

 Objective:The continuous rise in the prevalence of multi drug resistance pathogens globally is threatening the treatment and management of infectious diseases. Ethno medicine plays a key role in the exploration for novel bioactive compounds. The present study evaluates the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the crude extracts of Lawsonia inermis against clinical isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Materials and methods: Shade dried and finely powdered leaves of the plant were extracted by maceration method using six solvents methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, petroleum ether and n-hexane. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the extracts against MDR MRSA by agar cup diffusion and tube method respectively.Results: Methanol extract showed the highest antibacterial activity of 18mm compared to other extracts. Similarly, petroleum ether extract showed highest biofilm inhibition of 84.7%. Other solvent extracts also exhibited significant biofilm inhibition [n-Hexane-83.6%, Ethyl acetate -79.5%, Chloroform-79.2%, Acetone -77% and Methanol-77%].Conclusion: The leaf extracts of L. inermis have shown promising biofilm inhibitory activity and good antibacterial activity, which can be explored for the development of new drugs for the MDR pathogens. Keywords: Antibioticacivity, Antibiofilm activity, L.inermis, MRSA

Preparation, Characterisation, Crystal Structure and Antibacterial Activity of two Bis-Schiff Bases Containing a Piperazine Ring

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 512-514
Author(s):  
Rui-bo Xu ◽  
Xiao-tian Yang ◽  
Hai-nan Li ◽  
Peng-cheng Zhao ◽  
Jiao-jiao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Schiff Bases ◽  
Piperazine Ring ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Good Antibacterial Activity

Two new bis-Schiff bases containing a piperazine ring, N,N‘-bis(4-chlorobenzylidene)- and N,N‘-bis(4-cyanobenzylidene)-1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine, were prepared by the reaction of N,N‘-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine with 4-chloro- and 4-cyanobenzaldehyde, respectively. The dichloro compound was fully identified by X-ray crystallography and it exhibited good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis.

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