INFLUENCE OF THE THYROID GLAND ON THE COURSE OF TUBERCULOSIS

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Анна Владимировна Лушникова ◽  
Юлия Юрьевна Бакутина ◽  
Надежда Егоровна Хорошилова ◽  
Светлана Александровна Недомолкина
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Somatic State

В 2018 году по данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения было выявлено более 10 млн. человек, заболевших туберкулезной инфекцией, 1,6 млн. из которых погибли. Причинами высокой смертности могли послужить: низкая эффективность лечения, множественная лекарственная толерантность к препаратам как первой, так и второй линий, применяемых в лечении, неосведомленность о соматическом состоянии пациентов, развитие побочных действий и снижение реактивности организма [1]. За последние годы по данным статистических обзоров во всем мире, в том числе и РФ, отмечается значительный рост числа больных, инфицированных мультирезистентными штаммами M.tuberculosis. В режимы химиотерапии таких больных включают большое количество противотуберкулезных препаратов, удлиняются сроки лечения, что способствует увеличению побочных реакций токсического характера, как от самих лекарственных препаратов, так и от их метаболитов. Также одним из возможных и недооцененных триггеров, влияющих на течение туберкулеза, может быть функциональное состояние щитовидной железы. Именно поэтому тиреоидный статус пациентов с туберкулезной инфекцией может играть значительную роль в развитии, течении и исходе данного заболевания. Так, проблемой современного медицинского общества может быть недостаточность знаний и отсутствие комплексных обследований полиморбидных пациентов, являющихся основой группы пациентов с туберкулезом легких In 2018, according to the world health organization, more than 10 million people were identified with tuberculosis infection, 1.6 million of whom died. The causes of high mortality could be: low effectiveness of treatment, multiple drug tolerance to both first-and second-line drugs used in treatment, lack of awareness of the somatic state of patients, the development of side effects and reduced reactivity of the body. [1] in recent years, according to statistical reviews all over the world, including the Russian Federation, there has been a significant increase in the number of patients infected with multi-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. These data contribute to an increase in toxic adverse reactions both from the drugs themselves and from their metabolites. Also, one of the possible and underestimated triggers that affect the course of tuberculosis may be the functional state of the thyroid gland. That is why the thyroid status of patients with tuberculosis infection can play a significant role in the development, course and outcome of this disease. Thus, the problem of modern medical society may be the lack of knowledge and the lack of comprehensive examinations of polymorbid patients, which are the basis of the group of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

scholarly journals A PIECEWISE GROWTH MODEL FOR MODELING THE ACCUMULATED NUMBER OF COVID-19 CASES IN THE CITY OF CAMPO GRANDE

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Erlandson Ferreira SARAIVA ◽  
Leandro SAUER ◽  
Basílio De Bragança PEREIRA ◽  
Carlos Alberto de Bragança PEREIRA
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Health Department ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mathematical Study ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Technical Report ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City

In December of 2019, a new coronavirus was discovered in the city of Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization officially named this coronavirus as COVID-19. Since its discovery, the virus has spread rapidly around the world and is currently one of the main health problems, causing an enormous social and economic burden. Due to this, there is a great interest in mathematical models capable of projecting the evolution of the disease in countries, states and/or cities. This interest is mainly due to the fact that the projections may help the government agents in making decisions in relation to the prevention of the disease. By using this argument, the health department of the city (HDC) of Campo Grande asked the UFMS for the development of a mathematical study to project the evolution of the disease in the city. In this paper, we describe a modeling procedure used to fit a piecewise growth model for the accumulated number of cases recorded in the city. From the fitted model, we estimate the date in which the pandemic peak is reached and project the number of patients who will need treatment in intensive care units. Weekly, was sent to HDC a technical report describing the main results.

Introduction

Leprosy ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Charlotte A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Mycobacterium Leprae ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Neglected Tropical Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Mycobacterium Lepromatosis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization

This chapter introduces leprosy, an infection that is still misunderstood and considered a neglected tropical disease but declining in frequency, according to the World Health Organization. The bacteria that cause leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis, are outlined, as well as how a relative strength of a person’s immune system determines how leprosy affects the body. Although leprosy is curable, associated stigma and disability remain common challenges for people with the disease in parts of the world. The goals and structure of the book are outlined, ten myths that still pervade society at large are listed, and the use of the word “leper” discussed. Based on World Health Organization data, the chapter also explores the frequency of leprosy today, where the infection remains a challenge, and the history of detecting and reporting evidence for leprosy in living populations. Finally, the reasons why bioarchaeologists have an interest in this infection are explored.

scholarly journals Development of the Troponin Detection System Based on the Nanostructure

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taek Lee ◽  
Jae-Hyuk Ahn ◽  
Jinha Choi ◽  
Yeonju Lee ◽  
Jin-Myung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection System ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Creatine Kinase Mb ◽  
High Death ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman ◽  
Health Organization

During the last 30 years, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a gradual increase in the number of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), not only in developed but also in developing countries. In particular, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the severe CVDs because of the high death rate, damage to the body, and various complications. During these harmful effects, rapid diagnosis of AMI is key for saving patients with CVD in an emergency. The prompt diagnosis and proper treatment of patients with AMI are important to increase the survival rate of these patients. To treat patients with AMI quickly, detection of a CVD biomarker at an ultra-low concentration is essential. Cardiac troponins (cTNs), cardiac myoglobin (cMB), and creatine kinase MB are typical biomarkers for AMI detection. An increase in the levels of those biomarkers in blood implies damage to cardiomyocytes and thus is related to AMI progression. In particular, cTNs are regarded as a gold standard biomarker for AMI diagnosis. The conventional TN detection system for detection of AMI requires long measurement time and is labor-intensive and tedious. Therefore, the demand for sensitive and selective TN detection techniques is increasing at present. To meet this demand, several approaches and methods have been applied to develop a TN detection system based on a nanostructure. In the present review, the authors reviewed recent advances in TN biosensors with a focus on four detection systems: (1) An electrochemical (EC) TN nanobiosensor, (2) field effect transistor (FET)-based TN nanobiosensor, (3) surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based TN nanobiosensor and (4) surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based TN nanobiosensor.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN TINGKAT TOKSISITAS LOGAM TIMBAL (Pb) DENGAN GAMBARAN SEDIAAN APUS DARAH PADA PEROKOK AKTIF

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Betti Rosita ◽  
Helvina Mustika
Keyword(s):  
Lead Level ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Lead Metal ◽  
Blood Formation ◽  
Health Organization

Based on the results of a survey conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012, the number of active smokers in the world has reached more than 1 billion people. This number is expected to continue to increase given the high prevalence of world cigarette consumption rates, while in Indonesia it is found that almost every year the number of smokers is increasing. Cigarettes containing chemicals including carbon monoxide, nicotine, tar, ammonia, arsenic, cyanide and lead (Pb) The main effect is lead that is inhaled and enters the respiratory system will also circulate throughout the tissues and organs of the body. More than 90% of lead metal absorbed by blood binds to red blood cells and results in a disruption in the process of hemoglobin synthesis. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of lead metal toxicity with an overview of smear preparations in the blood of active smokers. The research method with simple random sampling, samples taken capillary blood and making blood smear preparations that were examined with a microscope while examining the metal in the urine using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results of the study of lead content in urine of active smokers found that the high is 0.384 mg / dl and the low lead level is 0.002 mg / dl positive containing lead in the urine with the amount of lead content exceeding the threshold and from the results of the smear dosage found that normal or normociter cell size can be obtained normal or normochrome (1/3 of the center is pale) whereas abnormalities in the cell form are teardrop cells, ovalocytes, schistocyte, this is due to the effect of lead that disrupts health especially usually occurs in haemotopoetic systems (blood formation system)

scholarly journals Tuberculosis: Poor Awareness Leads to Poor Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Good News ◽  
World Health ◽  
Genital Tuberculosis ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Every year on 24 March, World Tuberculosis Day is commemorated annually, for raising the public awareness regarding devastating consequences of tuberculosison health and economic aspects of life. This helps to launch efforts to end the globalepidemic of tuberculosis. On the date of 24th March in 1882, Dr. Robert Koch announced about the discovery of bacterium that causes tuberculosis.1 It was held on 24th March 1982 first time by The World Health Organization at the 100th anniversary of Dr. Koch’s discovery. The target 3.3 of SDG calls for, by 2030, ending the epidemics of tuberculosis, malaria, AIDS, combat other communicable and water-borne diseases. A large number of people 1.7 billion, roughly 23% of the world's population suffered from tuberculosis. In the world, each year 1.5 million people died due to TB, proving it a leading infectious killer disease. Thirty countries having the high burden of TB, accounted for 87% of new TB cases during 2019.2 Among these, two thirds of the total cases were in India, Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, and South Africa. An estimated 510,000 new TB cases are emerging each year in Pakistan. Among these about, 15 000 are developing drug resistant TB cases. Pakistan is bearing 61% of the TB burden in the EMRO. Tuberculosis is preventable and curable disease. The causative agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, most often affect the lungs. The vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease is called BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin). In 1921, first patient was vaccinated with BCG vaccine, 13 years were spent in the making the vaccine. In countries where TB is common, BCG vaccine is given to infants and small children. It does not always protect people from getting TB. BCG vaccine is included in national Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Pakistan and given at birth. To make TB free Pakistan through universal access to quality TB care, National TB Control Program (NTP) is striving for achieving Zero TB death by reducing 50% prevalence of TB in general population by 2025. The mode of transmission of TB from person to person is through the air. The TB germs are propelled into the air,when people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit carelessly due to lack of awareness that they are participating in the spread of disease and weakening the efforts. These germs are when inhaled by other people, resulting in lung infection, which is called primary TB. From primary TB infection, majority of people recover withoutany further evidence of the disease. For years the infection may stay inactive (latent). People with TB infection are not contagious, do not have any symptoms, and do not put their friends, co-workers and family at risk. Many people who have latent TB infection never develop TB disease. In these people, the TB bacteria remain inactive for a lifetime without causing disease. But in other people, especially people who have weak immune systems, the bacteria become active, multiply, and cause TB disease. There is good news for people with TB disease! It can almost always be treated and cured with medicine. But the medicine must be taken as directed by Physician. The relapse rate differs by a country's incidence and control: 0–27% of TB relapses occur within 2 years after treatment completion and most relapses occur within 5 years; however, some relapses occur 15 years after treatment. A person who has genital tuberculosis can infect others through sexual contact. The most common means of spreading genital TB can be through blood or lymph. Hence, sexual contact can spread genital tuberculosis. Genital tuberculosis can spread to any other body organ, once it enters the body. Consuming a diet high in nutritious foods and beverages is a smart way to support and protect lung health. Coffee, dark leafy greens, fatty fish, peppers, tomatoes, olive oil, oysters, blueberries, and pumpkin are just some examples of foods and drinks that have been shown to benefit lung function. Milk can be used by TB patient. It is also a great source of protein, providing strength necessary to perform day-to-day activities. Directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS, also known as TB-DOTS) is the name given to the tuberculosis (TB) control strategy recommended by the World Health Organization. According to WHO, "The most cost-effective way to stop the spread of TB in communities with a high incidence is by curing it. The usual treatment is: two antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for 6 months, two additional antibiotics (pyrazinamide and ethambutol) for the first 2 months of the 6-month treatment period. Groups with high rates of TB transmission are homeless persons, injection drug users, and persons with HIV infection are more susceptible for TB and persons who have immigrated from areas of the world with high rates of TB. The disease is prevalent mainly in the underprivileged sections of the society. The lack of knowledge in the masses and the communities is a factor that contributes largely to the spread of the disease. The theme of World TB Day 2020 was “It's TIME to end TB” and in 2021 it is,” Am I stopping TB” highlighting the importance of awareness. It is the time to fuel the awareness program with full energy, resources and ways. In such a scenario, there is always a need for new and innovative ideas to create mass awareness about tuberculosis. The more focus of this awareness campaign should be very much targeted towards people living in an area where there are a lot of people are with TB, or have been homeless or live in poorly ventilated or overcrowded housing and sufferers of a weakened immune system.

scholarly journals Real-time neural network based predictor for cov19 virus spread

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243189
Author(s):  
Michał Wieczorek ◽  
Jakub Siłka ◽  
Dawid Połap ◽  
Marcin Woźniak ◽  
Robertas Damaševičius
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
World Health ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Since the epidemic outbreak in early months of 2020 the spread of COVID-19 has grown rapidly in most countries and regions across the World. Because of that, SARS-CoV-2 was declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020, by The World Health Organization (WHO). That’s why many scientists are working on new methods to reduce further growth of new cases and, by intelligent patients allocation, reduce number of patients per doctor, what can lead to more successful treatments. However to properly manage the COVID-19 spread there is a need for real-time prediction models which can reliably support various decisions both at national and international level. The problem in developing such system is the lack of general knowledge how the virus spreads and what would be the number of cases each day. Therefore prediction model must be able to conclude the situation from past data in the way that results will show a future trend and will possibly closely relate to the real numbers. In our opinion Artificial Intelligence gives a possibility to do it. In this article we present a model which can work as a part of an online system as a real-time predictor to help in estimation of COVID-19 spread. This prediction model is developed using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to estimate the future situation by the use of geo-location and numerical data from past 2 weeks. The results of our model are confirmed by comparing them with real data and, during our research the model was correctly predicting the trend and very closely matching the numbers of new cases in each day.

scholarly journals WINNING THE WAR AGAINST COVID-19 IN MALAYSIA: AN ACHIEVABLE GOAL?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-149
Author(s):  
Mohd Hafiz Jaafar ◽  
Amirah Azzeri
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Healthcare Resources ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Achievable Goal ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) has initially categorised COVID-19 infection as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in late January 2020 and later on declared the outbreak as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. On February 4, 2020 the first Malaysian positive COVID-19 patients was detected. It was estimated through a thorough decision tree technique, cumulatively 22,000 positive patients were expected to be infected nationwide. At the current rate of disease detection, screening yield and clinical capacity in Malaysia, the identification of the positive patients will have to be continuously done until middle of May 2020. In addition, a prediction with the forecasted testing capacity was also conducted. In contrast with the earlier estimation, massive testing causes the number of positive patients to be saturated earlier, by the end of April 2020. Based on the projection, 346, 307 cumulative tests will be conducted with 225,100 cumulative positive cases will be identified. Of the numbers, the cumulative number of patients in care would be 17,631 with 705 cumulative number of admission to intensive care unit and 353 cumulative patients required for ventilator. The cumulative death and cumulative discharge are expected to be 394 and 6008 respectively. Currently, it is challenging for Malaysia to flatten the epidemic curve due to the constraints of healthcare resources. These challenges potentially highlight the need for realistic strategies with regard to the country’s capacity.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 in Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Summary of Current Guidelines

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavita Narang ◽  
Eniola R. Ibirogba ◽  
Amro Elrefaei ◽  
Ayssa Teles Abrao Trad ◽  
Regan Theiler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Serious Infection ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Current Guidelines ◽  
In Pregnancy

Since the declaration of the global pandemic of COVID-19 by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020, we have continued to see a steady rise in the number of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. However, there is still very limited data on the course and outcomes of this serious infection in a vulnerable population of pregnant patients and their fetuses. International perinatal societies and institutions including SMFM, ACOG, RCOG, ISUOG, CDC, CNGOF, ISS/SIEOG, and CatSalut have released guidelines for the care of these patients. We aim to summarize these current guidelines in a comprehensive review for patients, healthcare workers, and healthcare institutions. We included 15 papers from 10 societies through a literature search of direct review of society’s websites and their journal publications up till 20 April 2020. Recommendations specific to antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum were abstracted from the publications and summarized into Tables. The summary of guidelines for the management of COVID-19 in pregnancy across different perinatal societies is fairly consistent, with some variation in the strength of recommendations. It is important to recognize that these guidelines are frequently updated, as we continue to learn more about the course and impact of COVID-19 in pregnancy.

Constrictive Pericarditis Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi ◽  
Maryam Ghadimi ◽  
Mehrnaz Asadi Gharabaghi ◽  
Fereshteh Ghiasvand
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Constrictive Pericarditis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Respiratory Condition ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Progressive Respiratory Failure ◽  
Health Organization

: Since December 2019, there has been an increasing number of patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) around the world. As of March 2020, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting with constrictive pericarditis, possibly from the COVID infection. She was presented after a week of fever, persistent dry cough, and diarrhea. She received a single dose of hydroxychloroquine 400 mg, Oseltamivir 75 mg every 12 hours, lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) 400/100 mg every 12 hours, and levofloxacin 750 mg daily. After 24 hours, she was immediately transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) because of dyspnea and progressive respiratory failure with a drop of the O2 saturation to 70%. After a week of progress, her respiratory condition deteriorated again. She was re-admitted to the ICU and she expired. She died due to isolated constrictive pericarditis, most probably caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Disease of the endocrine system. Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Gulara Rufat Sadikhova ◽  
◽  
Sayali Yolchu gizi Ibrahimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Key Words Diabetes ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Relative Deficiency

It is common knowledge that the Diabetes is a widespread disease of the endocrine system. To outline the main points, it is worth too say that Diabetes is a chronic disease associated with an absolute or relative deficiency of the hormone insulin, wherein the insulin secreted by the pancreas and cleaves the glucose in the blood. Diabetes affects many organ systems of the body so that the most severe complication of the disease is coma. Therefore, in the treatment of the disease, sugar-reducing drugs and mandatory diet are used. It comes as no surprise that almost 422 mln of the world's population suffer from Diabetes, as it is stipulates by the World Health Organization statistics. Key words: Diabetes, hormone insulin, diet, coma

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