RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF PECULIARITIES OF CLINICAL-SONOSCOPIC INDICATORS OF ACUTE APPENDICITIS IN YOUNG PERSONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
Дмитрий Валериевич Судаков ◽  
Олег Валериевич Судаков ◽  
Евгений Владимирович Белов ◽  
Наталья Владимировна Якушева ◽  
Оксана Анатольевна Тюрина
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Iliac Region ◽  
Ultrasound Diagnostics ◽  
The Future ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
Group 1

Статья посвящена анализу особенностей клинико-соноскопических показателей острого аппендицита (ОА) у молодежи. Тематика является актуальной, так как в декабре 2020 года, правительством РФ были изменены возрастные рамки понятия «молодежь» - увеличены с 30 до 35 лет. Особенностью работы стало использование УЗИ - методик в комплексной диагностике ОА, которые в настоящее время не являются обязательными в стандарте обследования пациентов с подозрением на ОА. Данная работа стала результатом попытки выявить основные клинико-соноскопические симптомы ОА у молодежи, которые могли бы своевременно помочь с адекватной дифференциальной диагностикой в будущем и возможно «лечь» в основу будущего стандарта обследования. Объектами исследования послужило 150 пациентов, мужчин и женщин, в возрасте от 18 до 35 лет, мужчин (n=71) и женщин (n=59). Все больные были разделены на 3 группы по 50 человек. В 1 группу вошли больные, поступающие с жалобами на боли различного характера в области живота, которым впоследствии не был установлен диагноз ОА. 2 группу составили пациенты, которым выполняли общее УЗИ обследование органов брюшной полости и у которых впоследствии был подтвержден диагноз ОА. В 3 группу вошли пациенты, которым отдельно выполняли УЗИ правой подвздошной области и у которых впоследствии также подтверждался диагноз ОА. Основой исследования стал подробный анализ жалоб (клинических проявлений) пациентов, изучение их температуры тела и локализации боли. Так, у пациентов с ОА наиболее частой локализацией стала правая подвздошная область, а температура редко превышала 37,5 С. В дальнейшем, в работе был проведен комплексный анализ ОАК и Б/Х крови. Было установлено, что у пациентов с ОА наиболее значимо определялись изменения «маркеров» воспалительного процесса - лейкоцитоз, СОЭ, нейтрофильный сдвиг влево; изменения биохимии наоборот-были свойственны пациентам 1 группы - без ОА. Интересной особенностью стало выявление сопутствующих хронических заболеваний. Отмечалось, что с повышением возраста «молодежи» выявлялся и рост числа различных заболеваний. В завершении исследования проводилось изучение данных УЗИ-симптомов, которые были разделены на прямые и косвенные. Статья интересна практикующим врачам - хирургам и УЗИ-диагностам The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of the clinical and sonoscopic indicators of acute appenicitis (OA) in young people. The topic is relevant, since in December 2020, the government of the Russian Federation changed the age range of the concept of "youth" - increased from 30 to 35 years. A feature of the work was the use of ultrasound - techniques in the complex diagnosis of OA, which are currently not mandatory in the standard of examination of patients with suspected OA. This work was the result of an attempt to identify the main clinical and sonoscopic symptoms of OA in young people, which could promptly help with adequate differential diagnosis in the future and possibly "form" the basis of the future examination standard. The objects of the study were 150 patients, men and women, aged 18 to 35 years, men (n = 71) and women (n = 59). All patients were divided into 3 groups of 50 people each. Group 1 consisted of patients admitted with complaints of pains of various nature in the abdominal region, who were not subsequently diagnosed with OA. Group 2 consisted of patients who underwent a general ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs and in whom the diagnosis of OA was subsequently confirmed. Group 3 included patients who underwent a separate ultrasound examination of the right iliac region and who subsequently also had a diagnosis of OA. The study was based on a detailed analysis of complaints (clinical manifestations) of patients, the study of their body temperature and localization of pain. Thus, in patients with OA, the most frequent localization was the right iliac region, and the temperature rarely exceeded 37.5 C. Later, a comprehensive analysis of the OAC and B / C blood was carried out in the work. It was found that in patients with OA, the most significant changes in the "markers" of the inflammatory process were determined - leukocytosis, ESR, neutrophilic shift to the left; changes in biochemistry, on the contrary, were characteristic of patients of group 1 - without OA. An interesting feature was the identification of concomitant chronic diseases. It was noted that with an increase in the age of the "youth", an increase in the number of various diseases was also revealed. At the end of the study, we studied the data of ultrasound symptoms, which were divided into direct and indirect. The article is interesting for practicing doctors - surgeons and ultrasound diagnostics

scholarly journals A tissue-engineered urinary conduit in a porcine urinary diversion model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Jundziłł ◽  
Piotr Kwieciński ◽  
Daria Balcerczyk ◽  
Tomasz Kloskowski ◽  
Dariusz Grzanka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Urinary Diversion ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Right ◽  
Group 1

AbstractThe use of an ileal segment is a standard method for urinary diversion after radical cystectomy. Unfortunately, utilization of this method can lead to numerous surgical and metabolic complications. This study aimed to assess the tissue-engineered artificial conduit for urinary diversion in a porcine model. Tissue-engineered tubular polypropylene mesh scaffolds were used for the right ureter incontinent urostomy model. Eighteen male pigs were divided into three equal groups: Group 1 (control ureterocutaneostomy), Group 2 (the right ureter-artificial conduit-skin anastomoses), and Group 3 (4 weeks before urostomy reconstruction, the artificial conduit was implanted between abdomen muscles). Follow-up was 6 months. Computed tomography, ultrasound examination, and pyelogram were used to confirm the patency of created diversions. Morphological and histological analyses were used to evaluate the tissue-engineered urinary diversion. All animals survived the experimental procedures and follow-up. The longest average patency was observed in the 3rd Group (15.8 weeks) compared to the 2nd Group (10 weeks) and the 1st Group (5.8 weeks). The implant’s remnants created a retroperitoneal post-inflammation tunnel confirmed by computed tomography and histological evaluation, which constitutes urostomy. The simultaneous urinary diversion using a tissue-engineered scaffold connected directly with the skin is inappropriate for clinical application.

scholarly journals The Systematic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Critical COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Double Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 096368972110249
Author(s):  
G Adas ◽  
Z Cukurova ◽  
K Kart Yasar ◽  
R Yilmaz ◽  
N Isiksacan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Systematic Effect ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The aim of this clinical trial was to control the cytokine storm by administering mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to critically-ill COVID-19 patients, to evaluate the healing effect, and to systematically investigate how the treatment works. Patients with moderate and critical COVID-19 clinical manifestations were separated as Group 1 (moderate cases, n = 10, treated conventionally), Group 2 (critical cases, n = 10, treated conventionally), and Group 3 (critical cases, n = 10, treated conventionally plus MSCs transplantation therapy of three consecutive doses on treatment days 0, 3, and 6, (as 3 × 106 cells/kg, intravenously). The treatment mechanism of action was investigated with evaluation markers of the cytokine storm, via biochemical parameters, levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, analyses of tissue regeneration via the levels of growth factors, apoptosis markers, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and granzyme-B, and by the assessment of the immunomodulatory effects via total oxidant/antioxidant status markers and the levels of lymphocyte subsets. In the assessment of the overall mortality rates of all the cases, six patients in Group-2 and three patients in Group-3 died, and there was no loss in Group-1. Proinflammatory cytokines IFNγ, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-2, IL-12, anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-13, IL-1ra, and growth factors TGF-β, VEGF, KGF, and NGF levels were found to be significant in Group-3. When Group-2 and Group-3 were compared, serum ferritin, fibrinogen and CRP levels in Group-3 had significantly decreased. CD45 +, CD3 +, CD4 +, CD8 +, CD19 +, HLA-DR +, and CD16 + / CD56 + levels were evaluated. In the statistical comparison of the groups, significance was only determined in respect of neutrophils. The results demonstrated the positive systematic and cellular effects of MSCs application on critically ill COVID-19 patients in a versatile way. This effect plays an important role in curing and reducing mortality in critically ill patients.

scholarly journals The right to the future and chrono-logics otherwise: Resisting governmentality’s temporal conduct

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1289-1316
Author(s):  
Heidi Rhodes ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Peace Dividend ◽  
The Future ◽  
Raison D’État ◽  
The Government ◽  
Black Pacific ◽  
The Right

This paper attends to differing praxes of futurity circulating in Colombia, both in dominant and subaltern forms. It first considers temporality as an apparatus of governmentality, raison d’état, and settler colonial logics of violence deployed in the service of late liberalism, capitalist endeavor, and the so-called “peace dividend.” In contrast, it elaborates two distinct rights claims that counter official state claims on the future: the principle of the right to a distinct vision of the future in Colombia’s black Pacific social movement; and the legal claim of the right of future generations in a historic 2018 lawsuit brought against the government by several youth from diverse regions across the country. These claims pose what I name as a “chrono-logics” otherwise – temporal alterities that refuse the logics of settler colonial temporality and insist on an ecology of relations that pursue the survival and flourishing of diverse lifeworlds and futures. Este artículo se ocupa de diferentes praxis de futuridad que circulan en Colombia, tanto en formas dominantes como subalternas. En primer lugar, toma en consideración la temporalidad como un aparato de la gubernamentalidad, la razón de Estado, y las lógicas de violencia del colonialismo que se despliegan al servicio del liberalismo tardío, el empeño capitalista y el así denominado “dividendo de la paz”. Elaboramos dos reivindicaciones de derechos que contradicen las proclamas estatales oficiales sobre el futuro: el principio del derecho a una visión distinta del futuro en el movimiento social negro pacífico de Colombia; y la pretensión jurídica del derecho de las generaciones venideras en una demanda judicial histórica de 2018 que interpusieron jóvenes de diversas regiones del país contra el gobierno. Estas reivindicaciones plantean lo que denomino una “crono-logía” de otra manera – alteridades temporales que rechazan la lógica de la temporalidad colonialista y que insisten en una ecología de relaciones que persiguen la supervivencia y el florecimiento de diversos mundos y futuros.

scholarly journals The role of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the progression and development of cerebrovascular diseases. A competent choice of pathogenic treatment is the key to success in treatment and prevention. An expert’s view from the ‘red zone’

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
V. V. Kovalchuk
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
State Recovery ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Group 1

COVID-19 worsens the course of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), including chronic cerebral ischaemia (CCI). The Actovegin drug, which has long been widely used in CCI treatment, has an antioxidant and endothelium protective effect. It makes sense to study the effect of Actovegin therapy on the clinical manifestations of CCI in patients with a recent experience of COVID-19.Objective: to evaluate Actovegin efficacy in the treatment of CCI in patients with a recent experience of COVID-19.Patients and methods. The study included 440 patients (234 female; 206 male) with a recent experience of COVID-19, suffering from CCI, their average age being 67.8 years (from 54 to 85 years). All patients were broken down into two groups of 220 people (the patients in Group 1 were administrated Actovegin, the ones in Group 2 – were not). All patients were followed up for 90 days; their condition was assessed by the severity of clinical manifestations of CCI, using special scales and questionnaires.Results and discussion. After 90 days of follow-up, the frequency of complaints of cognitive impairment, sleep disorder, dizziness, fatigue, emotional disorders, and headache in Group 1 was significantly lower than in Group 2 (p<0.05). According to Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20), and Spiegel Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ), the average indicators improved significantly more in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p<0.05). The absence of quality of life impairment and their minimal severity were observed in Group 1 in 77.9%; in Group 2 – in 33.7% (p<0.001). Statistically significant differences between the groups of patients were also observed in relation to emotional state recovery according to the Wakefield Questionnaire and the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety inventory.Conclusion. The observational study demonstrated the efficacy of Actovegin in the treatment of main clinical manifestations of CCI in patients with recent COVID-19 experience.

Collective conflict in the public sector in France

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-700
Author(s):  
Marie-Armelle Souriac
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Public Enterprises ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

The right to strike has been recognised in France, even as a right guaranteed by the Constitution, since 1946. Strikes in the public sector are subject to specific legal regulation, including requirements for minimum notice periods and, in some circumstances, minimum service requirements. This contribution examines these special legal features of public-sector strikes. It is necessary to clarify the respective roles and responsibilities of the management of public enterprises (or administrative authorities) and the government. The article also considers alternative (and new) forms of collective action and agreements. In the future there may well be even greater scope for the regulation of strikes to be covered by collective bargaining.

INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF INFANT HEMANGIOMA

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-182
Author(s):  
N.P. Kotlukova ◽  
◽  
T.S. Belysheva ◽  
T.T. Valiev ◽  
N.K. Konstantinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Therapy ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Treatment Algorithm ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Local Therapy ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Premature Baby ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Ultrasound Diagnostics ◽  
The Right

The aim of the study is to find the best approaches to the treatment of infantile hemangiomas (IH). Materials and methods of research: the experience of treatment of pediatric patients with IH of various localization is presented, which was carried out according to the protocol elaborated by the authors. Systemic therapy with propranolol, local therapy, laser therapy were used in the complex of treatment. The age of patients at the beginning of therapy ranged from 1 month up to 4,5 years. Results: in all cases, patients with propranolol treatment showed a quick and stable effect. Even at the time of the selection of the dose of the drug, IH patients began to involute, became paler, less tense. The thickness of the soft tissues in the IH area decreased by 65% compared to the baseline, the number of functioning vessels decreased by 86%. The maximum effect was achieved within the first 6 months from the start of therapy. Clinical case report – a 2,5-year-old child with extensive hemangioma of the right buttock. There was a complex treatment with propranolol, local therapy, laser therapy. The general course of treatment with propranolol was 2 years 8 months. The total number of laser interventions was 6 with the overall effect in the form of maximum regression of residual clinical manifestations of IH. A positive clinical and ultrasound picture was noted, indicating a pronounced involution of IH, and a gradual withdrawal of propranolol was started. Conclusion: the effectiveness of a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to the treatment of extensive complicated IH was demonstrated with the participation of specialists of various disciplines: pediatricians, cardiologists, surgeons, specialists in functional and ultrasound diagnostics, specialists in laser therapy, endocrinologists in a severe premature baby with a large number of somatic problems. The clinical treatment algorithm developed and implemented for patients with IH makes it possible to avoid more aggressive methods of treatment of this pathology and to improve the quality of life of this category of patients. On the basis on the results obtained, indications for laser therapy with a selective pulsed laser were formulated.

Differential criteria for clinical manifestations of biliary dyskinesia and chronic cholecystitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 32-34
Author(s):  
Ağaşirin Aydın oğlu Rüstəmov ◽  
◽  
Fatma Fatma Oruc qızı Rəcəbova7............ ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Chronic Cholecystitis ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasound ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Dyspeptic Symptoms ◽  
The Right ◽  
Frequency Ultrasound

For the diagnosis and differentiation of chronic cholesistoxolangiitis from the diseases of the biliary system, 20 patients used modern instrumental and laboratory methods. In these methods, excision cholesistorentgenography, retrograde cholangiography, high frequency ultrasound examination, and cholesterol in the blood, manometric tonometry. In the objective examination, patients were disturbed by the pain on the right side of the neck, on the right side of the breast and in the right rib. Dyspeptic symptoms such as lower appetite, nausea, vomiting, and meteorism have been discovered. Dietotherapy, spasmolitics, antibiotics, gallbladder and physiotherapy have also been used in the treatment. Thus, based on the results of our examination, it is recommended that they be used in early diagnosis of chronic cholesistoxolangitis. Key words: cholangiocholecystitis, gallbladder, symptoms, clinical, diagnosis

P5299Epicardial obesity as a significant predictor of leptino and insulin resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Ott ◽  
G A Chumakova
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Visceral Obesity ◽  
Soluble Receptors ◽  
Correlation Relationship ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Right

Abstract Leptino (LR) and insulin resistance (IR) are significant predictors of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, type 2 diabetes. The effect of epicardial obesity (EO) (as a type of visceral obesity) on the formation of LR and IR is studied. Objective To study the effect of EO on the formation of LR and IR among men with arterial hypertension (AH). Materials and methods The study included 130 men 49.5±4.3 years old, with AH of 1–3 degrees and the absence of clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis of other localizations, type 2 diabetes with a BMI of 20–35 kg /m2 and abdominal obesity according to WC ≥94 cm. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the thickness of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), measured behind the free wall of the right ventricle by echocardiography. Group 1 consisted of 60 patients with epicardial obesity (EAT ≥7 mm), group 2 included 70 patients without epicardial obesity (EAT <7 mm). All subjects assessed indicators of LR and IR: measured levels of serum leptin (SL), soluble receptors for leptin (SLR), free leptin index (FLI), calculated as the ratio SL/SLR (as the only currently existing marker LR); IR was estimated by calculating the HOMA-IR index. IR was diagnosed with the generally accepted HOMA-IR index >2.7. Results When comparing LR indices in the studied groups, higher average values of SL, FLI were observed in the group with EO (EAT ≥7 mm) than in the group without EO (EAT <7 mm): (SL = 32.16 ng/ml (26.7; 37.62) versus SL = 14.92 ng/ml (11.62; 18.22), p=0.01, respectively); (FLI = 1.67 (0.47; 2.87) versus FLI = 0.37 (0.28; 0.46), p=0.01, respectively). Also in the EO group, higher indices of the HOMA-IR index were observed compared with the group without EO: (2.16 (1.62; 2.66) versus 1.35 (1.06; 1.64), p=0,01, respectively). When conducting the correlation analysis between FLI (as a marker of LR) and various obesity indicators (BMI, WC, EO) in the studied groups, a significant positive correlation relationship between FLI and EO was found in both the first and second groups (r=0.67, p=0.01; r=0.62, p=0.01, respectively). The IR index HOMA-IR also significantly positively correlated with EO in the group with a EAT ≥7 mm (r=0.68, p=0.01). BMI and WC did not correlate with FLI, IR in both groups 1 and 2 (p>0.05). In the EO group, 11 patients had IR with a HOMA-IR index >2.7. Using the linear regression analysis, the regression equation was obtained and the value of EO was calculated, from which the IR with HOMA-IR >2.7 started to be determined. This figure was 9.5 mm. Conclusions EO (EAT ≥7 mm) is a significant predictor of LR and IR, unlike the generally accepted criteria for obesity (BMI, WC). A EAT ≥9.5 mm can be a significant predictor of the development of type 2 diabetes, so these patients need additional examinations.

Systemic to Pulmonary Collaterals in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: Incidence, Clinical Significance, and Hemodynamic Features

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Hayek ◽  
Rowena Cayabyab ◽  
Ima Thompson ◽  
Mahmood Ebrahimi ◽  
Bijan Siassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Echocardiographic Parameters ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Right ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Objective To determine the incidence of systemic to pulmonary collaterals (SPCs) in extremely low birth weight infants and to assess its clinical and hemodynamic significance beyond the neonatal period. Study Design Retrospective cohort study was conducted on 61 infants with echocardiogram performed at the time of discharge to determine the presence of SPC and to measure the right and left ventricular outputs and left atrium to aortic ratio. We compared two groups: small or no SPC (Group 1) to moderate or large SPC (Group 2) on demographics, clinical outcomes, and echocardiographic parameters. Results Sixty-one infants were included. The incidence of SPC was 57%; 21% of infants had moderate or large shunts and 31% had small SPC. Demographics, clinical outcomes, and echocardiographic parameters were not significantly different between small or no SPC and moderate to large SPC. Conclusion More than half of the infants had SPC. The size of the shunt did not affect the clinical outcomes nor the echocardiographic parameters measured. All infants had cardiac output above the normative mean.

Independent Processing of the Temporal and Ordinal Structure of Movement Sequences

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 3725-3735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Ullén ◽  
Sara L. Bengtsson
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Fast Learning ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Right ◽  
Temporal Sequences ◽  
Group 1

We investigated if the temporal and ordinal structures of sequences can be represented and learned independently. In Experiment 1, subjects learned three rhythmic sequences of key presses with the right index finger: Combined consisted of nine key presses with a corresponding temporal structure of eight intervals; Temporal had the temporal structure of Combined but was performed on one key; Ordinal had the ordinal structure of Combined but an isochronous rhythm. Subjects were divided into two groups. Group 1 first learned Combined, then Temporal and Ordinal; Group 2 first learned Temporal and Ordinal, then Combined. Strong transfer effects were seen in both groups. In Group 1, having learned combined facilitated the learning of the temporal ( Temporal) or ordinal ( Ordinal) sequence alone; in Group 2, having learned Temporal and Ordinal facilitated the learning of Combined, where the two are combined. This supports that subjects had formed independent temporal and ordinal representations. In Experiment 2, we investigated if these can be learned independently. Subjects repeatedly reproduced sequences with fixed temporal and random ordinal structure; random temporal and fixed ordinal structure; and random temporal and ordinal structures. Temporal and ordinal learning was seen only in the first and second sequences, respectively. In summary, we provide evidence for the existence of independent systems for learning and representation of ordinal and temporal sequences and for implicit learning of temporal sequences. This may be important for fast learning and flexibility in motor control.

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