scholarly journals Associative relationship between atopy, HLA complex genes and other genes

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-25
Author(s):  
N G Astafyeva ◽  
B A Shamgunova ◽  
D Yu Kobzev ◽  
I Ae Michailova
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Hla Genes ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
History Of

This review presents current data on the associative relationships of genes of the major histocompatibility complex (HLA) and other genes with atopy. Despite the long history of studying the role of HLA class genes in atopy and the introduction of modern technologies and methods, many unresolved issues remain, including the difficulties caused by the heterogeneity of the human population, the complex structure and disequilibrium of linkage between different HLA genes. Although phenotypic heterogeneity is considered as the main limitation in understanding the genetic determinants of atopy, only a few studies have examined the relationships of its typical clinical manifestations induced by aeroallergens with certain HLA genes. The identified molecular mechanisms and genetic characteristics open up the possibility of using new therapeutic targets and modifying existing drugs.

АССОЦИАТИВНЫЕ СВЯЗИ МЕЖДУ АТОПИЕЙ, ГЕНАМИ КОМПЛЕКСА HLA И ДРУГИМИ ГЕНАМИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-25
Author(s):  
N.G. Astafyeva ◽  
B.A. Shamgunova ◽  
D.Yu. Kobzev ◽  
I.Ae. Michailova
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Hla Genes ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
History Of

В настоящем обзоре представлены современные данные об ассоциативных связях генов главного ком плекса гистосовместимости (HLA) и других генов с атопией. Несмотря на длительную историю изучения роли генов класса HLA при атопии и внедрение современных технологий и методов, остается много не решенных вопросов, в том числе трудности, обусловленные гетерогенностью человеческой популяции, сложной структурой и неравновесностью сцепления между различными генами HLA. Хотя фенотипиче ская гетерогенность рассматривается как основное ограничение в понимании генетических детерминант атопии, лишь в немногих работах изучались связи ее типичных клинических проявлений, индуцированных аэроаллергенами, с определенными генами HLA. Идентифицированные молекулярные механизмы и генетические характеристики открывают возможности использования новых терапевтических мишеней и модификации существующих лекарственных средств.This review presents current data on the associative relationships of genes of the major histocompatibility complex (HLA) and other genes with atopy. Despite the long history of studying the role of HLA class genes in atopy and the introduction of modern technologies and methods, many unresolved issues remain, including the difficulties caused by the heterogeneity of the human population, the complex structure and disequilibrium of linkage between different HLA genes. Although phenotypic heterogeneity is considered as the main limitation in understanding the genetic determinants of atopy, only a few studies have examined the relationships of its typical clinical manifestations induced by aeroallergens with certain HLA genes. The identified molecular mechanisms and genetic characteristics open up the possibility of using new therapeutic targets and modifying existing drugs.

Modern methods of treating rosacea

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
O. A. Egorova ◽  
K. A. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Trigger Factors ◽  
Laser Technology ◽  
Individual Approach ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Methods Of Treatment ◽  
Choice Of Therapy

Presented current data on the etiology of rosacea, the main aspects of pathogenesis, clinical forms of the disease. Reflects trigger factors leading to rosacea, as well as complicating its course. Modern methods of treatment are described, including the use of new safe preparations of ivermectin and brimonidine, providing a good, lasting effect of clinical manifestations of rosacea. The role of laser technology, actively occupying a leading place in the choice of physiotherapeutic treatment method, is noted. The need for an individual approach in the choice of therapy for each patient with rosacea is emphasized.

scholarly journals THIOZOLIDINEDIONES IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH EXTENSIVE PSORIASIS AND CONCOMITANT ALIMENTARY OBESITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Ya.O. Yemchenko ◽  
K.Ye. Ishcheikin ◽  
I.P. Kaidashev
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Single View ◽  
Multifactorial Diseases ◽  
Alimentary Obesity ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Psoriasis is one of the most common chronic recurrent systemic autoimmune multifactorial diseases, affected the skin, joints, internal organs and systems of the body. Despite the significant prevalence of psoriasis and a large number of studies devoted this problem there is still no single view on the pathogenesis of this dermatosis. To clear up the pathogenesis of psoriasis, it seems to be reasonable to focus on the common comorbidities or multimorbidities, which may occur in the course of psoriasis, as this issue is still insufficiently studied. Recent reports have proven the evidences of indisputable link between psoriasis and obesity. The scientific literature extensively covers the issues of identical pathogenetic mechanisms of inflammatory processes in psoriasis and obesity. Given the current data on the role of systemic inflammation underlying the development of both psoriasis and obesity, the study of molecular mechanisms of its development and in particularly the role of proinflammatory nuclear transcription factors, thiazolidinediones have been found out as pathogenetically justified medicine of choice for the therapy of these diseases. In this study, we determined the effectiveness of using 30 mg of pioglitazone daily for 6 months in the course of treatment for patients with extensive psoriasis vulgaris of moderate severity, who were also diagnosed as having concomitant grade І-ІІ alimentary obesity that was supported by clinical and immunological findings evidenced of systemic inflammation. Analyzing the results obtained, we have found out the prolonged therapy with pioglitazone leads to a decrease in systemic inflammation and contributes to a milder recurrent course of psoriasis.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation and Its Impact on the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed M. Almutairi ◽  
Farzane Sivandzade ◽  
Thamer H. Albekairi ◽  
Faleh Alqahtani ◽  
Luca Cucullo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cytokine Levels

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 include dry cough, difficult breathing, fever, fatigue, and may lead to pneumonia and respiratory failure. There are significant gaps in the current understanding of whether SARS-CoV-2 attacks the CNS directly or through activation of the peripheral immune system and immune cell infiltration. Although the modality of neurological impairments associated with COVID-19 has not been thoroughly investigated, the latest studies have observed that SARS-CoV-2 induces neuroinflammation and may have severe long-term consequences. Here we review the literature on possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced-neuroinflammation. Activation of the innate immune system is associated with increased cytokine levels, chemokines, and free radicals in the SARS-CoV-2-induced pathogenic response at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB disruption allows immune/inflammatory cell infiltration into the CNS activating immune resident cells (such as microglia and astrocytes). This review highlights the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in COVID-19-induced neuroinflammation, which may lead to neuronal death. A better understanding of these mechanisms will help gain substantial knowledge about the potential role of SARS-CoV-2 in neurological changes and plan possible therapeutic intervention strategies.

Role of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Lovisa ◽  
Giannicola Genovese ◽  
Silvio Danese
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Intestinal Fibrosis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract Intestinal fibrosis is an inevitable complication in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], occurring in its two major clinical manifestations: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Fibrosis represents the final outcome of the host reaction to persistent inflammation, which triggers a prolonged wound healing response resulting in the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, eventually leading to intestinal dysfunction. The process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [EMT] represents an embryonic program relaunched during wound healing, fibrosis and cancer. Here we discuss the initial observations and the most recent findings highlighting the role of EMT in IBD-associated intestinal fibrosis and fistulae formation. In addition, we briefly review knowledge on the cognate process of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition [EndMT]. Understanding EMT functionality and the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of this mesenchymal programme will permit designing new therapeutic strategies to halt the fibrogenic response in the intestine.

scholarly journals Update on α1-antitrypsin deficiency

Breathe ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. e17-e24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Ferrarotti ◽  
Stefania Ottaviani ◽  
Annalisa De Silvestri ◽  
Angelo G. Corsico
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Exacerbation Rate ◽  
Damage Progression ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Antitrypsin Deficiency ◽  
History Of ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
To Receive

α1-Antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an inherited metabolic disorder in which mutations in the coding sequence of the SERPINA1 gene prevent secretion of α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) and cause predisposition to pulmonary and liver diseases. The heterogeneity of clinical manifestations in AATD is related to the complexity of biological function of α1-AT. The role of smoking is crucial in the natural history of lung damage progression in severe AATD individuals, even if it also partly explains the heterogeneity in lung disease. Lung damage progression in AATD can also be related to body mass index, exacerbation rate, sex, environmental exposure and specific mutations of SERPINA1. Recent randomised controlled trials, together with previous observational work, have provided compelling evidence for the importance of early detection and intervention in order to enable patients to receive appropriate treatment and preserve functional lung tissue.

scholarly journals Anti-CD8 impairs clearance of herpes simplex virus from the nervous system: implications for the fate of virally infected neurons.

1992 ◽  
Vol 175 (5) ◽  
pp. 1337-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Simmons ◽  
D C Tscharke
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Sensory Nervous System ◽  
Simplex Virus

The role of CD8+ T cells in resistance to herpes simplex virus (HSV) was examined. After cutaneous inoculation, HSV spreads to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) where it replicates in ganglionic neurons. In normal mice, replication of virus in the PNS was rapidly terminated and evidence of neuronal destruction, assessed by a quantitative histological assay, was sparse. Clearance of infectious virus was impaired, and a strikingly high proportion of ganglionic neurons was killed, in mice treated with an antibody that depleted them of CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that CD8+ T cells play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the sensory nervous system during primary infection with HSV. Therefore, viral epitopes recognized by CD8+ T cells and restricting class I major histocompatibility complex genes are, in principle, implicated as interacting genetic determinants of neurovirulence.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Curcumin in COVID-19 Treatment and Prevention: A Global Health Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Roberts ◽  
Robert Brown ◽  
L. Buja ◽  
Priya Weerasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Free Radical Scavenger ◽  
Radical Scavenger ◽  
Respiratory Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Electron Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
History Of

Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) has a near 4000-year history of extensive medical use in South Asia. Its main physiologically active phytochemical is curcumin (diferuloylmethane), derived from the rhizome of turmeric. Curcumin is a hydrophobic polyphenol with a diketone moiety connecting two phenoxy rings. It is widely available, and exerts systemic and pleiotropic effects via several key mechanisms. Most famously, it is known to inhibit pro-inflammatory pathways such as PI3k/akt/NF-kB activation. It is also a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger via a sequential proton loss electron transfer mechanism in ionizing solvents due to its extended conjugating ability across the entire molecule, and its ability to induce NRF-2. It has been implicated in the treatment of diseases ranging from asthma to various cancers, and is also a broad spectrum anti-microbial. COVID-19 is a novel beta-coronavirus that was declared a pandemic by the WHO in March, 2020. It is primarily a respiratory disorder, but it can spread hematogenously and effect many other organs such as the heart, nervous system, and kidneys. There is a significant intersection between the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and curcumin’s therapeutic effects. In addition, curcumin has been shown to inhibit initial viral infectivity. Thus, there is potential for curcumin to safely both prevent and treat COVID-19 infection across the globe.

scholarly journals RIPK1-Associated Inborn Errors of Innate Immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahui Zhang ◽  
Taijie Jin ◽  
Ivona Aksentijevich ◽  
Qing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Cell Death Signaling

RIPK1 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1) is a key molecule for mediating apoptosis, necroptosis, and inflammatory pathways downstream of death receptors (DRs) and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). RIPK1 functions are regulated by multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs), including ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and the caspase-8-mediated cleavage. Dysregulation of these modifications leads to an immune deficiency or a hyperinflammatory disease in humans. Over the last decades, numerous studies on the RIPK1 function in model organisms have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms of RIPK1 role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. However, the physiological role of RIPK1 in the regulation of cell survival and cell death signaling in humans remained elusive. Recently, RIPK1 loss-of-function (LoF) mutations and cleavage-deficient mutations have been identified in humans. This review discusses the molecular pathogenesis of RIPK1-deficiency and cleavage-resistant RIPK1 induced autoinflammatory (CRIA) disorders and summarizes the clinical manifestations of respective diseases to help with the identification of new patients.

scholarly journals Solitary Encapsulated Neurofibroma Not Associated with Neurofibromatosis-1 Affecting Tongue in a 73-Year-Old Female

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sk. Abdul Mahmud ◽  
Neha Shah ◽  
Moumita Chattaraj ◽  
Swagata Gayen
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Neurofibromatosis Type ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
History Of

Neurofibromas are benign tumors of nerve cell origin arising due to proliferation of Schwann cells and fibroblasts. They are usually asymptomatic and hence remain undiagnosed. They are commonly found on the skin and intraorally tongue is the most common site for their occurrence. Here, we present a unique case of solitary encapsulated neurofibroma in the oral cavity without any clinical manifestations or family history of Neurofibromatosis type 1 in a 73-year-old female patient who presented with a painless swelling on the tongue. The histopathologic findings closely mimicked benign fibrous histiocytoma. In our case, definitive diagnosis of neurofibroma was made based on clinical findings, family history, and histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Through this case report we want to emphasize the role of biopsy and immunohistochemistry in arriving at a confirmatory diagnosis. The patient was treated by surgical excision and showed no signs of recurrence over a follow-up period of 12 months.

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