scholarly journals Passport: global challenges – local solutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 342-348
Author(s):  
Iryna Sofinska
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Global Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Person Identification ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Dual Nationality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paper Document ◽  
Machine Readable ◽  
And Control

This article deals with the origin and trajectory of the passport, its multifaceted nature in modern life. Firstly, a passport is a standardizedand written, visualized, and anthropometric, personalized proof of citizenship of its bearer, but not always. Secondly, it is aproof of identification, regardless of the time, place, and mode of acquisition of citizenship of a particular state (in the form of personaldata processing) and control over them by that state. Finally, it is a paper document (actually machine-readable) that gives its bearerrights, responsibilities, and privileges guarantee his/her freedom of movement (unlimited and indefinite entry into and exit from thestate of citizenship) and immunity (from extradition and expulsion).In the time of globalization and omnipresent migration, there is a myriad of modern researches worldwide related to passport,citizenship, person identification, etc. Up to my mind, we can shortlist such authors as Atossa Araxia Abrahamian (cosmopolites andglobal citizen), Leo Benedictus (history of the passport), Claire Benoit (the passport in the context of citizenship), Evelyn Capassakis(passport revocations or denials), Jelena Džankić (the global market for investor citizenship), Yossi Harpaz (dual nationality as a worldwideasset), Martin Lloyd and Craig Robertson (the history of the passport), Mark B Salter (the passport in international relations),Ayelet Shachar (the shifting border of immigration regulation), Peter J Spiro (the past and future of dual citizenship), John C Torpey(the invention of the passport), James Tully (on global citizenship), Patrick Weil (citizenship, passports, and the legal identity of persons).In modern days this most traveled document in the world is a perfect political and legal instrument used by the particular stateto identify its citizens, keep them in the borders, and not let them enjoy the freedom of movement extra territory. In this article, I tracethe history of the passport within the law, international relations, and globalization. A separate piece of information is related to its evolutionduring centuries. It is interesting how passports and their carriers (citizens of a particular state) are handled at international borders?And what are the fundamental functions of the passport in global mobility?In 2020 not only states globally in terms of preservation of national security and identity but also health stop (at least hamper)migration. “This virus (COVID-19) does not have a passport”, declared French President Emmanuel Macron on 12 March 2020 in aprimary television address to the French people. Non-essential travel when you possess not enough worthy passport stops you beyondthe borders of the European Union. You are not allowed to enter unless you acquire dual nationality and obtain a second alternativepassport.

scholarly journals Passport: global challenges – local solutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 342-348
Author(s):  
Iryna Sofinska
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Global Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Person Identification ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Dual Nationality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paper Document ◽  
Machine Readable ◽  
And Control

This article deals with the origin and trajectory of the passport, its multifaceted nature in modern life. Firstly, a passport is a standardizedand written, visualized, and anthropometric, personalized proof of citizenship of its bearer, but not always. Secondly, it is aproof of identification, regardless of the time, place, and mode of acquisition of citizenship of a particular state (in the form of personaldata processing) and control over them by that state. Finally, it is a paper document (actually machine-readable) that gives its bearerrights, responsibilities, and privileges guarantee his/her freedom of movement (unlimited and indefinite entry into and exit from thestate of citizenship) and immunity (from extradition and expulsion).In the time of globalization and omnipresent migration, there is a myriad of modern researches worldwide related to passport,citizenship, person identification, etc. Up to my mind, we can shortlist such authors as Atossa Araxia Abrahamian (cosmopolites andglobal citizen), Leo Benedictus (history of the passport), Claire Benoit (the passport in the context of citizenship), Evelyn Capassakis(passport revocations or denials), Jelena Džankić (the global market for investor citizenship), Yossi Harpaz (dual nationality as a worldwideasset), Martin Lloyd and Craig Robertson (the history of the passport), Mark B Salter (the passport in international relations),Ayelet Shachar (the shifting border of immigration regulation), Peter J Spiro (the past and future of dual citizenship), John C Torpey(the invention of the passport), James Tully (on global citizenship), Patrick Weil (citizenship, passports, and the legal identity of persons).In modern days this most traveled document in the world is a perfect political and legal instrument used by the particular stateto identify its citizens, keep them in the borders, and not let them enjoy the freedom of movement extra territory. In this article, I tracethe history of the passport within the law, international relations, and globalization. A separate piece of information is related to its evolutionduring centuries. It is interesting how passports and their carriers (citizens of a particular state) are handled at international borders?And what are the fundamental functions of the passport in global mobility?In 2020 not only states globally in terms of preservation of national security and identity but also health stop (at least hamper)migration. “This virus (COVID-19) does not have a passport”, declared French President Emmanuel Macron on 12 March 2020 in aprimary television address to the French people. Non-essential travel when you possess not enough worthy passport stops you beyondthe borders of the European Union. You are not allowed to enter unless you acquire dual nationality and obtain a second alternativepassport.

Changing Borders: The Politics of the EU

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gönül Tol
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Social Services ◽  
European Population ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Multiple Impacts ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Eu

Migration has always been a feature of human affairs, though in recent decades it has become a major phenomenon. In fact, the growing diversity of the European population as well as the inevitable changing of borders within the European Union (EU) reveal that Europe has become an immigration continent. These developments have, however, prompted concerns over the EU’s external borders and control of immigration, as well as the need for further inquiry by international relations scholarship. Although the regulation of immigration has received a European dimension only recently, the EU has taken steps to cooperate on the issue of immigration. The changing nature of immigration had, after all, led to a perception among European electorates that immigration was not only a demographic or an economic issue but had other dimensions. It could have multiple impacts on their societies, including welfare, social services and social cohesion. Furthermore, until recently, theories of international migration have paid little attention to the nation-state as an agent influencing the flow of migration. When the nation-state has been mentioned, attention has focused primarily on immigrant-receiving countries. Little has been written about the regulation of emigration in countries of origin. As a result, the role of the state in limiting or promoting migration is poorly understood. Though there is a growing body of scholarship attempting to address these gaps in understanding the EU’s case for immigration, there are still further avenues of research many have yet to pursue.

scholarly journals Macroeconomic Functions of the European Union Budget and the Multinational Financial Framework for 2014-2020

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Anna Wichowska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Stimulus Information ◽  
National Budget ◽  
Financial Framework ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Primary Instrument ◽  
The Eu

This study aims to identify macroeconomic functions of the EuropeanUnion budget and an indication of the possibilities and extent of the impact of thebudget on the economy of the Community, as well as evaluating the functions performedon the background of Multiannual Financial Framework for 2014-2020.The budget of the European Union – despite many different opinions – can actsand actually performs close macro functions which are attributed to the modernnational budgets. In order to demonstrate the veracity of this claim there werereviewed literature on the economic functions of the national budget, and it wasreferenced to the regulations of the functioning of the general budget of the EuropeanUnion. This demonstrated the specificity and limitations of the impact of thisbudget on the economies of the Member States. Functions which are performed bythe European Union budget were analyzed against the Multiannual FinancialFramework for 2014-2020. The result of this study shows that the budget of theEuropean Union performs five of the traditional functions of the state budget:redistributive, allocative, stimulus, information and control, and fiscal. But it doesnot perform the stabilizing function. The specificity of the impact of the EU budgetshows the Multiannual Financial Framework for 2014-2020, which includesa particularly difficult period in the history of the Community – a period of recoveryfrom the financial and economic crisis, as well as discussions and seekinga compromise on the shape and the possible strengthening of European integration in support of the primary instrument of fiscal policy, which is the budget. Currentissues are therefore discussed in this paper, which are part of a Europe-wide debateon the future of the Community.

National Attitudes on the Far Eastern Controversy

1933 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Russell ◽  
Quincy Wright
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prediction And Control ◽  
National Attitudes ◽  
And Control ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
External Behavior

Students of international relations are concerned with the description, prediction, and control of the external behavior of states, particularly of their more violent types of behavior such as intervention, hostilities, and war. It is clear that mere description of a diplomatic or military event has little meaning by itself and that such an event can neither be predicted nor controlled unless account is taken of the circumstances which preceded it within each of the states involved. Among the internal circumstances which have been studied are the correspondence of statesmen, the declarations of legislatures, executives, foreign offices, and political parties, the prescriptions of constitutional law and procedure, the traditional policies manifested by the history of the state, and the understandings of treaty and international law accepted by the community of nations at the time and presumably by the states involved.

scholarly journals American Commonalities and Roots of European Integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 13(49) (3) ◽  
pp. 121-142
Author(s):  
David Reichardt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Relations ◽  
European Integration ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
American Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
European Thought

This article looks deeply into the historical parallels between the American and European experiences of state integration, which have resulted in the United States of America and the European Union, respectively. It first defines the key international relations concept of state integration and compares American and European thought on the idea. It then turns to examine some of the highpoints in the history of integration in the American and European cases. Given the remarkable historical commonalties between the two processes, the article puts forward the idea of the American experience as a chief inspiration and source for European integration. It concludes by suggesting that without the historical example of the United States, as well as massive American post-war assistance to Europe, it is highly doubtful that European integration would have commenced when and as it did.

scholarly journals The Time of European Discontent: The EU's changing framework

2019 ◽  
pp. 68-82
Author(s):  
Petr YAKOVLEV
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Phase

While 2019 marked the beginning of a new phase in the history of the European Union, its specific political and economic markers are still not quite clear. International relations of EU member states are also undergoing radical change, and regional and global alliances are being reset. In fact, the whole domestic and foreign policy framework, which has existed in Europe for several decades, is essentially changing. That was clearly demonstrated by the elections to the European Parliament. The new EU leadership will have to find adequate responses to numerous economic, social, diplomatic and military challenges.

Kryzys integracji europejskiej czy kryzys Unii Europejskiej? Przesłanki i skutki

2016 ◽  
pp. 82-108
Author(s):  
Józef M. Fiszer
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Zone ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Main Thesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complete Overhaul ◽  
The Eu

There is no doubt that the European Union, as a result of the European integration, is an unprecedented entity in the history of international relations. It is a symbol of a new, uniting Europe, which decided to eliminate war forever. Unfortunately, the idea of “eternal peace” has not materialised fully yet. The article aims to present the European Union at present, facing an ongoing crisis. The article discusses strengths and weaknesses of the EU, which – although it became substantially stronger expanding to the East – does not cope with many economic, political, social and international problems nowadays. The main thesis is the statement that the EU requires a complete overhaul so that it might continue to develop and be the European integration drive. If it does not happen, the EU will start to disintegrate and will finally collapse or become nothing more but just a free trade zone.

scholarly journals European and Integration Studies

2014 ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Kaveshnikov
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Science School ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

Soviet scientific school of pan-European integration studies began to emerge in the 1960s at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (Russian Academy of Science). Among the leading scientists who have developed methodological approaches of Soviet integration studies were M.M. Maximova, Y.A. Borko, Y. Shishkov, L.I. Capercaillie. Later, a new center for integration studies became the Institute of Europe, created in 1987. It was led by such renowned scientists as Academicians V.V. Zhurkin and N.P. Shmelev. In the 1980s the subject of the integration process in Europe attracted attention of experts from MGIMO. An important role in the development of school of integration research in the USSR was played by a MGIMO professor, head of the chair of history of international relations and foreign policy of the USSR V.B. Knyazhinskiy. His work contributed to the deliverance of the national scientific community from skepticism about the prospects for European integration. Ideas of V.B. Knyazhinsky are developed today in MGIMO by his followers A.V. Mal'gin and T.V. Ur'eva. In the mid-1990s, having retired from diplomatic service, professor Yu. Matveevskiy started to work at MGIMO. With a considerable practical experience in the field, he produced a series of monographs on the history of European integration. In his works, he analyses the development of integration processes in Western Europe from their inception to the present day, showing the gradual maturation of the necessary spiritual and material prerequisites for the start of integration and traces the various stages of the "integration". In the late 1990s, the growing demand from the domestic business and government for professionals who are capable of interacting with the European Union, has produced the necessary supply in the form of educational programs based on accumulated scientific knowledge. Setting up a discipline "European Integration" was a major step in the development of domestic science school integration research. The creation in 2003 at MGIMO of the first in Russia Department of European integration was a necessary and logical step.

The fate of the European Union and lessons for Russia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Gulyakov ◽  
Alexey Salomatin ◽  
Aleksander Malko ◽  
Mariya Zakharova ◽  
Natal'ya Makeeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
European Politics ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Short Time

The monograph reveals the history of the creation of the European Union and its current situation, which is characterized by instability and lack of genuine unity. In an effort to integrate everything and everyone in a short time, European leaders and officials have overestimated their strength. Meanwhile, every European country retains its identity and is in no hurry to give it up. Russia and the participants of integration interstate associations should learn lessons from the fate of the European Union: not to force rapprochement, not to encroach on the state sovereignty of its members, to respect the opinion of ordinary people. The publication is intended for specialists in the field of European politics, European law, international relations, as well as for a wide range of readers interested in the political life of Europe.

scholarly journals FILOSOFINIAI APMĄSTYMAI APIE EUROPOS INTEGRACIJĄ: ARISTOTELIŠKAS SUBSIDIARUMAS VERSUS KANTIŠKAS UNIVERSALIZMAS

Problemos ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 92-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrius Bielskis
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
European Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Divide ◽  
Local Identities ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War

Straipsnyje siekiama parodyti, kaip šiuolaikinė aristotelinė politinė filosofija gali padėti reflektuoti Europos integraciją. Teigiama, kad Europos vakarietiška tapatybė pokyčių tarptautiniuose santykiuose po šaltojo karo pabaigos ir augančių kultūrinių Europos ir JAV skirtumų kontekste vis labiau praranda prasmę. Atlikus trumpą filosofinės „Vakarų“ sąvokos istorijos analizę teigiama, kad Europai yra tikslingiau puoselėti savo europietišką, o ne „vakarietišką“ tapatybę. Filosofiškai pabrėžiant nacionalinių kultūrų ir vietinių (kultūrinių) tapatybių svarbą, Europos kultūrinę ir politinę integraciją galima apmąstyti ir susieti su aristoteline filosofija. Teigiama, jog subsidiarumo principas yra ne tik politinis, bet ir etinis unikalios Europos integracijos principas. Straipsnyje subsidiarumas aptariamas pasitelkiant Arsitotelio teleologinę etiką, pabrėžiant jai būdingą kultūros ir kultūriškai įkūnytų žmogaus tikslų svarbą. Taip suprastas subsidiarumas iškyla kaip priešingas kantiškai deontologijai, teigiant, jog kantiška moralės samprata paskatina vienpusišką modernią politiškumo sampratą.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: aristotelinė filosofija, Kantas, modernybė, postmodernybė, subsidiarumas, Europos integracija.A Philosophical Reflection on European Integration: Aristotelian Subsidiarity versus Kantian UniversalismAndrius Bielskis SummaryThis paper aims to show how contemporary Aristotelian political philosophy can be utilised in our reflections on European integration. It argues that changes in international relations after the end of the Cold War and a growing cultural divide between Europe and the US makes Europe’s Western identity untenable. Through a brief philosophical sketch of the history of ‘the West’ it argues that Europe needs to return to its European rather than Western roots. The philosophical emphasis on national cultures and local identities, which is also found at the heart of the European Union in the form of the notion of subsidiarity, links European cultural and political integration to Aristotelian philosophy. The paper argues that the principle of subsidiarity can be seen both as the political as well as ethical principle of European integration. Subsidiarity is understood in terms of Aristotle’s teleological ethics which emphasises the importance of culture and culturally embodied human ends and is juxtaposed to Kant’s deontology. The essay argues that the Kantian notion of the public and Kant’s understanding of morality gives rise to the modern one-sided account of the political.Keywords: Aristotelian philosophy, Kant, modernity, post-modernity, subsidiarity, European integration.br />

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