scholarly journals UNIVERSALISATION OF EDUCATION IN ODISHA: A GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-63
Author(s):  
Gayatri Panda ◽  
Dr. Kabita Kumari. Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
National Productivity ◽  
Important Input

Education is an important input for empowering people with skill and knowledge and giving them access to productive employment in future. It is an important input as well as output indicators influencing other development indicators of social sector such as health, nutritional status, income, family welfare and others. Both primary and secondary education deserves the highest priority for increasing the competence of the average worker and increasing National productivity. As the provision of universal elementary education is crucial for spreading mass literacy, the provision for secondary education is significant for economic development, modernising social sector and for effective working of democratic institutions. Secondary education serves as a link between the elementary and higher education and plays a very important role in this respect. Since universalisation of elementary education has become a constitutional mandate, it is absolutely essential to push this vision forward to move towards universalisation of secondary education which is already been achieved in a large number of developed countries and several developing countries. The recent focus on secondary education was generated by the 2005 Central Advisory Board of Education Report (2005) and the Rastriya Madhyamik Sikhya Abhiyan (RMSA) initiated in 2009-10 to universalize secondary education by making quality education available, accessible and affordable to all children within the age group of 14-18 years with strong focus on the elements of gender equity and justice. This paper studies the access to an equity and quality in primary and higher secondary education classes (IX-XII) in Odisha and examine some idea for improvements in each. KEYWORDS: Democratic institutions, Initiatives, Literacy, National productivity, Universalisation

scholarly journals Global epidemiology and socio-economic development correlates of the reproductive ratio of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz P Breitling
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Global Epidemiology ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Mortality Ratio

Abstract Background The most commonly cited argument for imposing or lifting various restrictions in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an assumed impact on the reproductive ratio of the pathogen. It has furthermore been suggested that less-developed countries are particularly affected by this pandemic. Empirical evidence for this is lacking. Methods Based on a dataset covering 170 countries, patterns of empirical 7-d reproductive ratios during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic were analysed. Time trends and associations with socio-economic development indicators, such as gross domestic product per capita, physicians per population, extreme poverty prevalence and maternal mortality ratio, were analysed in mixed linear regression models using log-transformed reproductive ratios as the dependent variable. Results Reproductive ratios during the early phase of a pandemic exhibited high fluctuations and overall strong declines. Stable estimates were observed only several weeks into the pandemic, with a median reproductive ratio of 0.96 (interquartile range 0.72–1.34) 6 weeks into the analysis period. Unfavourable socio-economic indicators showed consistent associations with higher reproductive ratios, which were elevated by a factor of 1.29 (95% confidence interval 1.15 to 1.46), for example, in the countries in the highest compared with the lowest tertile of extreme poverty prevalence. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has allowed for the first time description of the global patterns of reproductive ratios of a novel pathogen during pandemic spread. The present study reports the first quantitative empirical evidence that COVID-19 net transmissibility remains less controlled in socio-economically disadvantaged countries, even months into the pandemic. This needs to be addressed by the global scientific community as well as international politics.

Exploring the ICT Capabilities of Civil Society in Sub Saharan Africa

2011 ◽  
pp. 207-228
Author(s):  
Joshua C. Nyirenda
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Operational Capabilities ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Masses

Civil society is argued to have been the most significant force of many forces that eradicated entrenched authoritarianism in Africa, in the early 1990s, ushering most of these countries to multi-party democracies. And yet after such accomplishment, many of these new democracies have receded to undemocratic practices. With weak economies, civil society faces many challenges in resource mobilization and in mobilizing the masses for national causes. Information communication technologies, or ICTs, are increasingly being seen as an aid to the mobilization and organization challenges of civil society. However, advanced ICT capabilities are mostly in developed countries where civil society is already strong. Using e-governance as a proxy measure for ICT capabilities for civil society, this chapter conducts an exploratory study using secondary baseline data collected by international institutions on Sub Saharan Countries. The relationship between ICT capabilities and the several civil society development indicators (press freedom, civil liberties, and various other variables) is investigated. Later, the Nation of Zambia (a country with moderate ICT capabilities in the region) is used for a qualitative case study to explore how ICT capabilities and various contextual issues influence ICT applications by civil society organizations to enhance operational capabilities such as collaboration and mobilization efforts.

The Pathway to Improving Human and Economic Development: Girls’ Secondary Education, Governance, and Education Expenditures

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie M Sommer ◽  
Kathleen M Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Education Spending ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Equity In Education ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Education Expenditures ◽  
Education Enrollment

Abstract An extensive field of research identifies girls’ secondary education as central to improving human and economic development. Despite improvements in girls’ secondary education enrollment, there are still over 34 million female adolescents out of school—the majority in developing nations. While gender equity in education has improved, girls still lag behind boys in secondary education enrollments. Building on existing research, we argue that the failures of education spending in creating equitable access to secondary education are due to a lack of governance. We contend that strong governance has the potential to increase the effectiveness of education expenditures at improving female secondary education relative to males. Using two-way fixed effects models for a sample of 105 low and middle-income nations from 1997 to 2012, we examine how the interaction between four measures of governance and education expenditures impact gender equity in secondary education. Our findings suggest that governance increases the effectiveness of education expenditures in improving girls’ secondary education enrollment compared to males.

Secondary education as distinct from elementary education.

2014 ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Hubbard Judd
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Elementary Education

scholarly journals Academic Achievement and Peer Tutoring in Mathematics: A Comparison Between Primary and Secondary Education

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402092929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Alegre ◽  
Lidón Moliner ◽  
Ana Maroto ◽  
Gil Lorenzo-Valentin
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
Peer Tutoring ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Primary And Secondary Education ◽  
Academic Benefits ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Peer tutoring in Mathematics has reported academic benefits across many educational levels, from Preschool to Higher Education. However, recent literature reviews and meta-analysis state that students experience higher gains in Primary or Elementary Education (ages 7–12 years) than in secondary education or middle school and high school (ages 13–18 years). This study examined the effects of peer tutoring on students’ mathematics achievement in primary and secondary education under similar settings. 89 students from first, fourth, seventh, and ninth grades participated in the study. The design of this research was quasi-experimental with pretest–posttest without control group. The statistical analysis reported significant improvements for both, Primary and Secondary Education. The comparison between these educational levels showed that there were no significant differences in the increments of the students’ marks. The global effect size reported for the experience was Cohen’s d = 0.78. The main conclusion is that Peer Tutoring in Mathematics reports similar academic benefits for both, Primary and Secondary Education. Future research must be conducted as the superiority of Peer Tutoring in Primary over Secondary Education has yet to be proved in the Mathematics subject.

scholarly journals Mobile Apps the Educational Solution for Autistic Students in Secondary Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Agathi Stathopoulou ◽  
Zoe Karabatzaki ◽  
Dimosthenis Tsiros ◽  
Spiridoula Katsantoni ◽  
Athanasios Drigas
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
School Students ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Students With Autism

<p class="0abstract">For many adolescents in developed countries mobile apps can be the easy way for learning and teaching. This paper examines its role in secondary education focusing in mobile applications that support autistic students. The results of a research revealed the educators ` views that high school students with autism may use mobile apps in a variety of supportive educational ways.</p>

scholarly journals Foreign Aid and Trade Capacity Development Recent Evidence from Uganda

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Alex Thomas Ijjo ◽  
Isaac M. B. Shinyekwa
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Capacity Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Side Constraints ◽  
The World ◽  
Aid For Trade ◽  
World Development

Endemic supply side constraints including fluctuating output levels, deficient trade infrastructure, rampant non-tariff barriers and incapacity to ensure international quality standards continue to thwart the gainful participation of many Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in an increasingly liberal global trade environment. At its 2005 Hong Kong Ministerial Conference, the World Trade Organization launched its Aid for Trade (AFT) initiative aimed at coordinating global financial support for strengthening trade capacity in Least Developed Countries (LDCs). This paper examined the effect of foreign aid, particularly Official Development Assistance, on Uganda’s external trade and its AFT component in strengthening the country’s trade capacity. Using time series Error Correction Modelling and the World Bank’s World Development Indicators and official national statistics, the paper finds small but positive aid influence on Uganda’s exports and imports and generally close alignment between aid and national priorities. However, given general aid volatility but more especially following the anti-homosexuality legislation and gross corruption allegations in the case of Uganda, the paper advises that external aid be treated as a supplement rather than a substitute for domestic financial resource mobilization in trade capacity development.

Family business in tourism: an international systematic review of literature with an emphasis on Latin America

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Adriana López-Chávez ◽  
César Maldonado-Alcudia ◽  
Ana María Larrañaga Núñez
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Generational Succession

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to analyze the current state of knowledge of family businesses in tourism through a systematic review of international academic literature with an emphasis on Latin America.Design/methodology/approachThe paper opted for a systematic review involving analyzing international academic documents, articles, dissertations and papers that presented both theoretical and empirical research results. The search was conducted from January to April 2019 on online databases and search engines.FindingsStudies are concentrated in strategic planning and competitiveness. Most of them are published since 2014 by Ibero-American countries. Some features are coincident among the varied geographical contexts, as the importance of generational succession planning; search for family welfare throughout the business; and the existence of own capacities and resources. Besides, the owner's objectives and gender involvement differ in the research results of developed countries and emerging economies; some implications for Latin America are analyzed.Originality/valueThe family business has international economic relevance, especially in tourism. Still, the studies in this field are few, even when tourism implies processes and interactions that can influence the development of the companies that integrate their industry. In this way, a compilation of the recent works is carried out, in order to identify how the complex family dynamics with tourism are integrated into the studies, main contributions to the field and knowledge gaps.

Electoral Systems, Voters’ Interests and Geographic Dispersion

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie J. Rickard
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
Geographic Dispersion ◽  
Proportional Systems

There is general agreement that democratic institutions shape politicians’ incentives to cater to certain constituencies, but which electoral system causes politicians to be most responsive to narrow interests is still debateable. Some argue that plurality electoral rules provide the greatest incentives for politicians to cater to the interests of a few; others say proportional systems prompt politicians to be relatively more prone to narrow interests. This study suggests that both positions can be correct under different conditions. Politicians competing in plurality systems privilege voters with a shared narrow interest when such voters are geographically concentrated, but when they are geographically diffuse, such voters have greater political influence in proportional electoral systems. Government spending on subsidies in fourteen developed countries provides empirical support for this argument.

scholarly journals INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES OF SOCIAL SECTOR: EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA'S ELDERLY EDUCATION SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-98
Author(s):  
Zhiping Huo ◽  
Haiyan Yin ◽  
Andrii Mykhailov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Aging Society ◽  
Social Security Reforms

As China enters the aging society, more and more attention has been paid to the education for the aged. The developed countries such as the United States, Japan that entered the aging society relatively early, in the elderly education have accumulated rich experience. By learning from their experience, we can better develop education for the aged and promote the development of human resources for the aged. Key words: institutional changes in social sector, state social security reforms, state regulation of social protection system, aging population, elderly education, institutional diversification.

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