scholarly journals Analisis Pengaruh Riba Terhadap Tingkat Kemacetan di Ibu Kota Jakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-143
Author(s):  
Ruslan Husein Marasabessy
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
World City ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
Single Person ◽  
The World

The first and foremost reason riba is haram is because Allah declared it so. It is based on Allah’s infinite wisdom that He deems an action to be obligatory or prohibited, prescribing matters in man’s best interests, in this life and in the Hereafter, as He is the All-Wise, All- Knowing. The scholars of Islam have suggested the following reasons as to why riba is haram:There are many proofs showing that riba is haram and one of the most serious sins in Islam.Abu Hurayra said, the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: A time will come over mankind when not a single person will remain who does not consume riba (usury, interest); and if one does not consume it, the vapor or dust of it will reach him.nowdays Living in a capitalist society makes it difficult to completely avoid riba.however, the threat is not enough for the community to avoid the usury case. the effect of usury in real terms must be clearly described, in order to raise public awareness.the consumption behavior of motor vehicles is one of the causes of congestion in urban areas, many people use usury (Leasing) to buy vehicles, There are many reasons why we suffer traffic jams every day. One of these is the rapid growth of the population. As a result of this, the number of cars is increasing annually. Jakarta was named the world city with the worst traffic in one index last year. An estimated 70% of the city’s air pollution comes from vehicles. this paper found that congestion in Jakarta is caused by usury, this can be seen from the high use of usury instruments in motor vehicle financing (leasing).

scholarly journals Climate change, air pollution and extreme events leading to increasing prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennaro D’Amato ◽  
Carlos E. Baena-Cagnani ◽  
Lorenzo Cecchi ◽  
Isabella Annesi-Maesano ◽  
Carlos Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World

The prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases has increased dramatically during the past few decades not only in industrialized countries. Urban air pollution from motor vehicles has been indicated as one of the major risk factors responsible for this increase. Although genetic factors are important in the development of asthma and allergic diseases, the rising trend can be explained only in changes occurred in the environment. Despite some differences in the air pollution profile and decreasing trends of some key air pollutants, air quality is an important concern for public health in the cities throughout the world. Due to climate change, air pollution patterns are changing in several urbanized areas of the world, with a significant effect on respiratory health. The observational evidence indicates that recent regional changes in climate, particularly temperature increases, have already affected a diverse set of physical and biological systems in many parts of the world. Associations between thunderstorms and asthma morbidity in pollinosis subjects have been also identified in multiple locations around the world. Allergens patterns are also changing in response to climate change and air pollution can modify the allergenic potential of pollens especially in presence of specific weather conditions. The underlying mechanisms of all these interactions are not well known yet. The consequences on health vary from decreases in lung function to allergic diseases, new onset of diseases, and exacerbation of chronic respiratory diseases. Factor clouding the issue is that laboratory evaluations do not reflect what happens during natural exposition, when atmospheric pollution mixtures in polluted cities are inhaled. In addition, it is important to recall that an individual’s response to pollution exposure depends on the source and components of air pollution, as well as meteorological conditions. Indeed, some air pollution-related incidents with asthma aggravation do not depend only on the increased production of air pollution, but rather on atmospheric factors that favour the accumulation of air pollutants at ground level. Considering these aspects governments worldwide and international organizations such as the World Health Organization and the European Union are facing a growing problem of the respiratory effects induced by gaseous and particulate pollutants arising from motor vehicle emissions.

scholarly journals Particulate Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: A Putative Proallergic Hazard?

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 436-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Polosa ◽  
Sundeep Salvi
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Public Attention

Air pollution generated from motor vehicle exhaust has become a major cause for scientific and public concern worldwide over recent years. The rapid and marked increase in the motor vehicle traffic and its associated emissions in urban areas have paralleled a sharp increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases such as asthma and rhinitis. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong association between people living in close proximity to roads with high traffic density and increased allergic symptoms, reduced lung function and increased sensitization to common aeroallergens. Several laboratory-based studies have demonstrated that pollutants emitted from motor vehicles can induce allergic inflammation and increase airway hyperresponsiveness, which may provide an underlying mechanism for the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases. Although the detrimental effects of air pollution on human health have been brought to public attention, it appears that less attention has been given to the potential role of road traffic fumes in the induction of the allergic state. Legislators should consider pollutants emitted from motor vehicle exhausts as a potential pro-allergic hazard, before making important changes in environmental policy.

Complex Solution of Ecological and Economic Problems of Traffic Jams

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Oleksandr M. Matsenko ◽  
Yaroslav S. Kovalev ◽  
Olena M. Tkachenko ◽  
Yaroslava V. Chorna
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Flows Over Time

The article explores the congestion level in traffic of motor vehicles and its negative environmental and economic consequences in case of Kiev. The amount of pollution from traffic jams in Kiev and the number of vehicles which got into them in 2009-2018 is analyzed. The loss of earnings on the side of automobile owners from their standby are calculated with corresponding quantitative expressions found and described. For the course of the research, the methods of system-structural and comparative analysis were used for analyzing the environmental and economic problems of modern automobile systems; methods of formal logical analysis were used for substantiating the innovative infrastructure of transport routes. Separately economic and statistical methods were used in the study for trends development, structure analysis, and estimation of the influence of road congestion on the environmental and economic sphere. Pearson test has indicated a close relationship between the number of cars in Kiev and the number of values from traffic jams in environmental and economic sphere. Solutions to this problem are offered in forms of automated traffic control systems, improvisation of organizational and technical methods for the distribution of traffic flows over time, namely reverse traffic, road junctions, smart traffic lights, road extension, and the transition to alternative modes of transport. In all countries of the world there are new research methods that affect pollutants from motor vehicles. It is proved that they are forced by the recipients. In addition, landscaping can improve landscape design, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, surface water runoff and noise pollution. In this regard the policy implication of the research are aimed to eliminate the negative consequences from the use of vehicles during traffic jams, and the necessary number of trees for planting in Kiev is calculated. Key words: motor transport, congestion, traffic jam, motor vehicle, greening, compensation effect, lost profits, losses.

International cities in the dual systems model: the transformations of Los Angeles and Washington

Urban History ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 41-59
Author(s):  
Carl Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
World City ◽  
Dual Systems ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Characteristic Product

The popularization of ‘World City’ as an analytical concept dates to 1966. Taking up a term introduced fifty years earlier by Patrick Geddes, Peter Hall's now classic description ofThe World Citiesexplored the evolution of a handful of key urban areas from national into global roles and functions. The original emphasis on size and comprehensive economic functins has since been extended by the argument that a distinct class of global cities are a characteristic product of the technologies and economy of the late twentieth century. As well, such cities are thought to embrace common spatial forms that respond to a specific balance of centralizing and decentralizing tendencies in the location of commercial, financial, and manufacturing industries.

scholarly journals Tyre Weights an Overlooked Diffuse Source of Lead and Antimony to Road Runoff

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 6790
Author(s):  
Matthew Taylor ◽  
Niklas Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Road Runoff ◽  
Diffuse Source ◽  
The Road ◽  
Roadside Dust ◽  
On The Road

Lead (Pb) remains elevated in road runoff and roadside dust, which has been attributed to legacy lead in surface soils from leaded petrol. However, “lead” tyre weights, an alloy of 95% Pb and 5% Sb, may be a relatively unrecognised diffuse source of Pb and Sb as they are still used in many countries. An unknown number of these weights drop off tyre rims and deposit on the road where they are abraded and dispersed, potentially causing adverse environmental effects. The type, number and weight of tyre weights lost from motor vehicles were characterised for a range of roading infrastructures and motor vehicle intensities in a 38 month long study of a 6.9 km length of road in Hamilton City, New Zealand. Overall, 1070 tyre weights with a combined mass of 18.6 kg were collected. About 96.4% of the collected weights were made of “lead”, which is an alloy of 95% Pb and 5% Sb, indicating tyre weights can be a major source of Pb and Sb in urban areas. The tyre weight distribution on roads used in this study depended mainly on traffic density and the prevalence of “start stop” patterns in traffic flow influenced by roundabouts and intersections. “Lead” tyre weights should be phased out and replaced with environmentally benign materials.

scholarly journals Status of Air Pollution in Botswana and Significance to Air Quality and Human Health

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (15) ◽  
pp. 8-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Modise Wiston
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Vehicular Emissions ◽  
Competing Interests ◽  
The World

Background. Air pollution is an important issue in developed and industrialized countries. The most common sources of air pollution are anthropogenic activities such as construction dust, vehicular emissions and mining. For low- and middle-income countries, biomass burning and indoor heating are the leading sources of air pollution. As more of the world undergoes development and human populations increase, industrialization is also increasing, along with the potential for air pollution. Objectives. This article reviews the status of air pollution to raise awareness of air quality and human health in Botswana. Discussion. Since independence, Botswana has experienced one of the highest economic development growth rates in the world. These changes have occurred as a result of economic growth and resource utilization associated with increased industrialization. However, there is growing worldwide concern about the effect and impact of pollution due to industrial growth. Botswana is ranked amongst the most polluted countries with serious air pollution, despite a population of just over 2 million. Conclusions. Rapid development and increased urbanization have had a major environmental impact around the world. This increased growth has the potential to lead to air quality degradation. Significant health threats are posed by industrial and vehicular emissions, especially in urban and peri-urban areas where the population is most concentrated. It is important that the linkage between air pollution and health effects is fully examined across all scales of life, especially in developing countries. In addition, programs should be devised to educate the public about the pollution impacts on health. Competing Interests: The authors declare no financial competing interests.

Health & Hope Oasis Air Pollution the Silent Killer

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shoaib Hashmi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Pm 2.5 ◽  
Outdoor Air Pollution ◽  
Harmful Emissions

Outdoor air pollution is a leading cause of early death, chronic disease, and disability. Motor vehicles are a major contributor to outdoor air pollution, exposing vulnerable population to especially high levels of harmful emissions in urban areas and near major roadways. Fine particles or particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM 2.5), are among the most harmful vehicle pollutants and are associated with a range of health impacts including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, lung cancer, and infant mortality.

Prevention of Air Pollution for Sustainable Environment

2019 ◽  
pp. 264-283
Author(s):  
Md. Mahfuzar Rahman Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Air pollution is the natural processes caused by human activities through which certain substances enter the atmosphere at a sufficient concentration to cause environmental pollution. The World Health Organization reported that 80% of the world's cases of heart disease and stroke deaths were due to air pollution, and a total of 7 million people in the world died of air pollution in 2012. Unplanned urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural activities contribute to air pollution. Climate change affects air pollution in a number of factors including changes in temperature, solar radiation, humidity, precipitation, atmospheric transport, and biogenic emissions. Increasing scientific evidence shows that air pollution and climate change policies must be integrated to achieve sustainable development and a low carbon (LC) society. Combined efforts to deal with air pollution and climate issues at the urban level will be particularly important as most people are exposed to air pollution, and 75% of global GHG emissions are generated in urban areas.

Success Measures for Transforming Into Car-Free Cities

2020 ◽  
pp. 231-267
Author(s):  
Rahma M. Doheim ◽  
Alshimaa Aboelmakarem Farag ◽  
Samaa Badawi
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
The World ◽  
Free Model

Private cars contribute heavily to air pollution and significantly lower air quality in cities. The number of deaths because of pollution and car accidents is increasing on a global level; therefore, achieving sustainable mobility in urban areas is essential. Hence, the transformation into a car-free model is not a marginal issue but rather a crucial need that should be a global trend. The biggest challenge in this transforming process is to minimize the dependency on private cars. This chapter reviews thoroughly some global practices of inspiring models of transforming into car-free cities around the world. This review aims to identify the success measures for the transformation of a car-free city through investigating the challenges that affected the adoption of the transformation process. This would potentially guide governments and policymakers to select the approach that copes effectively with the cultural, social, geographical, and economic characteristics of their countries.

A Case Study on Hangzhou’s Public Bicycle System in Relieving Pressure on Road Transport

2012 ◽  
Vol 178-181 ◽  
pp. 1951-1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Huang ◽  
Ming Xia Shen
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
The Public ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
The World ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Process Of Urbanization ◽  
Current Utilization

Abstract. The global economic development facilitates the process of urbanization, during which more private cars are used, resulting in traffic jams and also more air pollution. It is important to provide an energy-saving public transport means in order to relieve pressure on road transport, reduce emission, and even to offer a new alternative of transport to non-local tourists in their traveling, and public bicycles are such a choice. This article investigates into the public bicycle system in Hangzhou, an extension of the existing public transport, analyzes current utilization of public bicycles, problems we have already encountered, well as suggestions and countermeasures for further improvement, in the hope of providing a good example to other cities in the world in their public transport development

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