Resources provision of woodworking industries in Ukraine: cross-national and inter-regional comparisons

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
Svitlana Ishchuk ◽  
Lyubomyr Sozanskyy
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Wood Processing

Sufficient supply of woodworking with raw materials while preserving the ecology and rational use of wood is a necessary condition for the functioning of the woodworking industry as one of the key segments of the national economy. The issue is of particular importance given the deepening of world integration processes and the introduction of a moratorium on timber exports from Ukraine. It actualizes the study of the state and dynamics of the formation of raw materials potential of domestic woodworks. The purpose of the article is a structural and dynamic assessment of the economic and environmental aspects of formation of the resource potential of Ukrainian woodworks in comparison with the countries of the European Union, as well as in the regional section by types of wood. In the structure of merchantable wood harvested in Ukraine, fuel wood share increased by 4.3 pp. during 2011-2016, whereas in 2017 it increased by 3.8 pp. compared to 2016 and amounted to 61.4%. Unlike in Ukraine, in the vast majority of EU countries business timber is the basis of the structure of harvested merchantable timber. Thus, in the neighboring countries with similar forest landscape – Poland and the Czech Republic – the share of fuel wood in 2017 was 11.6% and 12.3%, in Slovakia – only 6.3%, and in the EU as a whole – 23. 2%. Hence, the significant deterioration of the structure of the harvested merchantable timber in Ukraine can be interpreted as a threat to environmental, and therefore to national security. On the other hand, the results of the assessments revealed an increase in the volume of commercial timber harvesting in Ukraine (in 18 regions) in 2018, as well as in the level of forest reproduction in the leading regions from the harvesting of merchantable timber (Zhytomyr, Kyiv and Rivne regions) and a decrease in the death rate. The restoration of the logical patterns between the dynamics of the loss of stands and the harvesting of commercial and fuel wood are signs of the beginning of positive tendencies in ensuring the preservation and rationalization of raw potential of domestic woodworks and, at the same time, improving the conditions for deepening the level of wood processing. Further authors’ research in this area will be devoted to the search for effective forms of wood industry development in Ukraine, in particular in the Western region.

The impact of timber legality regulations on business practices in Vietnam

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 (05) ◽  
pp. 651-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Roe ◽  
Ivan Eastin ◽  
Indroneil Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Lacey Act ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Reports that nearly half of Vietnam's roundwood imports come from illegal sources has drawn criticism from major consumer countries who have recently implemented timber legality regulations. These regulations, which include the U.S. Lacey Act and EU Timber Regulation, restrict the import of illegally harvested wood and are expected to have a direct impact on major wood-processing countries such as Vietnam and China. Surveys were conducted at trade shows in Ho Chi Minh City to assess how these regulations influence firms’ use of chain-of-custody certification, and impact their material sourcing and export market decisions. Vietnamese firms which sell to the United States and the European Union had higher awareness of timber legality regulations and were more likely to take steps to eliminate illegal products from their supply chain by sourcing raw materials from the U.S. and Canada or by increasing their use of certified wood. However, smaller firms were generally unaware of timber legality regulations and were much less likely to use certified products. Our findings suggest that the Vietnamese market has become segmented, with smaller firms using materials which are at a higher risk of containing illegal wood, and exporting to less regulated markets, such as China.

scholarly journals Availability and Applicability of Wood and Crop Residues for the Production of Wood Composites

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 641
Author(s):  
Petr Procházka ◽  
Vladimír Honig ◽  
Jiří Bouček ◽  
Kateřina Hájková ◽  
Lukáš Trakal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Suitable Candidate ◽  
Biofuel Policy ◽  
The Stability

Due to high levels of volatility in both the agricultural and the forestry commodity markets, specifically, of timber and agricultural crops, it is important to identify the risks associated with the stability of supplies necessary for the production of composite materials in the Czech Republic. This study aims to accurately estimate the availability of selected raw materials that contain lignocellulose over the next 20 years. In addition, their suitability for the production of composite materials is assessed based on their physical properties. Furthermore, in the event of scarcity involving timber in the European Union, recycled wood and post-harvest residues could replace conventional raw materials in wood-based composites such as particleboards and chipboards. The viable potential of Czech forests is predicted to be between 740 and 750 million cubic meters of timber. For agricultural crops, it is estimated at 0.9 million hectares of wheat and 0.5 million hectares of canola under the current EU biofuel policy and at 0.4 million hectares if this policy is removed. According to moisture and fibre analyses carried out in our study, the most suitable candidate for wood-based composites production is soft wood.

scholarly journals Sustainable Development Model of Performance of Woodworking Enterprises in the Czech Republic

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 672
Author(s):  
Jakub Michal ◽  
David Březina ◽  
Dalibor Šafařík ◽  
Robert Babuka
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Production Model ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Use Of Resources

The current requirements put on the Member States of the European Union (“EU”) in the area of sustainability and climate-neutral economy through strategic visions such as “Agenda 2030” or “A Clean planet for all” demonstrate the increasing need for quick identification of the changes required in the use of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources. Forests are a particular specific area of such changes. They represent a part of the ecosystem that is important for society from the economic, social, and environmental perspectives. Current climate changes have had a negative effect on the state of forestry in the Czech Republic and have raised many questions of how to ensure its sustainability. Besides the changes in forestry, the situation has also affected the sector primarily depending on the production function of forests and whose coexistence is conditioned. Taking specific sectors as examples, the article presents some prospects that could result in more efficient use of resources and defines potential synergic effects. Analyses of primary and secondary information sources were used to create preferential models (the term “preferential” in the context of the article represents opportunities through which it is possible to achieve an improvement in competitiveness and market advantage over the current model of wood processing and timber trade in the Czech Republic. The model works with potential perspectives and respects the challenges in the field of sustainable development) of timber and wood raw material production and processing and preferential and of economic efficiency (the term “efficiency” in the article represents the technical efficiency of the use of resources to achieve maximum economic benefit and added value. The aim is to increase the economic potential of individual sectors of primary and secondary processing in relation to timber sources) of woodworking businesses. The production model indicates that the energy use of wood, the expansion of the production mix in construction, the use of biomass and digestate in agroforestry, and the logging waste recovery are the most prospective sectors. The model presenting preferential areas in the woodworking industry development with respect to sustainability identified the need to increase associated production and material efficiency in construction and energy sectors, as well as insufficient activity of the sectors associated with technological innovations, FSC and PEFC certification prospects, bioeconomy and circular economy, a considerable need for wage growth in the sector and increased use of the existing production capacities by both domestic and foreign sales.

scholarly journals Composition of motor vehicle fleet in the Czech Republic and the European Union

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1969-1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Břetislav Andrlík
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Current State ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Vehicle Fleet

The contribution studies the composition of motor vehicle fleet in the Czech Republic. The current state of fleet is discussed and the age indicator of the respective categories of the Czech fleet is stressed. Average age of the categories of passenger cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles is identified using the results obtained through the analyses of numerical characteristics of the fleet. The article discusses passenger cars and trucks in more detail because these are the groups representing the largest proportions within the fleet in the Czech Republic. The evaluation of the Czech fleet is followed by the identification of key characteristics of fleets in the EU member states. In conclusion, the need for debate over this topic in the Czech Republic is stressed as well as the necessity of finding ways to decrease the average age of the Czech fleet in the view of negative environmental aspects related to its high average age.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Alat Grading Limbah Serbuk Gergaji untuk Pemanfaatannya sabagai Bahan Campuran Komposit

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Muhammad Makky ◽  
Leo Saputra Napitu ◽  
Khandra Fahmy
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Composite Material ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Operation Process

Abstrak. Sampai saat ini kegiatan pemanenan dan pengolahan kayu di Indonesia masih menghasilkan limbah dalam jumlah yang besar. Pada umumnya serbuk gergaji dari industri perkayuan memiliki bentuk, ukuran dan jumlah yang beragam, sedangkan untuk pemanfaatannya sebagai bahan baku campuran komposit dibutuhkan ukuran bahan serbuk gergaji yang berbeda dengan ukuran tertentu. Adapun ukuran umum yang digunakan untuk pembuatan bahan campuran komposit terdiri partikel berukuran 80 mesh, 40 mesh, 20 mesh, dan 10 mesh. Pemisahan ukuran serbuk gergaji berdasarkan keempat ukuran mesh tersebut diperlukan agar mempermudah dalam memperoleh bahan baku komposit. Penelitian bertujuan untuk merancang alat grading limbah serbuk gergaji untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku campuran komposit. Proses penelitian ini meliputi pembuatan alat grading serbuk gergaji serta melakukan uji fungsional. Penelitian ini menghasilkan alat grading yang dapat memimsahkan serbuk gergaji berdasarkan empat ukuran berbeda dalam satu kali proses pengayakan. Hasil dari pengujian alat grading ini adalah: (1) alat grading limbah serbuk gergaji, yang memiliki kapasitas kerja sebesar 28,49 Kg/jam, (2) didapatkan nilai rata-rata modulus kehalusan dari masing-masing mesh 10, 20, 40 dan 80 berturut-turut yaitu : 889 gram, 651 gram, 431 gram, dan 168 gram. Sedangkan untuk indeks keseragaman hasil ayakan kasar (80 mesh), sedang (20 mesh dan 40 mesh), dan halus 80 mesh berturut – turut dari ulangan 1, ulangan 2, dan ulangan 3 adalah 5 : 4 : 1, 5 : 4 : 1, dan 5 : 4 : 1. (3) Daya spesifik yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kapasitas kerja 28,49 Kg/jam adalah 0,0001568 kW.jam/Kg. (4) didapatkan nilai rendemen sebesar 77,37 %. (5) alat grading limbah serbuk gergaji dengan biaya pokok alat grading sebesar Rp. 243,36/Kg. Development of Sawmill-Waste Grading for Composite Material UtilizationAbstract. Timber harvesting and wood processing in Indonesia produces wastes in large quantities. The waste materials come in variety of shapes, sizes and quantities. For adding the value of these wastes, such as for composite raw material, the particle-size should be uniform, and segregated into different categories. The general particle-size for manufacturing composite materials are 80, 40, 20 and 10 mesh. Therefore, separating the sawmills wastes based on these sizes is necessary in order to utilize it as raw materials for composite production. The study aims to develop a prototype of sawmill-waste grading machine for composite material utilization, and added the value of the waste for application as a raw material for the composite design. The methods includeddesign and manufacturing of a sawmill-waste grading machine as well as performing different tests. The prototype successfully grade and segregrate the sawmills-wastes into four different particles-sizes in a single operation process. The results showed that the machine working capacity is 28.49 Kg.hr-1, while the materials segregrate into four particle-sizes obtained mean of modulus of fineness for each group-size (10, 20, 40 and 80 mesh) are889, 651, 431, and 168 grams respectively. While for the uniformity index of large (10 mesh), medium (20 and 40 mesh), and fine (80 mesh) particles are 5, 4, and 1 respectively, obtained from three replication tests. The specific power required to achieve the working capacity of 28.49 Kg / hr is 0.0001568 kW.hr.kg-1. Overall, the machine performance achieved the efeciency of 77,37%, and the cost for grading the sawmill-waste material is Rp. 243,36 kg-1.

European experience in transition to circular economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Ratner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
National Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
European Experience ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Eu

Subject. The article considers the concept of circular economy, which has originated relatively recently in the academic literature, and is now increasingly recognized in many countries at the national level. In the European Union, the transition to circular economy is viewed as an opportunity to improve competitiveness of the European Union, protect businesses from resource shortages and fluctuating prices for raw materials and supplies, and a way to increase employment and innovation. Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyze the incentives developed by the European Commission for moving to circular economy, and to assess their effectiveness on the basis of statistical analysis. Methods. I employ general scientific methods of research. Results. The analysis of the EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy enabled to conclude that the results of the recent research in circular economy barriers, eco-innovation, technology and infrastructure were successfully integrated into the framework of this document. Understanding the root causes holding back the circular economy development and the balanced combination of economic and administrative incentives strengthened the Action Plan, and it contributed to the circular economy development in the EU. Conclusions. The measures to stimulate the development of the circular economy proposed in the European Action Plan can be viewed as a prototype for designing similar strategies in other countries, including Russia. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis of barriers to the circular economy at the level of individual countries and regions is needed.

Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Onderco
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Actual Process ◽  
Iron Curtain ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Civil Military Relations ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
Joint Procurement ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter focuses on defence transformations in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary since the end of the cold war. The three lesser powers of Central Europe all eventually joined NATO and the European Union, following the fall of the Iron Curtain. The process they underwent completely transformed their security strategies and military doctrines, but the plans to transform their military forces have developed slowly, and the actual process has been interrupted and incomplete. This chapter addresses the development of civil–military relations, the main milestones in the development of the respective states’ national security policies, and the main changes in the structure of military forces in each of these countries. Finally, the chapter looks at the nascent trends towards military cooperation between the three countries, including military sharing and joint procurement.

scholarly journals Circular Bioeconomy Business Models to Overcome the Valley of Death. A Systematic Statistical Analysis of Studies and Projects in Emerging Bio-Based Technologies and Trends Linked to the SME Instrument Support

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1899
Author(s):  
Fabiana Gatto ◽  
Ilaria Re
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Strategic Orientations ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
Valley Of Death

Reducing the environmental pressure along the products life cycle, increasing efficiency in the consumption of resources and use of renewable raw materials, and shifting the economic system toward a circular and a climate-neutral model represent the heart of the current macro-trends of the European Union (EU) policy agendas. The circular economy and bioeconomy concepts introduced in the EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan and the Bioeconomy Strategy support innovation in rethinking economic systems focusing on market uptaking of greener solutions based on less-intensive resource consumption. In recent decades, industrial research has devoted enormous investments to demonstrate sustainable circular bio-based business models capable of overcoming the “Valley of Death” through alternative strategic orientations of “technological-push” and “market-pull”. The study highlights industrial research’s evolution on bio-based circular business model validation, trends, and topics with particular attention to the empowering capacity of start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to close the loops in renewable biological use and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The research methodology involves a bibliographic search based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach and the European Innovation Council (EIC) Accelerator Data Hub investigation to understand SMEs’ key success factors and start-ups of the circular bioeconomy sector. Eco and bio-based materials, nutraceuticals, and microalgae represent the most sustainable industry applications, leading to circular bioeconomy business models’ future perspective.

scholarly journals Alternative Exhaust Emission Factors from Vehicles in On-Road Driving Tests

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3487
Author(s):  
Wojciech Gis ◽  
Maciej Gis ◽  
Jacek Pielecha ◽  
Kinga Skobiej
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Vehicle Category ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
European Union Legislation ◽  
Do So

On-road driving tests are performed to determine the emission of harmful exhaust compounds from vehicles. These primarily include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particle number. However, there is a lack of indicators that combine the first three substances that are the most important in assessing the environmental aspects of vehicles. The purpose of this article is to indicate the possibility of assessing emissions in real driving conditions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles of different categories. In order to do so, a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) and an instrument for measuring the particle number were used. The tests were carried out on routes designed to comply with the requirements and regulations laid down in the European Union legislation. On-road emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particle number have been determined. Factors have been determined as the multiplication of these compounds for each vehicle category in three phases of the test: urban, rural, and motorway. A new way of assessing emissions from vehicles using new factors has been proposed.

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