scholarly journals MIGRATION PARADIGM IN GERMANY IN 2000S: CHANGE OF PRIORITIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
L. A. Yakubova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
The Eu

The given paper touches upon the problem of German migration policy in contemporary period. The on-going processes allow us to conclude that the German migration paradigm has been changing as well as one of the most successful states in the European Union and as a state endowed with the greatest peace load after the crisis of 2008. The study gives the main qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the German migration policy in the 2000s. First of all, it is characterized by changes in the geography of migration flows. In 2004, with ten new countries entering the EU, the inflow of migrants from Eastern Europe countries began to increase. During this period, the number of immigrants from Poland has almost doubled. After Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU, the number of people from these countries also increased by more than three times. At the period of 2008 crisis, the inflow of migrants from Italy, Spain, Greece and the Balkan countries intensified; the number of migrants from Croatirapidly increasedafter this country joined the EU in 2013. The author analyzes the qualitative composition of migrants and concludes that, from the beginning of the 21st century, the working migration, having dominated for many decades, is gradually changing in favor of skilled workers’ migration. The important role of universities in order to attract highly qualified specialists is substantiated. The migration impact on the labor market is studied with a special attention. It is due to the fact that, when arriving in the country and getting the opportunity to apply skills and realize their human capital, a migrant becomes a kind of investor in the hosting country economy, contributing to its growth. One of its main advantages is that, already having a certain set of knowledge and skills (the hosting country does not need to pay for his education), he can generate new knowledge, create innovations, thereby increasing the competitiveness of the recipient country economy. Germany has a policy of attracting highly qualified migrants to the country. The paper touches upon the innovations in the migration policy of Germany in the 21st century. A “Blue Card” has been introduced for highly qualified professionals in accordance with the EU directive and labor market regulation has been changed. The need to reduce the number of legal restrictions for migrants from third countries, and to improve attitudes towards migrants, despite the failure of the multiculturalism policy, is indicated too. There are still many obstacles to immigrants’active participation in the labor market, such language difficulties, differences in educational systems, and lack of information about vacancies.

scholarly journals The EU Policy to Attract Highly Skilled Workers: The Status of Implementation of the Blue Card Directive

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Marco Mazzeschi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Current State ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
The Status ◽  
Skills Shortages ◽  
Eu Commission ◽  
The Eu

<p>A worldwide shortage of about 38-40 million highly skilled workers is forecast by 2020. Many countries are implementing policies to attract workers with special skills and knowledge. What is the European Union doing to face this challenge? In 2009 the EU adopted the so called Blue Card Directive (n. 2009/50) to attract highly qualified workers from abroad, address labour and skills shortages and strengthen the EU’s competitiveness and economic growth. The Directive was implemented by most EU countries during 2012 but has proven to be insufficiently attractive and underused, with only a limited number of Blue Cards issued. For these reasons, the EU Commission has announced some proposed changes to the Blue Card Directive. The specific objectives are, amongst other things, to increase the numbers of third-country highly skilled workers immigrating to the EU and simplify and harmonise admission procedures for third-country highly skilled workers.</p><p>The article also outlines a summary of the current state of implementation of the Directive in the following countries: Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Belgium and The Netherlands.</p>

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OF HIGHLY SKILLED WORKERS TO THE EU COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Ani Galstyan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Aging Population ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
The Eu

Maintaining the EU's position in the world is preconditioned (among other things) by sustainable economic growth in its member states. Currently, all the EU countries are facing the effects from the rapidly aging population, which is one of the most serious obstacles to sustainable economic growth. In the short term, it may be possible to eliminate the effects of aging population through better use of available human resources. However, in the longer perspective, this will not be enough to counter unfavorable demographic trends. In this context, it will be necessary to increase the share of the economically active population, and this can be partially done through international migration of highly qualified workers. However, our study shows that the level of immigration of highly qualified workers remains modest in most of the EU countries. In this paper, we are analyzing the causes behind the current situation and are also trying to formulate recommendations for migration policy focused on highly skilled labor. At the same time, we are aware that, while international migration contributes to the accumulation of human capital, it cannot by itself solve the structural issues of European labor markets.

scholarly journals IMMIGRATION POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasna Čošabić
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Immigration Policies ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
The Eu

Immigration to European Union (hereinafter referred to as the ‘EU’) as a realityand a need of refreshing its ageing population has made the EU to recently adoptsome important documents. Traditionally, European countries seem to be more closedtowards the immigration comparing to United States of America and Canada whichenabled the entry of new population even through various lotteries. However, EU didrecognize the need for import of experts from various areas. Thus the Council hasadopted the EU Blue Card Directive for highly skilled workers (Directive2009/50/EC). Still, having in mind the legal power of a EU Directive, the membercountries are given the power to adopt their immigration policies. This paper analysesthe regulations on immigration enacted by the EU and the implementation of suchregulations at the level of member countries. Although the EU does regulate theimmigration policy, it is up to the member states to deal with particular cases. In thatrespect the paper shall also address the issues of immigration which violated theEuropean Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by analyzing thekey judgments of the European Court for Human Rights in Strasbourg. The issue ofresidence v. citizenship as the grounds of immigration shall also be explained. Theshort overview of inter migration in the EU, is presented for the purposes ofcomparison. The paper is based on a hypothesis that immigration policies in membercountries still lack some consistency in the implementation of EU regulations, andtherefore reveal weaknesses of the EU immigration policy. Method used in this paperis normative analysis, method of induction and deduction, comparative method andcase study.

scholarly journals MIGRATION OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED WORKERS FROM UKRAINE: REASONS AND WAYS TO OVERCOME

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.M. Petrushenko ◽  
N.V. Zemlyak ◽  
V.Y. Shapoval ◽  
V.V. Dibrova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Added Value ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
The Impact

The migration of highly skilled workers is becoming an increasingly important factor that is influencing the development of specific countries as well as different regions of the world. In fact, in the European Union, the tendency of low-skilled workers shortage is changing to the trend of promoting the highly skilled workers migration, which can create added value and contribute to pension funds for the aging population in those states. At the same time, due to the loss of highly qualified personnel, the recipient countries are losing the pace of their economic development. The relevance of this study is also enhanced by changing conditions for international labor migration to the European Union in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, including for highly qualified Ukrainian professionals. The article examines the reasons of highly skilled workers migration processes, analyzes the consequences for different stakeholders and provides methods to reduce the scale of such migration. To analyze the reasons of highly qualified specialists labor migration, the model of "Push and Pull" factors was used on the example of Ukraine and the European Union. The positive and negative consequences of the highly qualified specialists’ migration growth for various stakeholders of this process have been identified. It is also proved that despite the fact that salaries are growing in real terms in Ukraine, the difference in salaries in the main areas of emigration to the EU is so large that it is likely to continue to motivate people to work and earn abroad. Moreover, the existence of a large and growing Ukrainian diaspora tends to encourage the migration of other family members and friends, providing informational and logistical support in destination countries. This attraction may increase in the coming years, and the diaspora will continue to expand. In the article, it is also described the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the highly qualified professionals’ migration, and it gives a number of proposals or recommendations that could be implemented at the level of state migration policy to address highly qualified professionals labor migration or at least improve the current situation. The proposed recommendations of the migration policy to confront the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic include the establishment of a mechanism for coordination and consultation between all government institutions, authorities and agencies involved in labor migration, as well as the establishment of tripartite procedures for advising employers and workers of migration organizations and considering their opinions on the given topic.

Recent Developments in Social Policy in the New European Union

ILR Review ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Addison ◽  
W. Stanley Siebert
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Adjustment Costs ◽  
Labor Policy ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Labor Market Regulation ◽  
Future Direction

This paper assesses the recent progress and future direction of labor policy in the European Community, now the European Union. The authors show that most of the mandates foreshadowed under the December 1989 Community Social Charter have now been enacted into law. They analyze the possible costs, as well as the benefits, of these firstphase mandates and show the link between these adjustment costs and the Community's policy of providing subsidies to its poorer member states. They also demonstrate how the new Treaty on European Union, agreed to at Maastricht in December 1991, has increased the scope for Community-level labor market regulation.

‘Losing Leverage’ in the Neighbourhood: A Cognitive Frame Analysis of the European Union Migration Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-323
Author(s):  
Jyri J. Jäntti ◽  
Benjamin Klasche
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Burden Sharing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cognitive Frames ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Power Shift ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU)–Turkey deal consolidated a shift in the EU’s migration policy. The deal is the culmination of the dominance of the security frame and depicts the continuous externalization of the EU’s responsibility of asylum protection and burden sharing. The strengthening of the security frame has weakened the humanitarian norms that previously dictated EU’s behaviour. This has led to the EU losing some of its comparative advantages in negotiations. Simultaneously, the instrumentalization of the value of asylum, paired with an increased number of asylum seekers, has given negotiation leverage to the neighbouring countries turned service providers. These changes in perception and norms have created a power shift, at the disadvantage of the EU, creating a more leveled playing field for negotiations between the parties. This article tracks the historical shifts in the global refugee regime to explain how today’s situation was created. Hereby, the existence of two competing cognitive frames—humanitarian and security—is assumed, tracked and analysed. While looking at the EU–Turkey deal, the article shows that the EU has started treating refugees as a security problem rather than a humanitarian issue, breaking the normative fabric of the refugee regime in the process. The article also displays how Turkey was able to capitalise on this new reality and engage with negotiations of other neighbouring countries of EU that point towards a change of dynamics in the global refugee regime.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT (NOT TAX) OF THE ECONOMY IN THE EU COUNTRIES DUE TO THE PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 251-257
Author(s):  
Anzhelika L. Gendon ◽  
◽  
Galina F. Golubeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Euro Pean ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
Positive Factor ◽  
The Eu

The article examines the financial support (not tax) of the economy in the EU countries due to the pandemic. A comprehensive vision of the situation and strategic planning are the foundation of the Euro-pean Union's economic policy. These qualities help to develop comprehensive measures to stabilize the labor market and entrepreneurship in the countries of the European Union in the context of a global emergency. A positive factor is also the fact that in an epidemic situation, political decisions of various states are aimed at introducing socially oriented measures that support their citizens.

scholarly journals Migration issues in the EU’s common foreign and security policy – selected aspects

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-59
Author(s):  
Tomasz Dubowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
External Action ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Eu

In the discussion on the EU migration policy, it is impossible to evade the issue of the relation between this policy and the EU foreign policy, including EU common foreign and security policy. The subject of this study are selected links between migration issues and the CFSP of the European Union. The presented considerations aim to determine at what levels and in what ways the EU’s migration policy is taken into account in the space of the CFSP as a diplomatic and political (and subject to specific rules and procedures) substrate of the EU’s external action.

scholarly journals Digital business taxation issues and threats abstract

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-121
Author(s):  
Alanas Gulbinas ◽  
Kamilė Jogminaitė
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Business Taxation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
Corporate Profit ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

“Article of digital business taxation issues and threats”, analyzes the impact of the digitalization in modern society and the changes of corporate profit tax. This article has been concentrated on the regulation of the European Union but mentions the international adjustments as well. The article has been written in a discussion of national law and bilateral agreements, which apply to the traditional permanent headquarters concept. This article discusses the current situation, where digital businesses are not being taxed with corporate profit tax, and possibilities to change it according to the needs of the digital economy In addition, when digital businesses emerged, the permanent headquarters concept, which taxed based on the permanent location, required further discussion and a new definition. Therefore, the article talks over the proposals of the European Union to equalize corporate profit taxation. The article analyzes the possible consequences and issues of the adaptation of the EU directive. In question of regulating the corporate profit tax, the authors discussed the competence of the EU.

MIGRATIONS - JOURNEYS OF THE BROKERS - IN THE CONTEXT OF CONTEMPORARY AND FUTURE THREATS TO THE SECURITY OF 21ST CENTURY EUROPE

2021 ◽  
Vol XV - Wydanie specjalne ◽  
pp. 223-238
Author(s):  
Anna Piotrowska ◽  
Marian Kopczewski ◽  
Julia Nowicka ◽  
Zbigniew Ciekanowski
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Third World ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Illegal Immigration ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
The Eu

Contemporary and future threats to Europe in the 21st century constitute an important element of the European Union's security policy. Ongoing wars, terrorism, religious fanaticism and extreme poverty in third world countries led to a drastic wave of refugees that flooded Europe. The article presents the problem of threats related to the increasing migration, as well as the activities of the European Union aimed at preventing the migration crisis. The issue of Syrian refugees fleeing in desperation to Europe, a Europe that does not necessarily welcome them with open arms, was raised. The aim of the presented study is to analyze the situation of contemporary Europe in the context of threats related to the phenomenon of migration. Statistical data published by the most important institutions of the EU Member States, including data related to crimes committed by citizens who are not indigenous people of Europe, were thoroughly analyzed. Eurostat research, data disseminated by the Federal Criminal Police Office in Germany or statistics published by the Italian Istat were used. The conclusions from the above research allowed to verify the hypothesis that the migration crisis is a factor in the multifaceted destabilization of contemporary Europe, and the phenomenon of migration should be considered in this context. Due to the limited volume of the article, the author of the publication presented the most important legal bases regulating legal and illegal immigration, which will facilitate the understanding of the European Union's operation on the issue of interest to us.

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