scholarly journals GIG Economy: Transforming Labor Markets in the Context of the COVID Crisis

2020 ◽  
Vol - (3) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
A.L. Kravchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Information Network ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Global Labor Market ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
Network Type

The emergence and large-scale spread of the post-industrial, information-network type of society is accompanied by the formation of a new digital economic structure, which determines the development and mass introduction of new forms of labor. In the context of the acute economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the GIG Economy today occupies the position of hegemon in the global labor market. The article considers the phenomenon of GIG Economy, describes the main components of GIG Economy, and presents the prospects for the development of labor markets in the context of their transformation against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 161-164
Author(s):  
Eric A. Posner
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Independent Contractors ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Social ◽  
Market Fragmentation ◽  
Social Surplus

Many people are worried about the fragmentation of labor markets, as firms replace employees with independent contractors. Another common worry is that low-skill work, and ultimately nearly all forms of work, will be replaced by robots as artificial intelligence advances. Labor market fragmentation is not a new phenomenon and can be addressed with stronger classification laws supplemented by antitrust enforcement. In fact, the gig economy has many attractive elements, and there is no reason to fear it as long as existing laws are enforced. Over the long run, artificial intelligence may replace much of the work currently performed by human beings. If it does, the appropriate response is not antitrust or employment regulation but policy that ensures the social surplus is fairly divided.

Assembling a Labor Market

2019 ◽  
pp. 20-42
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Sallaz
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Process ◽  
Global Labor Market ◽  
Social Dynamic

The booming voice industry in the Philippines is a case of an emergent global labor market. New technologies developed over the past several decades allow companies to spin off or relocate their phone services anywhere in the world. Differences in labor costs across regions of the world matter, but the resulting search for ideal labor is as much a social as an economic process. To capture this social dynamic, this chapter analyzes markets as assemblages. The key mediators in such as assemblage are firms, states, and workers. This chapter provides the theoretical tools to understand labor markets as assemblages, and suggests why some assemblages are more stable than others.

Global Challenges to World Labor Market

2011 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
M. Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Economic Strategy ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Labor Market ◽  
National Economies

The author believes that the world labor market should be perceived as a taxonomic unit limited in its scope by the features of the national labor markets and, at the same time, having the incentives to expand as a result of the increasingly powerful factors of globalization. The key challenges to the global labor market are associated with the acceleration of the transnationalization of capital, with the changes in foreign trade, and with the increased international migration. All these global factors exert unambiguous impact on the jobs, the wages and the productivity in the national economies. Their impact on the economies of developed and developing countries varies considerably. Much will depend on the external economic strategy and the readiness of national labor markets to counter the external challenges.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Employment? Preliminary Notes on the Transition from “Solid” to “Liquid” Employment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anzelwise Augustus Dominik Paras
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Theoretical Construct ◽  
Current Configuration ◽  
Liquid Modernity ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Post Industrial

Critically building on Zygmunt Bauman’s conception of Liquid Modernity (2000), this research note introduces “Liquid Employment.” This concept is a new theoretical construct that aims to describe the current configuration of employment – that of over-flexibility. This over-flexibility is characterized by the loosening of the once stable institutionalized standards of work. Included here are the lesser significance of possession of educational background and scientific knowledge which conventional wisdom deems as highly significant in the supposed post-industrial society. To illustrate the point, some types of work in the digital and gig economy are examined. This essay adds another dimension to Bauman’s framework of Modernity and questions the orthodox descriptions of the labor market as represented by mainstream economics.

Global Labor Market, “Re-Shoring” Dynamics, and Skill Mismatch

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-143
Author(s):  
Filippo Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Transaction Cost Economics ◽  
Local Labor Markets ◽  
Work Transition ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Global Labor Market ◽  
Operational Activity ◽  
Educational Path ◽  
A Company

Workers' capabilities and knowledge are factors that a company can use to boost its productivity. The relocation of operational activity away from industrialized nations has led to the erosion of manufacturing skills, and this fact often results in a severe skill shortage in specific local labor markets, becoming much more prominent in the case of re-shoring. Consistent with the transaction cost economics approach (TCE), the purpose of this research was to verify if students possess at least basic skills at the end of their educational path to face the labor market without economic frictions in school-to-work transition. Finally, this chapter presents a model that could be useful in order to design programs aimed to overcome the erosion of manufacturing skills and provide students with skills that companies need to deal with local labor markets successfully.

Unemployment and Worker Participation in the Gig Economy: Evidence from an Online Labor Market

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Huang ◽  
Gordon Burtch ◽  
Yili Hong ◽  
Paul A. Pavlou
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Flexible Work ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Complete Work ◽  
Online Labor Markets ◽  
Online Labor

The gig economy comprises a large portion of the workforce in today’s economy. The gig economy has low barriers to entry, enabling flexible work arrangements and allowing workers to engage in contingent employment, whenever, and in some cases, such as online labor markets, wherever, workers desire. And many of the workers seek and complete work via digital platforms. However, there is a lack of understanding into the participation in such platforms. The growth of the gig economy has been partly attributed to technological advancements that enable flexible work environments. In this study, we consider the role of an alternative driver, economic downturns, and associated financial stressors in the offline economy, for example, unemployment. Our analysis combines data from a leading online labor market and various archival sources such as the Bureau of Labor Statistics. We find local economic conditions significantly impact the intensive and extensive margins of labor supply in online labor markets. And such impacts are heterogeneous across different county characteristics. Given the prominence of the gig economy, we believe more research is needed to understand gig-economy participation. It is notable that policy makers recently started to look at related issues, proposing laws to protect the gig workers, such as the recent California Assembly Bill 5.

scholarly journals Labor market in conditions of COVID-19 pandemic: EU vs. USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-33
Author(s):  
Nevena Jolović
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policies And Measures ◽  
Global Labor Market ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Eu

Since March 2020, the global labor market has been exposed to exceptional shocks due to the outbreak of a global pandemic - Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 crisis has threatened subjects and shaken relations in labor markets around the world, and employment levels in the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) have begun to oscillate significantly. The aim of the research is to review the trends observed in the labor markets of the EU and the USA during the first and second quarters of 2020, and to review the projections of eminent authors related to future trends in the mentioned markets. The analysis of the unemployment rate, as well as the policies and measures taken by the EU and USA governments in order to mitigate the consequences of the pandemic, were used in making the final assessment which of these systems suffered more damage, and which of them responded more adequately to crisis. The descriptive and comparative method, analysis and synthesis technique, as well as content analysis of available domestic and foreign literature, were used for research purposes. The result of the research is reflected in the observation that both the EU and the USA responded to the economic and social emergency, and through a number of initiatives supported employees and companies in their labor markets in a timely manner. Finally, the so-far analysis results show that after the first six months of 2020 the American labor market has been much more affected by the pandemic than the European labor market.

SOVIET SCIENTIFIC PERSONAL REPRESSIVE STATE APPARATUS AS AN OBJECT OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE OF SCIENCE STUDIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Alexander Allakhverdyan
Keyword(s):  
Science Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Soviet Science ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Dramatic Practice ◽  
Main Components

Numerous studies by Russian scientists and historians of science are devoted to the state science policy in the USSR and its well-known achievements, but not enough attention is paid to the negative, socially repressed aspects of the Soviet science policy. Repressions became one of the main components of the state's scientific and personnel policy in the Stalinist era. The systemic analysis of the development of Soviet science declared in the scientific literature, limited only by its indisputably outstanding achievements, without under-standing the origins, causes and mechanisms of the repressed state apparatus that operated in the same period, sharply reduces the overall picture of the reliability of the study of Soviet science. The purpose of the study is to comprehend the diverse and dramatic practice of state repression in the system of Soviet science, because in the world history of science no other developed country has experienced such large-scale and tragic events in the functioning of the scientific society.

Reuse of Wastewaters in Agriculture by Means of Sprinkler Irrigation on a Farmland Area of 3000 ha – Large Scale Experience in Germany

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
R. Boll ◽  
R. Kayser
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Sewage Farm ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Main Components

The Braunschweig wastewater land treatment system as the largest in Western Germany serves a population of about 270.000 and has an annual flow of around 22 Mio m3. The whole treatment process consists of three main components : a pre-treatment plant as an activated sludge process, a sprinkler irrigation area of 3.000 ha of farmland and an old sewage farm of 200 ha with surface flooding. This paper briefly summarizes the experiences with management and operation of the system, the treatment results with reference to environmental impact, development of agriculture and some financial aspects.

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