scholarly journals Meteorological measurements and observations at Zákupy in 1718-1720

Geografie ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Rudolf Brázdil ◽  
Hubert Valášek
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Pressure Field ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Reconstructed Surface ◽  
Czech Lands

Meteorological observations of the physician Johann Carl Rost at Zákupy (north Bohemia) in the years 1718-1720, published in the overviews of meteorological observations from several European localities by a Wrocław physician Johann Kanold, are analysed. Whereas from October 1718 to December 1719 and from April to December 1720 it is only summary monthly information, from 21 December 1719 to 31 March 1720 Rost performed three times a day measurements of air temperature and pressure and observations of the wind direction and the course of the weather. These records are the object of detailed climatological analysis, completed by the reconstructed surface pressure field of these months. The summarising monthly information is compared with accessible data of Czech narrative sources. Rost's observations are so far the oldest systematic instrumental measurements in the Czech Lands.

scholarly journals The meteorological observations made by Alexander Zawadzki in Brno, 1861–1867

Geografie ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Brázdil ◽  
Ladislava Řezníčková ◽  
Hubert Valášek
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Great Distance ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Czech Lands ◽  
Technical Secondary School ◽  
Atmospheric Phenomena

The observations made by Pavel Olexík in 1848 are accepted as the beginning of standardised meteorological measurements in Brno. Three times every day, from September 1861 to December 1867, Professor Alexander Zawadzki, a teacher of physics and botany at a Brno technical secondary school, kept recording the values of air pressure, air temperature, precipitation, wind and atmospheric phenomena. His observation diary also includes phenological data and information about meteorological and other natural events across the Czech Lands and Europe. Because there is neither a great distance nor difference in altitude between the places in which Zawadzki and Olexík made their observations, the pressure and temperature readings show only negligible divergences. The differences are not significant for wind direction, precipitation totals and days with rain and snow, but they are greater for atmospheric phenomena. The contemporary meteorological activities of Gregor Johann Mendel also vastly contributed to Brno becoming an important centre of meteorology in the eastern part of the Czech Lands in the 1860s.

scholarly journals A Meteorological Distribution System for High-Resolution Terrestrial Modeling (MicroMet)

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen E. Liston ◽  
Kelly Elder
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Analysis Scheme

Abstract An intermediate-complexity, quasi–physically based, meteorological model (MicroMet) has been developed to produce high-resolution (e.g., 30-m to 1-km horizontal grid increment) atmospheric forcings required to run spatially distributed terrestrial models over a wide variety of landscapes. The following eight variables, required to run most terrestrial models, are distributed: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, incoming solar radiation, incoming longwave radiation, surface pressure, and precipitation. To produce these distributions, MicroMet assumes that at least one value of each of the following meteorological variables are available for each time step, somewhere within, or near, the simulation domain: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation. These variables are collected at most meteorological stations. For the incoming solar and longwave radiation, and surface pressure, either MicroMet can use its submodels to generate these fields, or it can create the distributions from observations as part of a data assimilation procedure. MicroMet includes a preprocessor component that analyzes meteorological data, then identifies and corrects potential deficiencies. Since providing temporally and spatially continuous atmospheric forcing data for terrestrial models is a core objective of MicroMet, the preprocessor also fills in any missing data segments with realistic values. Data filling is achieved by employing a variety of procedures, including an autoregressive integrated moving average calculation for diurnally varying variables (e.g., air temperature). To create the distributed atmospheric fields, spatial interpolations are performed using the Barnes objective analysis scheme, and subsequent corrections are made to the interpolated fields using known temperature–elevation, wind–topography, humidity–cloudiness, and radiation–cloud–topography relationships.

scholarly journals Heatwaves and Summer Urban Heat Islands: A Daily Cycle Approach to Unveil the Urban Thermal Signal Changes in Lisbon, Portugal

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Oliveira ◽  
António Lopes ◽  
Ezequiel Correia ◽  
Samuel Niza ◽  
Amílcar Soares
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Daily Cycle ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Thermal Signal ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Local Climate Change ◽  
Urban Heat

Lisbon is a European Mediterranean city, greatly exposed to heatwaves (HW), according to recent trends and climate change prospects. Considering the Atlantic influence, air temperature observations from Lisbon’s mesoscale network are used to investigate the interactions between background weather and the urban thermal signal (UTS) in summer. Days are classified according to the prevailing regional wind direction, and hourly UTS is compared between HW and non-HW conditions. Northern-wind days predominate, revealing greater maximum air temperatures (up to 40 °C) and greater thermal amplitudes (approximately 10 °C), and account for 37 out of 49 HW days; southern-wind days have milder temperatures, and no HWs occur. Results show that the wind direction groups are significantly different. While southern-wind days have minor UTS variations, northern-wind days have a consistent UTS daily cycle: a diurnal urban cooling island (UCI) (often lower than –1.0 °C), a late afternoon peak urban heat island (UHI) (occasionally surpassing 4.0 °C), and a stable nocturnal UHI (1.5 °C median intensity). UHI/UCI intensities are not significantly different between HW and non-HW conditions, although the synoptic influence is noted. Results indicate that, in Lisbon, the UHI intensity does not increase during HW events, although it is significantly affected by wind. As such, local climate change adaptation strategies must be based on scenarios that account for the synergies between potential changes in regional air temperature and wind.

scholarly journals Estudo de Frequência da Ocorrência de Rajada de Vento e seu Papel na Segurança das Operações Aéreas no Aeródromo Internacional de Belém-PA (Wind Occurrence Frequency Study and Its Importance in Air Operations Security on Belém's International Aerodrome)

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1110
Author(s):  
Ingrid Monteiro Peixoto de Souza ◽  
Thiago Melo Souza ◽  
José Danilo Costa Souza Filho ◽  
Maria do Carmo Felipe de Oliveira ◽  
Dimitrie Nechet
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Occurrence Frequency ◽  
Equatorial Atlantic ◽  
Flight Operations ◽  
Equatorial Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Meteorological Elements ◽  
Wind Intensity

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a freqüência de ocorrência de rajada de vento e sua importância na segurança das operações aéreas, uma vez que estas apresentam significativas variações de intensidade do vento, podendo ocasionar, inúmeros riscos para a aviação, desde desconforto durante o voo, até perdas de vidas humanas. Os dados foram obtidos no Aeródromo Internacional de Belém do Pará, no período de 2009 a 2012, onde foram realizadas análises estatísticas, bem como, estudos das correlações dos percentuais de ocorrências com os elementos meteorológicas de superfície (temperatura do ar e pressão atmosférica), extraídas de observações meteorológicas horárias da localidade em estudo. Os resultados mostram, que nos últimos anos, a ocorrência de rajada de vento no aeródromo de Belém-Pa, vem aumentando, onde o maior registro dessa ocorrência dentro do período foi no ano de 2012. A maior frequência de eventos de rajada por intervalos de velocidade foi de 21 a 30 KT. A maior distribuição sazonal do registro de rajadas de vento ocorreu no período mais chuvoso da região, dezembro a maio, influenciadas pela nebulosidade, formada no Oceano Atlântico Equatorial, devido a atuação da ZCIT. As maiores quantidades de registros de rajadas de ventos correspondem ao período de máximas temperaturas, sugerindo uma correlação entre o aquecimento e a ocorrência de rajadas próximas a superfície terrestre. A distribuição de rajada de vento, de acordo com a orientação do vento indica predominância dos ventos de leste, de 60º a 120º.  ABSTRACT This paper aimed to study the wind occurrence frequency and its importance on the safety of flight operations, since these are significant variations in wind intensity, causing many risks to aviation, from discomfort during flight to even loss of lifes. The data were obtained from the International Aerodrome of Belém do Pará, in the period from 2009 to 2012, where statistical analyzes were performed, as well as studies of correlations of the percentage of occurrences with surface meteorological elements (air temperature and atmospheric pressure), extracted from hourly meteorological observations from the study site. The results show that in recent years, the occurrence of gust of wind at the airfield of Belém-Pa, is increasing, where the highest record of this occurrence within the period was in 2012. The higher frequency of events per burst speed intervals was 21-30 KT. The largest seasonal distribution record wind gusts occurred in the rainy season in the region, from December to May, influenced by clouds formed in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean, due to tripping of the ITCZ​. The largest amounts of records gusty winds correspond to the period of maximum temperatures, suggesting a correlation between warming and the occurrence of near Earth's surface bursts. The distribution of wind, according to the orientation of the wind indicates predominance of winds east 60 º to 120 º.   Keywords: Wind direction, air temperature, atmospheric pressure.  

scholarly journals Designing a top cooling system for an electromagnetic calorimeter

2021 ◽  
Vol 345 ◽  
pp. 00015
Author(s):  
Matěj Jeřábek ◽  
Michal Volf ◽  
Daniel Duda
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Pressure Field ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Electromagnetic Calorimeter ◽  
3D Flow ◽  
Commercial Software ◽  
Pressure Fields ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
Temperature And Pressure

The article describes a numerical simulation of flow in the cooling system of an electromagnetic calorimeter by analysing the temperature and pressure fields. Two fundamentally different approaches were used to analyse the pressure field - analytical 1D calculation and numerical 3D flow simulation. The article contains a detailed evaluation and description of individual analyses using the commercial software ANSYS 2020 R1.

Turbulent Surface Pressure Field in Low Speed Flow

2014 ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Stéphane Caro ◽  
Vincent Cotoni ◽  
Phil Shorter ◽  
Fred Mendonça
Keyword(s):  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Pressure Field ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Speed Flow

scholarly journals Development of a meteorological forecast for snow accumulation on transmission lines

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Tatsuhito Ito ◽  
Masaru Yamaoka ◽  
Hisayuki Ohura ◽  
Takashi Taniguchi ◽  
Gorow Wakahama
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Mesoscale Model ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Surface Winds ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Wet Snow

In Hokkaido we have often experienced hazardous accidents, such as tower collapses and conductor breakage, caused by wet-snow accretion on transmission lines, and over many years have developed countermeasures for wet-snow accretion. Recently we have been developing a system to forecast areas where snow accretion may occur. We used the southern part of Hokkaido, divided into 5 km × 5 km meshes, as a forecast area; our predictions were hourly, 3–24 hours in advance. A method of predicting meteorological data which forms an important part of the system predicts three elements which influence wet-snow accretion: air temperature, precipitation, and wind direction and speed. We used an interpolation for predicting temperature and precipitation and a one-level, mesoscale model for diagnosing surface winds for wind direction and speed. By applying the method to many examples of wet-snow accretion, we checked the prediction of weather elements.

scholarly journals An ERA5-Based Hourly Global Pressure and Temperature (HGPT) Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1098
Author(s):  
Pedro Mateus ◽  
João Catalão ◽  
Virgílio B. Mendes ◽  
Giovanni Nico
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Zenith Wet Delay ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Weighted Mean Temperature ◽  
Zenith Hydrostatic Delay

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) meteorology contribution to the comprehension of the Earth’s atmosphere’s global and regional variations is essential. In GNSS processing, the zenith wet delay is obtained using the difference between the zenith total delay and the zenith hydrostatic delay. The zenith wet delay can also be converted into precipitable water vapor by knowing the atmospheric weighted mean temperature profiles. Improving the accuracy of the zenith hydrostatic delay and the weighted mean temperature, normally obtained using modeled surface meteorological parameters at coarse scales, leads to a more accurate and precise zenith wet delay estimation, and consequently, to a better precipitable water vapor estimation. In this study, we developed an hourly global pressure and temperature (HGPT) model based on the full spatial and temporal resolution of the new ERA5 reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The HGPT model provides information regarding the surface pressure, surface air temperature, zenith hydrostatic delay, and weighted mean temperature. It is based on the time-segmentation concept and uses the annual and semi-annual periodicities for surface pressure, and annual, semi-annual, and quarterly periodicities for surface air temperature. The amplitudes and initial phase variations are estimated as a periodic function. The weighted mean temperature is determined using a 20-year time series of monthly data to understand its seasonality and geographic variability. We also introduced a linear trend to account for a global climate change scenario. Data from the year 2018 acquired from 510 radiosonde stations downloaded from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive were used to assess the model coefficients. Results show that the GNSS meteorology, hydrological models, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) meteorology, climate studies, and other topics can significantly benefit from an ERA5 full-resolution model.

scholarly journals On the seasonal variation of atmospheric temperature in the British Isles and its relation to wind-direction, with a note on the effect of sea temperature on the seasonal variation of air temperature

1902 ◽  
Vol 69 (451-458) ◽  
pp. 61-85 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Sea Temperature ◽  
The Subject

The following paper is mainly concerned with the analysis of the seasonal variation of temperature of the British Islands into a series of simple harmonic curves. The variation of temperature is so irregular that the use of this method of analysis for the investigation of the subject may seem to he arbitrary and inappropriate, and a few words of introduction are accordingly necessary to indicate the circumstances under which this mode of dealing with the subject showed itself to be specially adapted for the purpose.

Modal Analysis of the Surface Pressure Field Around a Hemispherical Turret using Pressure Sensitive Paint

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas G. De Lucca ◽  
Stanislav Gordeyev ◽  
Jacob J. Morrida ◽  
Eric J. Jumper ◽  
Donald J. Wittich
Keyword(s):  
Modal Analysis ◽  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Pressure Field ◽  
Pressure Sensitive Paint ◽  
Pressure Sensitive
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