scholarly journals REVENUE MANAGEMENT IN HOTEL BUSINESS

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Inna LEVYTSKA
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Revenue Management ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Independent Factor ◽  
Revenue Management System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The article defines the most effective methods of managing hotel revenues and methods of their use, which in turn will create competitive advantages and make the sale of hotel services stable, and the activity of hotel enterprises more profitable. The concept of Revenue management in the hotel business is disclosed, which is a technology that determines the best price for hotel room on the basis of demand forecasting, that is, the sale of the necessary number to the client at the right moment at the right price. The basic pricing objectives of the hotel company have been developed, which should not be considered separately, but should be in line with the marketing strategy of the enterprise development. Interdependence of the level of loading of hotel rooms from the reduction of prices is determined. The obtained data testify that the price reduction even by 1% requires an increase in loading of hotel rooms by almost 1% to cover losses as a result of income reduction. The goal of the pricing strategy, aimed at achieving the goals as the services to be offered, are proposed, hotels are trying to outdo competitors by maximizing the quality of services. The principles, which should be used by hotel companies that master flexible pricing methods from the point of view of marketing complex: the choice of pricing policy should be closely related to the positioning of the hotel company services; A correlation of the pricing strategy with the definition of the stage of the life cycle, on which the hotel product is located, is very important for the process of formation of prices. The mechanism of calculation of sales prices for hotel services is offered. These approaches should be considered in the pricing policies of the hotel company, depending on the services they provide. The stages of the analysis are determined: market research, hotel product life cycle, task setting of pricing depending on the goals of the hotel company, determination of the marginal range of price fluctuations, determination of the most optimal range of prices. Analysis of prices and range of competitors' services, choice of method of pricing, adjustment of the basic price level, establishment of the final price. The method of "discriminatory pricing" is described and examples of the use of this method are given. The concept of "Price discrimination" is defined, which is a useful tool for smoothing the supply and demand, providing additional income and profit to most hospitality establishments. This method of pricing uses reductions / increases in prices to attract additional customers and revenue without lowering / raising prices for all. A detailed description of the multiplier effect method used in the calculation of prices. The essence of the multiplier method is to calculate the multiplier, which shows how many times the dependent factor (profit) increases or decreases if the independent factor is changed to one. The calculation of the budget based on the multiplicative method in the hotel "Ramada Lviv" was carried out. The number of indicators given in the calculations may increase depending on the specifics of the enterprise. Constant costs are the sum of personnel costs, operating costs, management, depreciation, etc., each of which is considered as an independent factor of impact on profits. Variable costs depend on the volume of goods turnover; therefore, they should include such expenses as additional wages, production raw materials, related and consumable materials. It is characterized by a revenue management system in a hotel that requires a reliable database. A good revenue management system will benefit the hotel and customer. Cost-effectiveness factors (fixed costs of fixed assets and operating costs, variable costs of services) have a completely different range of actions than market-oriented factors (price, cost of services, loading of numbers, etc.). It is determined that for hotels, comparing the influence of various factors on profit, it can be argued that the impact of trade turnover is more significant than the impact of costs. An estimation of the importance of the factors that create the multiplicative effect, which was ranked, depending on their impact on profit. It was found that prices, which are in close connection with all elements of the marketing complex, determine the profitability of the hotel company, its life cycle and financial stability. At the same time, the choice of pricing methods and pricing policies largely depends on the goals and strategies of the hotel company in the selected segment of the market. The proposed mechanism for calculating the sale price of a hotel company is based on a multiplicative method, which includes: the definition of key indicators that affect the profit, including prices; calculation of profit when changing these indicators; estimation of the importance of the impact on the profit of each selected indicator; the choice of the most appropriate variant of profit. The development of market relations in Ukraine and in advanced economies is somewhat similar, therefore, the generalization and dissemination of the best foreign and domestic income management experience based on marketing will improve the efficiency of the hotel industry. Prospects for further research are the development of new strategies aimed at gaining market share, improving hotel services, increasing consumer demand through the interaction of factors of price and quality, promotion of the brand, introduction of new forms of management, including franchising and management contracts, electronic sales of hotels services.

Quantifying Office Productivity: An Ergonomic Framework

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (13) ◽  
pp. 974-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Hedge
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Office Workers ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Task Time ◽  
Ergonomic Interventions ◽  
The Impact

An ergonomic framework for conceptualizing and measuring office productivity is described. This framework is based on the the analysis of task time, posture and sequence, and the subsequent the determination of the most appropriate pace, posture, and activities for any office job. The framework assesses various measures of pace, proficiency, and posture that currently can be readily assessed by ergonomists, and it uses these measures to quantify the short-term duty cycle productivity (DCP) and in the longer-term life-cycle productivity (LCP) of office workers. The approach that will be described allows companies to evaluate the impact of ergonomic interventions on the productivity of their workers. The benefits of this ergonomic approach to assessing productivity are discussed.

scholarly journals X. A method of measuring the pressure produced in the detonation of high, explosives or by the impact of bullets

1914 ◽  
Vol 213 (497-508) ◽  
pp. 437-456 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Interest ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
High Explosives ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Cylindrical Steel ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The determination of the actual pressures produced by a blow such as that of a rifle bullet or by the detonation of high explosives is a problem of much scientific and practical interest but of considerable difficulty. It is easy to measure the transfer of momentum associated with the blow, which is equal to the average pressure developed, multiplied by the time during which it acts, but the separation of these two factors has not hitherto been effected. The direct determination of a force acting for a few hundred-thousandths of a second presents difficulties which may perhaps be called insuperable, but the measurement of the other factor, the duration of the blow, is more feasible. In the case of impacts such as those of spheres or rods moving at moderate velocities the time of contact can be determined electrically with considerable accuracy.* The present paper contains an account of a method of analysing experimentally more violent blows and of measuring their duration and the pressures developed. If a rifle bullet be fired against the end of a cylindrical steel rod there is a definite pressure applied on the end of the rod at each instant of time during the period of impact and the pressure can be plotted as a function of the time. The pressure-time curve is a perfectly definite thing, though the ordinates are expressed in tons and the abscissae in millionths of a second; the pressure starts when the nose of the bullet first strikes the end of the rod and it continues until the bullet has been completely set up or stopped by the impact. Subject to qualifications, which will be considered later, the result of applying this varying pressure to the end is to send along the rod a wave of pressure which, so long as the elasticity is perfect, travels without change of type. If the pressure in different sections of the rod be plotted at any instant (fig. l) then at a later time the same curve shifted to the right by a distance proportional to the time will represent the then distribution of pressure. The velocity with which the wave travels in steel is approximately 17,000 feet per second. As the wave travels over any section of the rod, that section successively experiences pressures represented by the successive ordinates of the curve as they pass over it. Thus the curve also represents the relation between the pressure at any point of the rod and the time, the scale being such that one inch represents the time taken by the wave to travel that distance which is very nearly 1/200,000 of a second. In particular the curve giving the distribution of pressure in the rod along its length is, assuming perfect elasticity, the same as the curve connecting the pressure applied at the end and the time, the scale of time being that just given.

scholarly journals Protecting the Right to Privacy in China

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao Jingchun
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Western World ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Personal Privacy ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

This article suggests the Chinese government should establish systematic legal protection for personal privacy in China. First, a brief introduction to the history of the concept of privacy in China is given. Based on the definition of privacy in the Western world, the modern concept of privacy has been absorbed by Chinese scholars and defined according to Chinese norms. During this process, the subjects and objects of the right to privacy have been chosen and the distinctions between the right to privacy, the right of reputation and the right to know have been made clear. This article considers that it is most important to recognise the right to privacy as an independent right both in the Constitution and Civil Code. Depending on the impact of the breach of privacy, liability for civil or criminal punishment should attach.  Besides these measures, a specific data protection law is also essential. 

scholarly journals Entre os Direitos Culturais e a Ecologia Humana / Between Cultural Rights And Human Ecology

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (57) ◽  
pp. 828-851
Author(s):  
Larissa Fernanda De Alencar Souza ◽  
Juracy Marques dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Cultural Ecology ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

Resumo: O trabalho em epígrafe visa discutir as relações que se estendem entre os direitos culturais e a Ecologia Humana. De forma bibliográfica e analítica, apresentamos o percurso que leva da definição de cultura aos direitos culturais. Dentro dessa discussão, analisamos a Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos como primeiro passo de promoção dos direitos culturais, importante para aprofundamento da discussão e extensão no devido debate. Num segundo momento, destacam-se os direitos culturais e políticas públicas culturais no Brasil, apresentando um histórico que passa pela constituição a aplicação de direitos culturais por meio das políticas públicas desenvolvidas. Por conseguinte, se discute a Ecologia humana em seu âmbito de Ecologia Cultural, em favor de analisar a importância de direitos culturais dentro desta matéria. Com base na Declaração de Friburgo, documento internacional que versa sobre a aplicação de direitos culturais, essa análise se dará através de 3 aspectos: a autodeterminação dos povos, o direito a identidade e patrimônio cultural, e os princípios de governança democrática. Assim, compreendemos que a ecologia humana cultural e os direitos culturais possuem uma relação mútua e interdependente para alcançar seus objetivos. Palavras-chave: Ecologia Cultural; Direitos Humanos; Autodeterminação dos Povos; Governança Democrática. Abstract: The above work aims to discuss the relationships that extend between cultural rights and Human Ecology. In a bibliographical and analytical way, we present the path that leads from the definition of culture to cultural rights. Within this discussion, we analyze the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a first step in promoting cultural rights, which is important for deepening the discussion and extending the due debate. In a second moment, cultural rights and cultural public policies in Brazil stand out, presenting a history that goes through the constitution and application of cultural rights through the developed public policies. Therefore, human ecology is discussed in its scope of cultural ecology, in favor of analyzing the importance of cultural rights within this matter. Based on the Friborg Declaration, an international document that deals with the application of cultural rights, this analysis will be carried out through 3 aspects: the self-determination of peoples, the right to identity and cultural heritage, and the principles of democratic governance. Thus, we understand that cultural human ecology and cultural rights have a mutual and interdependent relationship to achieve their goals. Keywords: Cultural Ecology; Human Rights; Self-determination of People; Democratic Governance. 

scholarly journals Novas considerações sobre o acesso ao Patrimônio Musical no Brasil | New considerations on access to Brazilian musical heritage

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
André Guerra Cotta
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Legal Restrictions ◽  
Right To Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Musical Heritage ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

Resumo Este artigo traz considerações sobre o direito à informação no campo da musicologia no Brasil, especialmente sobre o acesso a fontes musicais manuscritas. O autor compara a situação atual com o contexto de fins da década de 1990, apresentando exemplos concretos de avanço em termos de acessibilidade das fontes e reflexões sobre o impacto das tecnologias digitais na área em foco. Finalmente, aponta aspectos em que não houve tranformações significativas, tais como as restrições legais, as dificuldades metodológicas e a falta de mobilização coletiva para a discussão e definição de políticas públicas voltadas para o tratamento e a conservação do Patrimônio Musical no Brasil. Palavras-chave música brasileira, musicologia histórica, acervos, digitalização, patrimônio cultural Abstract This article presents considerations about the right to information in the field of musicology in Brazil, especially on the accessibility to hand-written musical sources. The author compares the current situation with the context of the late 1990s, giving positive examples in terms of accessibility of the sources and reflections on the impact of digital technologies in the area in focus. Finally, we discuss aspects in which there were no significant transformations, such as legal restrictions, methodological difficulties and the lack of collective mobilization for the discussion and definition of public policies for the care and preservation of musical heritage in Brazil. Keywords brazilian music, historical musicology, collections, digitization, cultural heritage

scholarly journals THE NOTION OF THE CLAIM: PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 28-40
Author(s):  
V. N. Ivakin
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Legitimate Interest ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Latin Term

The main form of protection of civil rights (in the broad sense) is the form of action bringing, the impact of which has increased significantly as a result of the transition to a market economy. This form has gained even wider application with the adoption of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation of March 8, 2015, that has introduced the institution of an administrative action in relation to cases arising from administrative and other relations regulated in the context of public law. However, the question concerning the concept of the action, regarding which in the legal science several concepts are being applied, remains unclear and the paper examines different concepts dealing with the notion of the action. In particular, according to the author, the term “action” does not mean a legal act. This view is based on the common identification of the Russian term “isk” with the Latin term actio that literally meaning “action.” The article also subjects to extensive criticism an outdated doctrine about the action in procedural and substantive senses. Attention is also drawn to the shortcomings of the doctrine that treats the action as the unity of the two parties — procedural (the applicant’s claim to the court) and substantive (the applicant’s claim to the defendant). The author has examined the inconsistency of the doctrine of the lawsuit developed by G. L. Osokina treating the action as the claim to protect a right and at the same time to admit the existence of the right to bring an action in a procedural and substantive sense. Also, the article analyzes the shortcomings of the definitions of the action given by V. V. Yarkov and O. V. Isaenkova. In conclusion, the author substantiates and gives his own definition of the concept of the action as the request addressed to court by the person concerned, submitted and considered in a certain procedural order in order to protect the violated right. The concept under consideration is also defined as the right that requires confirmation, freedom or legitimate interest and the direct exercise of the right or the satisfaction of a legitimate interest for which another person is held liable.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF ERRORS IN DETERMINATION OF TRACING SLOPE ON THE ACCURACY OF GEODETIC BASE FOR ROUTE

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Kostiantyn Mamonov ◽  
Svitlana Kamchatnaya ◽  
Yevhen Orel ◽  
Oleksandr Saiapin
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Route Length ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Artificial Development ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

The purpose of this article is to study and develop a methodological approach tosolving the problem of accuracy of the geodetic base of the route. For this purpose, the followingtasks are set: mathematical substantiation the dependence of the line length on the ratio of the traceslope and the guide slope; description of the function of optimal use of the guiding slope at highspeed; determination of the impact of errors in the course of the geodetic justification on the routelength. Starting from the determined point and further to the right, artificial development of the lineis required. Because when a trace is planed using level curves, this point can be reached sooner orlater, and in some cases, this point can not be reached not at all, the line length designed accordingto the plan will be slightly different than in the case of tracing with usage the exact data. Thus, theobtained results indicate the following. If the error positions during a high-speed segment are suchthat the ordnance datum of the passage is less than the truth, the route length will be less than thetrue and vice versa. This trivial result indicates that the location of geodetic support points ondifferent sides of the pass is not recommended. It is established that due to the accumulation of errorsin the transmission of coordinates in the working substantiation networks, the conditions of the linedesign and the amount of operating costs change. It is mathematically substantiated that the linelength depends on the depth of the excavation on the pass and the height of the embankment at thepoint, and also on the difference of ordnance datum at these points. The difference between the traceslope and the guiding slope has an inversely proportional effect. In addition, the function of optimaluse of the guide slope at a high-speed segment has the form of a broken line according to its fracturesthe need for artificial development of the route can be established. The influence of errors in the course of the working justification is manifested in the discrepancy between the true and projectedroute length. If this error is not taken into account, it will lead to significant overspending duringbuilding a longer line than necessary. Further development of the problem of increasing the accuracyof tracing and reducing the impact of errors is planned in the direction of creating methods of digitalmodelling and automated programs.

scholarly journals Determination of sources of sulfur dioxide in confectionery

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
N. B. Kondratyev ◽  
E. V. Kazantsev ◽  
M. V. Osipov ◽  
O. S. Rudenko ◽  
E. N. Krylova
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
White Sand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Confectionery Products ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technological Methods

Sulfur dioxide is used to ensure the safety of fruit raw materials and semi-finished products used for the production of confectionery. This preservative has allergenic properties. In accordance with the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union TR CU 022/2011 "Food products in terms of their labeling" the content of sulfur dioxide must be specified when labeling confectionery products, if its content exceeds 10 mg per kg. The definition of this preservative in raw materials, semi-finished products and confectionery in accordance with the current GOST 26811 “Confectionery. The iodometric method for determining the mass fraction of total sulfuric acid is often difficult because of the complexity of confectionery products, the formation of intensive staining of the solutions under study and the ability of sulfur dioxide to react with other components of the objects under study. Therefore, the task of developing methods with the optimization of the sample preparation stage of the samples under study, which allow one to fully determine sulfur dioxide in confectionery products, semi-finished products and raw materials, is relevant. The purpose of this work was to develop methods for determining sulfur dioxide in raw materials, semi-finished products and various names of confectionery products, as well as assessing the impact of these types of raw materials and semi-finished products on the content of sulfur dioxide in confectionery products. The results showed that sulfur dioxide is present in many raw materials. In mg per 1 kg of sugar in white sand from 1 to 9, molasses from 25 to 52, wheat flour from 9 to 15, starch from 3 to 17. In fruit raw materials from 5 to 545 mg per kg. In confectionery: marshmallow and marshmallow from 8 to 29, gingerbread from 6 to 25, biscuits from 0 to 16, chocolate from 8 to 13. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the content of sulfur dioxide in raw materials and semi-finished confectionery products is a very wide range, which makes it necessary to control the quality of all raw materials entering the production. Sulfur dioxide, used as a preservative for fruit raw materials, can significantly increase the content of this allergen in confectionery made using such raw materials. Ensuring the level of sulfur dioxide less than 10 mg / kg is achieved using raw materials with low content of sulfur dioxide and technological methods.

scholarly journals Why is it so hard to take lawful strike action in Australia?

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shae McCrystal
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory System ◽  
Tipping Point ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Industrial Action ◽  
Current Controversy ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

This current controversy analyses the legal impediments to taking lawful strike action for workers in Australia, reviewing the components of the regulatory system that combine to restrict access to strike action for Australian workers. The discussion explores the flaws underlying the enactment of the right to strike, the limitations surrounding the definition of industrial action, the prerequisites to lawful strike action including the problems that arise from the pre-strike ballots regime, the grounds on which lawful strike action can be stopped, and the consequences of getting it wrong. The picture presented by the legal regime for strike action is that the impact of the regime is greater than the sum of its parts – making it very difficult to strike even for the most seasoned industrial players. It is possible that strike regulation in Australia has reached a tipping point whereby the costs associated with getting it right may now be so high that simply abandoning the lawful path and engaging in unlawful strike action may be more appealing than complying with the law.

scholarly journals Criteria for Housing Design with Emphasis on Comparison between Traditional and Today Contemporary Iranian Architecture

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Tahereh Nasr
Keyword(s):  
Design Pattern ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Housing Design ◽  
Residential Architecture ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
House Design ◽  
The Impact

<p>Settling in the cities and the numerous efforts being made for massive supply of houses in a short time period, makes difficult the access to a pattern as appropriate for family life with increase in concentration in building construction, the individual and family borders, too, are neglected.</p><p>Though due to the extensiveness and complexity of the concept of housing, one cannot give a comprehensive, unique definition of it, but the housing, as a shelter, is regarded as the primary and basic needs of the family.</p><p>House as a place for relaxation and comfort and a shelter for removing tiredness has been a peace and security locality from a long time ago. House demand is one of the most essential human`s demands. According to Article 31 of fundamental law of Islamic Republic of Iran also, possessing a suitable house is considered as the right for every person and every Iranian family. House not only as a shelter, but also as a place for humans raise, has a great importance in the initial and most fundamental society union, namely family.</p><p>Identifying the identity and investigating the residential complexes in regard to the aesthetics implies the precise and conscious observing and noticing their beauties and or ugliness.</p><p>Main Questions in this paper are:</p><ul><li>What are the consequences of disregarding the identity of today's housing architecture, especially the architecture of the ancient towns?</li><li>Can the components of Iranian traditional architecture be applied in today contemporary residential architecture and be effective to create a sense of place?</li></ul><p>So the main purpose of this article is Pathology of Today Contemporary Iranian housing Architecture and Comparison with traditional Iranian architecture.</p><p>The method explored is a descriptive-analytical and field method to gather information and documents are available. The impact of known factors and variables in Iranian contemporary and traditional residential architecture has been evaluated and compared.</p><p>Accordingly, having some criteria for achieving a suitable house design pattern is essential in a way that makes it possible to understand all its visual embodiments and identify its identity.</p>This research also state the reasons for disability of today`s architecture and urban development against house problem and recommend some criteria for achieving a house design pattern after an overview of the definition of housing and examination of Iranian housing.

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