scholarly journals Environmental safety in case of accidents on the marine component of a multimodal pipeline system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Д.Ф. Кожевин ◽  
А.С. Поляков ◽  
Д.А. Скороходов ◽  
В.Ю. Каминский ◽  
А.Л. Стариченков
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Event Tree ◽  
Excessive Pressure ◽  
The Impact

Для трубопроводов, проложенных под водой, опасными являются следующие факторы пожара: тепловое излучение при факельном горении природного газа над поверхностью моря, избыточное давление и импульс волны давления при сгорании газопаровоздушной смеси, а также расширяющиеся продукты сгорания при реализации пожара-вспышки газопаровоздушной смеси. При этом рассмотрены особенности газового конденсата и моноэтиленгликоля. Выполнена оценка пожарных рисков и составлен перечень исходных данных для их расчётов. Описана последовательность развития аварии. При построении дерева событий учтена глубина подводного размещения трубопровода. При проведении анализа риска использованы четыре сценария выхода природного газа на поверхность. Определена величина потенциального пожарного риска в определенной точке трассы трубопровода. Выполнена оценка воздействия поражающих факторов при авариях на шлангокабеле и на трубопроводе. Рассмотрены нестабильные динамические явления, сопровождающие аварию на морском трубопроводе: в начальный период воздействия ударной волны, выбросе воды на палубу судна и пожароопасного воздушного шлейфа над поверхностью моря. For pipelines laid under water, the following fire factors are dangerous: thermal radiation when natural gas flares above the sea surface, excessive pressure and pressure wave momentum when a gas-air mixture is burned, as well as expanding combustion products when a gas-air mixture is flashed. Gorenje The features of gas condensate and monoethylene glycol are considered. Fire risks were assessed and a list of initial data for their calculations was compiled. The sequence of accident development is described. When building the event tree, the depth of the underwater pipeline placement is taken into account. During the risk analysis, four scenarios of natural gas coming to the surface were used. The value of the potential fire risk at a certain point of the pipeline route is determined. An assessment of the impact of damaging factors in accidents on the hose cable and on the pipeline was performed. Unstable dynamic phenomena accompanying an accident on an offshore pipeline are considered: during the initial period of impact of a shock wave, the release of water on the ships deck and a fire-dangerous air plume above the sea surface.

Materials for Safety and Security

2020 ◽  
pp. 288-320
Author(s):  
Jozef Martinka ◽  
Janka Dibdiakova
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Ignition Temperature ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Security Engineering ◽  
Insulating Materials ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Yield ◽  
The Impact

This chapter deals with materials used in safety and security engineering. The most commonly used materials in this field include shielding materials, materials for protective suits, electrically insulating materials and materials for fire protection. The first part of the chapter describes the properties of materials used in the above applications. The second part of the chapter focuses on characteristics of materials that accurately describe their fire risk. The fire risk of a material is quantified by its resistance to ignition (determined generally by critical heat flux and ignition temperature) and by the impact of the fire on the environment. The impact of fire is usually determined by the heat release rate, toxicity of combustion products (primarily determined by carbon monoxide yield and for materials that contain nitrogen, also through the hydrogen cyanide yield) and the decrease of visibility in the area (depending on the geometry of the area and the smoke production rate).

Effective Pipeline Integrity Management in the Magallanes Region of Chile

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Salinas ◽  
A. Mun˜oz ◽  
A. Wilde ◽  
J. Healy ◽  
M. Bakayeva
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Energy Company ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Business Line ◽  
The Impact

Empresa Nacional del Petro´leo (ENAP) is an energy company, wholly owned by the Chilean Government. With regards to overall management, the company comprises of two Business Divisions: Exploration and Production (Up-stream) and Refining and Logistic (Down-stream), complemented by corporate managerial structures. The objective of ENAP’s Exploration and Production (UpStream) business line is the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) in the South of Chile (Magallanes) and abroad, as well as geo-thermal energy, in this case, associated with private entities in areas of Northern Chile. Within the Magallanes region ENAP operates approximately 2,200 km of natural gas, crude oil and refined product pipelines. These pipelines range in diameter from 4 to 20 inch and the majority of pipelines are over 30 years old. Due to operational reliability reasons, since 1998 ENAP has been regularly inspecting its pipelines using intelligent in-line inspection tools. Furthermore, since 2006, as part of an overall pipeline integrity management plan ENAP has been conducting Fitness for Service assessments on selected pipelines including a risk-based assessment considering pipeline condition and the impact on the continuity of operation. The Integrity Management Plan implemented by ENAP in the Magallanes region has been applied to all pipelines transporting gas, crude oil and refined products, including those built after 1990. This plan comprises the construction phase, from which invaluable information is gathered for later use. The primary aims of ENAP’s integrity management plan are: - To protect the public; - To protect the surrounding environment by preventing pipeline failures; - To ensure efficient usage of the budget available to conduct maintenance tasks; - To prevent damage to the pipelines, e.g. due to corrosion activity; - To provide clarity of activities being performed by ENAP in order to ensure an efficient, safe and reliable pipeline system. This paper provides a description of the integrity management strategy adopted by ENAP and includes a review of a number of the challenges encountered during its implementation.

scholarly journals Providing the environmental safety by increasing the efficiency of firefighting in unsheltered timber warehouses

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
E. M. Hulida ◽  
I. V. Pasnak ◽  
O. E. Vasylieva ◽  
I. O. Movchan
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
Free Development ◽  
The Impact

Purpose. To develop a method for reducing the impact of fires in unsheltered timber warehouses on the environmental safety by reducing the duration of free burning of timber, the speed of fire front spread, emissions of combustion products and the duration of the firefighting. Methodology. During the experimental research, the method of fractional factor experiment was used. Theoretical research was performed using optimization mathematical models. The Monte Carlo method is used to solve optimization problems. To implement this method, block diagrams of algorithms was developed, based on written corresponded computer programs. Findings. The method was developed for reducing the impact of fires in unsheltered timber warehouses on the environmental safety by reducing the duration of free development of the fire, the speed of fire front spread, the concentration of combustion products and the duration of the fire. Fire prevention measures to reduce the duration of fire and to reduce emissions of combustion products due to fires in unsheltered timber warehouses was implemented by using an automated system to determine the fire extinguishing means and forces by setting an optimization problem, applying the Monte Carlo method and developing software to solve it. Originality. The scientific novelty is the justification of ways to reduce the duration of the free development of fire and to reduce the amount of toxic emissions using optimization mathematical models. Practical value. It is possible to use the obtained results in the practical activities of fire and rescue units of the SES of Ukraine and provide environmental safety in case of fire in unsheltered timber warehouse due to the practical implementation of administrative, legal and economic methods.

Hydrogen in Pipelines: Impact of Hydrogen Transport in Natural Gas Pipelines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Kurz ◽  
Matt Lubomirsky ◽  
Francis Bainier
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Pure Hydrogen ◽  
Hydraulic Simulation ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The increased use of renewable energy has made the need to store electricity a central requirement. One of the concepts to address this need is to produce hydrogen from surplus electricity, and to use the existing natural gas pipeline system to transport the hydrogen. Generally, the hydrogen content in the pipeline flow would be below 20%, thus avoiding the problems of transporting and burning pure hydrogen. The natural gas – hydrogen mixtures have to be considered both from a gas transport and a gas storage perspective. In this study, the impact of various levels of hydrogen in a pipeline system are simulated. The pipeline hydraulic simulation will provide the necessary operating conditions for the gas compressors, and the gas turbines that drive these compressors. The result of the study addresses the impact on transportation efficiency in terms of energy consumption and the emission of green house gases. Further, necessary concepts in the capability to store gas to better balance supply and demand are discussed.

Fundamental Impact of Firing Syngas in Gas Turbines

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Oluyede ◽  
Jeffrey N. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion Products ◽  
Metal Temperature ◽  
Turbine Component ◽  
The Impact

This paper addresses the impact of burning syngas in a large size, heavy-duty gas turbine designed to run on natural gas while maintaining hot section life. The process used to produce syngas is not discussed here; we mainly focus on analyzing the issues related to switching from natural gas to syngas on the gas turbine hot sections and the possibility of reducing the firing temperature in order to maintain the durability of the hot metal section life. The analysis indicate that the power output for a syngas-fired turbine plant could be increased as much as 20–25% when compared with the same turbine fired at the same metal temperature as the natural gas, however this increase in power output is also accompanied by an increase in the moisture content of the combustion products due largely to higher hydrogen content in the syngas and the increased turbine flow which contribute significantly to the overheating of turbine component parts. Correlations based on the hydrogen content as well as the lower heating value of the fuels were obtained in order to determine specific firing temperature reduction necessary to obtain durable metal temperature.

Directions of Accounting Environmental Factors for Forecasting Formation of Agroecosystems

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
L.Z. Khalishkhova ◽  
◽  
A. Kh. Temrokova ◽  
I.R. Guchapsheva ◽  
K.A. Bogаtyreva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Logical Analysis ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Impact

Ensuring the sustainable development of agroecosystems requires research into the justification of the impact of environmental factors on the formation of territorial agroecosystems and identifies ways to take them into account in order to justify management decisions and ensure environmental safety. The main goal of the research within the article is to identify the most significant environmental factors in predicting the formation of agroecosystems. Provisions are devoted to the study of the laws governing the functioning of agroecosystems in order to increase their stability. The methods of comparative analysis, generalization, abstraction, logical analysis are applied. A number of provisions are formulated regarding ways to account for the influence of factors on the formation of key elements of agroecosystems.

scholarly journals Interannual Variability and Trends in Sea Surface Temperature, Lower and Middle Atmosphere Temperature at Different Latitudes for 1980–2019

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 454
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Jakovlev ◽  
Sergei P. Smyshlyaev ◽  
Vener Y. Galin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Impact

The influence of sea-surface temperature (SST) on the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere temperature in the tropical, middle, and polar latitudes is studied for 1980–2019 based on the MERRA2, ERA5, and Met Office reanalysis data, and numerical modeling with a chemistry-climate model (CCM) of the lower and middle atmosphere. The variability of SST is analyzed according to Met Office and ERA5 data, while the variability of atmospheric temperature is investigated according to MERRA2 and ERA5 data. Analysis of sea surface temperature trends based on reanalysis data revealed that a significant positive SST trend of about 0.1 degrees per decade is observed over the globe. In the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the trend (about 0.2 degrees per decade) is 2 times higher than the global average, and 5 times higher than in the Southern Hemisphere (about 0.04 degrees per decade). At polar latitudes, opposite SST trends are observed in the Arctic (positive) and Antarctic (negative). The impact of the El Niño Southern Oscillation phenomenon on the temperature of the lower and middle atmosphere in the middle and polar latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres is discussed. To assess the relative influence of SST, CO2, and other greenhouse gases’ variability on the temperature of the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere, numerical calculations with a CCM were performed for several scenarios of accounting for the SST and carbon dioxide variability. The results of numerical experiments with a CCM demonstrated that the influence of SST prevails in the troposphere, while for the stratosphere, an increase in the CO2 content plays the most important role.

scholarly journals Measurement of the Sea Surface Height with Airborne GNSS Reflectometry and Delay Bias Calibration

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3014
Author(s):  
Feng Wang ◽  
Dongkai Yang ◽  
Guodong Zhang ◽  
Jin Xing ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Arrival Time ◽  
Elevation Angle ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Sea Surface Height ◽  
Antenna Pattern ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
The Impact

Sea surface height can be measured with the delay between reflected and direct global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals. The arrival time of a feature point, such as the waveform peak, the peak of the derivative waveform, and the fraction of the peak waveform is not the true arrival time of the specular signal; there is a bias between them. This paper aims to analyze and calibrate the bias to improve the accuracy of sea surface height measured by using the reflected signals of GPS CA, Galileo E1b and BeiDou B1I. First, the influencing factors of the delay bias, including the elevation angle, receiver height, wind speed, pseudorandom noise (PRN) code of GPS CA, Galileo E1b and BeiDou B1I, and the down-looking antenna pattern are explored based on the Z-V model. The results show that (1) with increasing elevation angle, receiver height, and wind speed, the delay bias tends to decrease; (2) the impact of the PRN code is uncoupled from the elevation angle, receiver height, and wind speed, so the delay biases of Galileo E1b and BeiDou B1I can be derived from that of GPS CA by multiplication by the constants 0.32 and 0.54, respectively; and (3) the influence of the down-looking antenna pattern on the delay bias is lower than 1 m, which is less than that of other factors; hence, the effect of the down-looking antenna pattern is ignored in this paper. Second, an analytical model and a neural network are proposed based on the assumption that the influence of all factors on the delay bias are uncoupled and coupled, respectively, to calibrate the delay bias. The results of the simulation and experiment show that compared to the meter-level bias before the calibration, the calibrated bias decreases the decimeter level. Based on the fact that the specular points of several satellites are visible to the down-looking antenna, the multi-observation method is proposed to calibrate the bias for the case of unknown wind speed, and the same calibration results can be obtained when the proper combination of satellites is selected.

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