scholarly journals [The Difference in Qur'anic Readings in The Interpretation of Al-Tabari and its Effect on Jurisprundential Rulings: An Analytical Study]Ikhtilaf al-Qira'at al-Qur'aniah fi Tafsir at-Tabari wa asruhu ala al-Ahkam al-Fiqhiyyah: Dirasat Tahliliah

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abdul Mun'im Al-Said Khalil ◽  
Nur Hafizi Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

The book of “Tafsir Jami’ al-Bayan ‘an Ta’wil ‘Ay al-Qur’an” of  Imam al-Tabari, may God have mercy on him, rich in Quranic Qiraat and consider as a treasure of  jurisprudence, but this book did not serve in the knowledge of Qiraat in general. No one writes about the impact of the jurisprudence, which resulted from the different Quranic Qiraat of al-Tabari in a particular study. The purpose of this research is to identify the efforts of Imam al-Tabari in the knowledge of Qiraat, to know the approach of Imam al-Tabari in the Tafsir, Qiraat and deductions of jurisprudence, as well as study the impact of the different Qiraat in the verses which has the difference Qiraat in it influenced on the jurisprudential provisions in Tafsir, and also analysis of the impact of different Quranic Qiraat  jurisprudence in those verses. The research depends on the historical approach when talks about the origin of the Qiraat and its development, compares the comparison between the Qiraat in the verse and the descriptive analysis by searching and tracking each qiraat, in terms of type, and its relation to the reader and its impact on the jurisprudence. Imam al-Tabari has great efforts in the knowledge of Qiraat and his books in this art attest to this, such as the scholars of tafsir who served the knowledge of Qiraat like Imam al-Qurtubi, al-Nasafi, Ibn Zafar, al-Zamakhshari, Imam al-Alusi, Ibn A’shur, al-'Uthaymin, al-Shanqiti and others . Imam al-Tabari’s approach in tafsir is mentions the verse and then follows it by mentioning the most famous words that influenced the companions and followers in the interpretation of those verses. Then he narrates other stories of varying degrees of trust and strength and then is likely among the narrations. The weighting between the Qiraat and the choice among them does not mean rejection of the other Qiraat. It was based on the Qur'an and Sunnah as the first sources in the devising and then adds to that consensus and measurement and the purposes of the Shari'ah and custom. The researcher has shown that the verses that influenced the differences of Qiraat on the jurisprudence in the tafsir of Tabari are seven verses and then he extracted the aspects of the qiraat contained in those verses by presenting these Qiraat on the books of Qiraat to show the ruling of this Qiraat by reference and transport. The jurisprudential dispute between Imam al-Tabari and other scholars as a result of different Qiraat in the verse and the work of a comparative jurisprudence study of this provision, and then weighting between opinions based on the correct evidence. This study has shown the position of Imam al-Tabari, may Allah have mercy on him from the Qura’nic Qiraat in his tafsir, as shown the benefits and the impact of different readings on the jurisprudence. Keywords: al-Tabari, Tafsir Jami’ al-Bayan ‘an Ta’wil ‘Ay al-Qur’an, Quranic Qiraat, Jurisprudence   يعتبر كتاب "جامع البيان عن تأويل آي القرآن" لإلمام الطبري رحمه هللا كتاب غني بالقراءات وكنز من كنوز الفقه، ولكن لميُخدم هذا الكتاب من حيث علم القراءات بشكل كلي. فلم يكتب أحد عن األثر الفقهي الذي ترتب على اختالف القراءات القرآنيةفي تفسير الطبري على نحو منفرد. ويهدف هذا البحث إلى التعرف على جهود اإلمام الطبري في علم القراءات ومعرفة منهجاإلمام الطبري في التفسير والقراءات واستنباطاته لألحكام الفقهية وكذا دراسة أوجه القراءات الواردة في اآليات التي أثرت فيهااختالف القراءات على األحكام الفقهية في تفسيره وتحليل أثر اختالف القراءات القرآنية على األحكام الفقهية في تلك اآليات.ويعتمد البحث على المنهج التاريخي وذلك عند الحديث عن نشأة القراءات وتطوره، والمقارن للمقارنة بين القراءات الواردة فياآلية، والوصفي التحليلي وذلك عن طريق البحث والتتبع لكل قراءة من حيث نوعها ونسبتها لقارئها وتأثيرها على الحكم الفقهي.لإلمام الطبري رحمه هللا جهود كبيرة في علم القراءات، وكتبه في هذا الفن تشهد بذلك، كذا من المفسرين الذين خدموا علماإلمام األلوسي وابن عاشور والعثيمين والشنقيطياإلمام القرطبي والنسفي وابن ظفر والزمخشري، وحديثاًالقراءات قديماًثرت عن الصحابة وُوغيرهم. أما اإلمام الطبري فمنهجه في التفسير أنه يذكر اآلية ثم يعقبها بذكر أشهر األقوال التي أ التابعينفي تفسير تلك اآليات، ثم يورد بعد ذلك روايات أخرى متفاوتة الدرجة في الثقة والقوة ثم يرجح بين الروايات، كما كان يرجحرحمه هللا بين القراءات مع ذكر سبب الترجيح. والترجيح بين القراءات واالختيار بينها ال يعني أنه رد القراءات األخرى. وكانيعتمد على الكتاب والسنة كمصدرين أولين في االستنباط ثم يضيف إلى ذلك اإلجماع والقياس ومقاصد الشريعة والعرف. وقدظهر للباحث أن اآليات التي أثرت فيها اختالف القراءات على األحكام الفقهية في تفسير الطبري سبعة آيات. ومن ثم قامباستخراج أوجه القراءات الواردة في تلك اآليات وذلك بعرض هذه القراءات على كتب توجيه القراءات إلظهار حكم هذه القراءةمن جهة اإلسناد والنقل، ثم قام الباحث باستخراج الخالف الفقهي الذي دار بين اإلمام الطبري وبين غيره من العلماء نتيجةاختالف القراءات في اآلية وعمل دراسة فقهية مقارنة لهذا الحكم، ثم الترجيح بين اآل إلى الدليل الصحيح. وقد بينتراء مستنداًهذه الرسالة موقف اإلمام الطبري رحمه هللا من القراءات القرآنية في تفسيره كما بينت فوائد وأثر اختالف القراءات على الحكمالفقهي.الكلمات المفتاحية: الطبري، جامع البيان عن تأويل آي القرآن، القراءات القرآنية، الفقه

scholarly journals Investigating the properties of a galaxy group at z = 0.6

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (S359) ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
Daniela Hiromi Okido ◽  
Cristina Furlanetto ◽  
Marina Trevisan ◽  
Mônica Tergolina
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Numerical Density ◽  
Spectroscopy Data ◽  
Stellar Kinematics ◽  
Galaxy Groups ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Universe

AbstractGalaxy groups offer an important perspective on how the large-scale structure of the Universe has formed and evolved, being great laboratories to study the impact of the environment on the evolution of galaxies. We aim to investigate the properties of a galaxy group that is gravitationally lensing HELMS18, a submillimeter galaxy at z = 2.39. We obtained multi-object spectroscopy data using Gemini-GMOS to investigate the stellar kinematics of the central galaxies, determine its members and obtain the mass, radius and the numerical density profile of this group. Our final goal is to build a complete description of this galaxy group. In this work we present an analysis of its two central galaxies: one is an active galaxy with z = 0.59852 ± 0.00007, while the other is a passive galaxy with z = 0.6027 ± 0.0002. Furthermore, the difference between the redshifts obtained using emission and absorption lines indicates an outflow of gas with velocity v = 278.0 ± 34.3 km/s relative to the galaxy.

128 Differences in PRRSV Resilience for Reproductive Performance Between Landrace and Duroc Sows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 18-19
Author(s):  
Felipe Hickmann ◽  
José Braccini Neto ◽  
Luke M Kramer ◽  
Kent A Gray ◽  
Yijian Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Studies on differences in resilience to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) between breeds are scarce in the literature. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess PRRSV resilience in PRRSV wild-type infected sows from two breeds. Farrowing data included 2546 and 2522 litters from 894 Duroc and 813 Landrace sows, respectively, which were housed together and experienced the same PRRSV outbreak. Traits used for this study were number of piglets born alive (NBA), number born dead (NBD), total number born (TNB), and number weaned (NW). The impact of PRRSV infection was evaluated by comparing the reproductive performance of breeds between PRRS phases (pre-PRRS, PRRS, and post-PRRS). PRRS phases were defined based on the reproductive performance data. NBA, NBD, and NW were analyzed as a proportion of TNB using a Poisson mixed model. Pre-defined contrasts were used to evaluate the effect of breed on PRRSV resilience and on return to PRRSV-free performance, representing the differences between breeds for the difference between pre-PRRS and PRRS phases, and pre-PRRS and post-PRRS phases, respectively. There was a significant (P ≤ 0.003) interaction between PRRS phase and breed for all traits, as shown in Table 1. In general, reproductive performance reduced from pre-PRRS to PRRS, and then increased from PRRS to post-PRRS, as expected. The resilience contrast was significant for all traits (P ≤ 0.003). In all cases, the drop in percent reproductive performance from pre-PRRS to PRRS was lower for Duroc than for Landrace, indicating that Duroc sows have greater PRRSV resilience than Landrace sows. The return to PRRSV-free performance contrast had a trending effect for NBD (P = 0.055), and it was not significant for the other traits (P ≥ 0.515). These results indicate that Duroc sows have overall greater phenotypic PRRSV resilience for reproductive performance than Landrace sows.

Effect of modification of the electrophilic center on the α effect

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 1365-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ik-Hwan Um ◽  
Ji-Youn Lee ◽  
Sun-Young Bae ◽  
Erwin Buncel
Keyword(s):  
Ground State ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Solvation Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Substrate Structure ◽  
Leaving Group ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

We report on a nucleophilic study of esters R-C(=X)-Y-Ar in which the electrophilic center has been modified by replacing O by S in the leaving group or carbonyl center: 4-nitrophenyl acetate (1), S-4-nitrophenyl thioacetate (2), 4-nitrophenyl benzoate (3), and O-4-nitrophenyl thionobenzoate (4). The studies include O– and S– nucleophiles as well as α nucleophiles in H2O at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C. The sulfur nucleophile (4-chlorothiophenoxide, 4-ClPhS–) exhibits significant enhanced reactivity for the reactions with thiol and thione esters 2 and 4 compared with their oxygen analogues 1 and 3. On the contrary, the common nucleophile OH– is much less reactive towards 2 and 4 compared with 1 and 3. The effect of changing both the electrophilic center and the nucleofugic center on the reactivity of the other oxygen nucleophiles is not so significant: 4-chlorophenoxide (4-ClPhO–) is four to six times more reactive in the reactions with thiol and thione esters 2 and 4 compared with their oxygen analogues 1 and 3. The α effects exhibited by butan-2,3-dione monoximate (Ox–) and HOO– are strongly dependent on the nature of the electrophilic center of the substrates, indicating that the difference in the ground-state solvation energy cannot be fully responsible for the α effect. Our results clearly emphasize the strong dependence of the α effect on the substrate structure, notably, the nature of the electrophilic center. The impact of change in the nucleofuge (1→2) and the electrophilic center (3→4) on reactivity indicates that α nucleophiles will need to be “purpose built” for decontamination and nucleophilic degradation of specific biocides.Key words: α effect, nucleophilicity, nucleofuge effect, electrophilicity, polarizability.

scholarly journals The Rules of Balinese Nasalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
I Made Suwendi
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Level System ◽  
Basic Form ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Regional Languages ◽  
Morphological System

Balinese has a stratified system called anggah-ungguhing basa Bali.  The existence of this system is distinguished it from Indonesian and / or the other regional languages in Indonesia. In addition, Balinese has two major dialects, namely the Bali Aga dialect and the Bali Dataran dialect. The Bali Aga dialect does not recognize the language level system, on the contrary, in the Bali Dataran dialect this system greatly influences the use of Balinese language itself. The difference in this system was also reflected in its morphological system, especially in forming the words with nasal prefix. It was interesting to be observed. In relation with that, this writing focused on the Balinese nasalization system. The purpose of this research was to find out the rules of Balinese nasalization. The data in this study were collected by using literature study and observation methods. Then, the data were analyzed using descriptive analysis methods. The theory used in investigating this problem was   morphology theory. After analyzing the data that had been collected, it was found that the nasal prefix {N-} in Balinese which was affixed to the original form or the basic form which was preceded by certain phonemes, that had already changed form. The form of this changing was called an allomorph. Thus the allomorphs found from the merging of the nasal prefixes were: n- {n-}, m- {m-}, ng- {ŋ-}., And ny- {ñ-}.

scholarly journals Effects of Confounding Bias in COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Test-Negative Designs Due to Correlated Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination Behaviors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret K. K Doll ◽  
Stacy M. Pettigrew ◽  
Julia Ma ◽  
Aman Verma
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Potential Bias ◽  
Confounding Bias ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Background: The test-negative design is commonly used to estimate influenza and COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE). In these studies, correlated COVID-19 and influenza vaccine behaviors may introduce a confounding bias where controls are included with the other vaccine-preventable acute respiratory illness (ARI). We quantified the impact of this bias on VE estimates in studies where this bias is not addressed. Methods: We simulated study populations under varying vaccination probabilities, COVID-19 VE, influenza VE, and proportions of controls included with the other vaccine-preventable ARI. Mean bias was calculated as the difference between true and estimated VE. Absolute mean bias in VE estimates was classified as low (<10%), moderate (10% to <20%), and high (≥20%). Results: Where vaccination probabilities are positively correlated, COVID-19 and influenza VE test-negative studies with influenza and SARS-CoV-2 ARI controls, respectively, underestimate VE. For COVID-19 VE studies, mean bias was low for all scenarios where influenza represented ≤50% of controls. For influenza VE studies, mean bias was low for all scenarios where SARS-CoV-2 represented ≤10% of controls. Although bias was driven by the conditional probability of vaccination, low VE of the vaccine of interest and high VE of the confounding vaccine increase its magnitude. Conclusions: Where a low percentage of controls are included with the other vaccine-preventable ARI, bias in COVID-19 and influenza VE estimates is low. However, influenza VE estimates are likely more susceptible to bias. Researchers should consider potential bias and its implications in their respective study settings to make informed methodological decisions in test-negative VE studies.

scholarly journals MINIMARKETS EXISTENCE ON SALES TURNOVER OF THE TRADITIONAL SHOPS

TRIKONOMIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
The Other ◽  
West Java ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Difference Test

This paper summarizes the results of a study that explains the impact of minimarkets existence on the sales turnover of traditional shops in Ciledug Subdistrict, Cirebon Regency in 2017, West Java, Indonesia. Through a statistical method - called the difference test - the existence of minimarkets in Ciledug Subdistrict has significantly reduced the sales turnover and reduced the number of buyers of the traditional shops, on the other hand the number of working hours of traditional shops has increased. This study also uses the regression model to explain the effect of the number of buyers, traditional shops’ working hours, and the distance between traditional shops to the nearest minimarkets on the sales turnover of traditional shops. This study shows that all independent variables simultaneously significant affected on the sales turnover of traditional shops. Partially, the number of buyers and the distances between traditional shops to the nearest minimarkets significantly influence the sales turnover of traditional shops, but the working hours of the traditional shops does not has a significant effect.

Assessing the Impact of Internet Testing

2011 ◽  
pp. 177-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wm. Benjamin Martz Jr. ◽  
Morgan M. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Course Content ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The Impact

This chapter provides the results of a comparison between two sections of a graduate programming class, where one was an on-campus class and the other, a distance class. The course content, instructor, syllabus, lecture materials, notes, assessments and semester (time of year) were the same. Both groups were surveyed to test their satisfaction with the testing procedure and with their perception of certain aspects of the social environment. The results showed differences in perceived test performance. Two conjectures about possible causes underlying the difference and suggestions for possible future research end the discussion.

DAMPAK KEBERADAAN SENTRA INDUSTRI TENUN ATBM TERHADAP SARANA EKONOMI DI KECAMATAN CAWAS

Arsitektura ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliana Mulyaning Pangastuti ◽  
Kuswanto Nurhadi ◽  
Isti Andini
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Spatial Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Industry Center ◽  
The Impact

<p><em>The development of manual loom industry at Cawas Sub-District of influence on the development of economic means. The emergence of new economic means causes the difference of characters in each center industry which would also affect the spatial characteristics of the economic means. The problem in this research is how the impact of the development of  manual loom  industry center characteristics at Cawas Sub-District on the spatial characteristics of the economic means. The analysis method used in this research is to conduct field observations, interviews or distributing questionnaires and analyzes the quantitative descriptive analysis</em>. <em>From the overall analysis we concluded that the characteristics of the </em><em>nabual loom industry center</em><em> and spatial characteristics of the econom</em><em>ic</em><em> means growing every year resulting in increasingly broad range of services reaches beyond Java and abroad</em><em>.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em>e</em><em>conomic </em><em>m</em><em>eans, </em><em>i</em><em>mpact, </em><em>m</em><em>anual </em><em>l</em><em>oom </em><em>i</em><em>ndustry </em><em>c</em><em>enter</em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals Oxygen Depletion Affects Kinematics and Shoaling Cohesion of Cyprinid Fish

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Hayes ◽  
Paulo Branco ◽  
José Maria Santos ◽  
Teresa Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Cyprinid Fish ◽  
The Other ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Mediterranean Rivers ◽  
Flume Experiments ◽  
Anthropogenic Stressors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Numerous anthropogenic stressors impact rivers worldwide. Hypoxia, resulting from organic waste releases and eutrophication, occurs very commonly in Mediterranean rivers. Nonetheless, little is known about the effects of deoxygenation on the behavior of Mediterranean freshwater fish. To fill this knowledge gap, we assessed the impact of three different dissolved oxygen levels (normoxia, 48.4%, 16.5% saturation) on kinematics indicators (swimming velocity, acceleration, distance traveled) and shoaling cohesion of adult Iberian barbel, Luciobarbus bocagei, a widespread cyprinid species inhabiting a broad range of lotic and lentic habitats. We conducted flume experiments and video-tracked individual swimming movements of shoals of five fish. Our results reveal significant differences between the treatments regarding kinematics. Swimming velocity, acceleration, and total distance traveled decreased stepwise from the control to each of the two oxygen depletion treatments, whereby the difference between the control and both depletion levels was significant, respectively, but not between the depletion levels themselves. Shoaling cohesion showed dissimilarities between the treatments regarding the maximum distance between fish, as the high depletion treatment differed from each of the other two, indicating that under severe oxygen depletion some individuals move away from the shoal. Overall, our results show how oxygen depletion changes fish behavior, which may entail ecological responses, highlighting the need to maintain an unfragmented river network to ensure movement dispersal among habitats, thus providing conditions for species escapement from hypoxia.

ON THE IMPACT OF THE BOUNDARY ON DYNAMICS: ANTI-PERSISTENCE IN THE CASE OF THE HKD EXCHANGE RATE CORRIDOR

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 1550006 ◽  
Author(s):  
HONG BEN YEE
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Random Walk ◽  
Hurst Exponent ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rate Process ◽  
Rescaled Range ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

This paper studies the features of the USD/HKD exchange rate process by assessing the conformity of its dynamics to that of a random walk. This is not a trivial task since we consider the period within which the rate is confined to a specified corridor. This is achieved via analysis of its fractal dimension by means of the Hurst exponent as estimated using the rescaled range method. The conformity can be quantified by the difference between the estimated Hurst exponent and the random walk Hurst exponent of ½. At least two distinct Hurst exponents are identified, one corresponding to a random walk while the other, to an anti-persistent process. Partitioning the rate in state space associates the anti-persistence with proximity to the lower boundary of the corridor so the rate can be modeled using a random walk when sufficiently distant from the boundary.

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