Effects of Leaf Number of Stock or Scion in Graft Union on Scion Growth and Development of Soybean

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen JIA ◽  
Cun-Xiang WU ◽  
Miao WANG ◽  
Hong-Bo SUN ◽  
Wen-Sheng HOU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Graft Union

scholarly journals Molecular Responses during Plant Grafting and Its Regulation by Auxins, Cytokinins, and Gibberellins

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anket Sharma ◽  
Bingsong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Postharvest Life ◽  
Successful Production

Plant grafting is an important horticulture technique used to produce a new plant after joining rootstock and scion. This is one of the most used techniques by horticulturists to enhance the quality and production of various crops. Grafting helps in improving the health of plants, their yield, and the quality of plant products, along with the enhancement of their postharvest life. The main process responsible for successful production of grafted plants is the connection of vascular tissues. This step determines the success rate of grafts and hence needs to be studied in detail. There are many factors that regulate the connection of scion and stock, and plant hormones are of special interest for researchers in the recent times. These phytohormones act as signaling molecules and have the capability of translocation across the graft union. Plant hormones, mainly auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, play a major role in the regulation of various key physiological processes occurring at the grafting site. In the current review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of graft development and the phytohormone-mediated regulation of the growth and development of graft union.

scholarly journals Incident Irradiance and Cupric Hydroxide Container Treatment Effects on Early Growth and Development of Container-grown Pawpaw Seedlings

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk W. Pomper ◽  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Snake C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
The North ◽  
Landscape Plant ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide

The North American pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] has great potential as a fruit crop or as a landscape plant. The influence of incident irradiance on pawpaw seedling growth and development in containers was examined in the greenhouse and outdoors. Root spiraling can be a problem for container-grown pawpaw seedlings; therefore, the influence of paint containing cupric hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] at 100 g·L-1 applied to the interior of containers on plant growth was also examined in a greenhouse environment. In pawpaw seedlings grown outdoors for 11 weeks, low to moderate shading levels of 28%, 51%, or 81% increased leaf number, total leaf area, and total plant dry weight (DW) compared to nonshaded seedlings. A shading level of 81% decreased the root to shoot ratio by half compared to nonshaded plants. Shading of 98% reduced leaf number, leaf size, and shoot, root, and total plant DW. Shading increased leaf chlorophyll a and b concentrations for pawpaw seedlings grown outdoors, while it decreased average specific leaf DW (mg·cm-2). In a separate greenhouse experiment, pawpaw seedlings subjected to shade treatments of 0%, 33%, 56%, 81%, or 98% did not respond as greatly to shading as plants grown outdoors. Greenhouse-grown plants had greater total and average leaf area under 33% or 56% shading than nonshaded plants; however, shading >56% reduced root, shoot, and total plant DW. Total shoot DW was greater in greenhouse grown plants with 33% shading compared to nonshaded plants. Pawpaw seedlings in control and most shade treatments (33% to 81%) in the greenhouse environment had more leaves and greater leaf area, as well as larger shoot, root, and total plant DW than seedlings in similar treatments grown outdoors. The greenhouse environment had a 10% lower irradiance, a 60% lower ultraviolet irradiance, and a significantly higher (1.23 vs. 1.20) red to far-red light ratio than the outdoors environment. Treatment of container interiors with Cu(OH)2 decreased total and lateral root DW in nonshaded seedlings, and it adversely affected plant quality by causing a yellowing of leaves and reduction of chlorophyll levels by the end of the experiment in shaded plants. Growth characteristics of pawpaw seedlings were positively influenced by low to moderate shading (28% or 51%) outdoors and low shading (33%) in the greenhouse. Seedlings did not benefit from application of Cu(OH)2 to containers at the concentration used in this study. Commercial nurseries can further improve production of pawpaw seedlings using low to moderate shading outdoors.

The effect of photoperiod on the growth and development of Echinochloa spp. Millets

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 428 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Muldoon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Abnormal Head ◽  
Main Tiller

Two cultivars of Echinochloa utilis, Ohwi et Yabuno, and one E.frumentacea (Roxb.) Link cultivar were grown in a glasshouse under three photoperiod regimes: naturally varying photoperiods (1 2-1 3 h), and fixed photoperiods of 14 and 16 h. Both species behaved as quantitative short-day plants although, in E. utilis, extending the photoperiod from 14 to 16 h delayed head emergence disproportionately. The delay in head emergence did not affect the relative growth rate, and longer photoperiods led to higher shoot weights; main tiller leaf number increased only slightly. The commencement of apical meristem elevation was delayed under longer photoperiods, a feature believed to be beneficial to regrowth. A time-of-sowing study in the field illustrated the effect of this short-day response upon crop development. Sixteen introduced E. utilis cultivars and 10 E. frumentacea cultivars also behaved as quantitative short-day plants. Within each species there were differences between cultivars in sensitivity to photoperiod. Some cultivars of E. utilis were very late and had abnormal head emergence at 16 h. Latitudinal effects on the performance of these cultivars are discussed.

scholarly journals POLIETILENA GLIKOL (PEG) DALAM MEDIA IN VITRO MENYEBABKAN KONDISI CEKAMAN YANG MENGHAMBAT TUNAS KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Enni Suwarsi Rahayu ◽  
Edi Guhardja ◽  
Satriyas Ilyas ◽  
Sudarsono Sudarsono
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Peg 6000 ◽  
Peg Stress

The objectives of this experiment were to determine response of epycotyl of nine peanut cultivars against polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) induced stress under in vitro conditions, effective concentration of PEG to inhibit growth and development of epycotyl, evaluate tolerance of the cultivars against PEG stress, and evaluate changes in total proline content due to PEG stress. Growing epycotyls from peanut seeds (TDK) or from embryo axis (TTK) were planted on liquid MS-0 medium containing PEG 6000 (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent). Growth, development, and the tissue damage score of the epycotyl were observed after six weeks. Total content of proline were analyzed for stressed and non stressed epycotyl to determine effect of PEG stress on proline accumulation. Results of the experiment indicated that addition of PEG 6000 in to MS-0 medium inhibited growth and development of peanut epycotyls and increased its total proline content. Addition of PEG 6000 might be used to simulate drought stress under in vitro condition. PEG at 15% concentration was effective for inhibiting growth and development of epycotyl explant. The response of peanut epycotyls against medium containing 15% PEG 6000 might be used as alternative methods for screening peanut tolerance against drought stress. The TDK and TTK might be used as explant, while increased in shoot length (TTK), in leaf number (TDK and TTK), in milted leaf number (TDK and TTK), in root number (TDK) and score of tissue damage (TDK) might be used as criteria for drought tolerance.

scholarly journals Use of a growth inductor in grape nursery

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Наталья Георгиевна Павлюченко ◽  
Светлана Ивановна Мельникова ◽  
Наталия Ивановна Зимина ◽  
Ольга Ивановна. Колесникова
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Growth Stimulant ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Regeneration Processes

Целью исследований являлось выявление влияния различных концентраций стимулятора роста, элиситорного типа на регенерационные процессы, рост и развитие привитых виноградных саженцев. Работа выполнялась на сортах межвидового происхождения: Каберне северный, Денисовский, Цветочный, Станичный, Черный жемчуг, Памяти Смирнова, Баклановский. Копуляционные срезы обрабатывали различными концентрациями биостимулятора Эмистим. Наблюдения и исследования проводились по общепринятым в виноградарстве методикам. Обработка копуляционных срезов раствором Эмистима концентрацией 5х10, 1х10 и 1,5х10 приводит к стимулированию регенерационных процессов на этапе стратификации прививок. Образование прочной спайки обеспечивает послепосадочную адаптацию растений в полевых условиях и, соответственно, оказывает положительное влияние на рост, развитие и выход привитых виноградных саженцев. Сорта Каберне северный, Памяти Смирнова и Баклановский наиболее восприимчивы к обработке сверхмалыми дозами биостимулятора Эмистим. The aim of the study was to identify the effect of different concentrations of an elicitor type growth stimulant on the regeneration processes, growth and development of grafted grape seedlings. The work was carried out on varieties of interspecific origin: ‘Cabernet Severnyi’, ‘Denisovskiy’, ‘Tsvetochnyi’, ‘Stanichnyi’, ‘Chernyi Zhemchug’, ‘Pamyati Smirnova’ and ‘Baklanovskiy’. The copulation sections were treated with the biostimulant Emistim of different concentrations. Solutions of Emistim at 5x10, 1x10 and 1.5x10 stimulate the regeneration processes at the stage of the stratification of the grafts. The formation of a strong graft union ensures post-planting adaptation of plants in the field, with a positive effect on the growth, development and output of grafted vine seedlings. The ‘Cabernet Severnyi’, ‘Pamyati Smirnova’ and ‘Baklanovskiy’ varieties are the most susceptible to the ultra-low doses of the biostimulant Emistim.

An ultrastructural study of vegetative incompatibility in plants

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 436-437
Author(s):  
Randy Moore
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Solanum Pennellii ◽  
Initial Product ◽  
Basic Aspect ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Graft Interface ◽  
Antigen Antibody ◽  
Standard Fixation

Cell and tissue interactions are a basic aspect of eukaryotic growth and development. While cell-to-cell interactions involving recognition and incompatibility have been studied extensively in animals, there is no known antigen-antibody reaction in plants and the recognition mechanisms operating in plant grafts have been virtually neglected.An ultrastructural study of the Sedum telephoides/Solanum pennellii graft was undertaken to define possible mechanisms of plant graft incompatibility. Grafts were surgically dissected from greenhouse grown plants at various times over 1-4 weeks and prepared for EM employing variations in the standard fixation and embedding procedure. Stock and scion adhere within 6 days after grafting. Following progressive cell senescence in both Sedum and Solanum, the graft interface appears as a band of 8-11 crushed cells after 2 weeks (Fig. 1, I). Trapped between the buckled cell walls are densely staining cytoplasmic remnants and residual starch grains, an initial product of wound reactions in plants.

Identification of calcium oxalate crystals in dried or fixed tobacco leaf

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Vicki L. Baliga ◽  
Mary Ellen Counts
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Calcium is an important element in the growth and development of plants and one form of calcium is calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate has been found in leaf seed, stem material plant tissue culture, fungi and lichen using one or more of the following methods—polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction.Two methods are presented here for qualitatively estimating calcium oxalate in dried or fixed tobacco (Nicotiana) leaf from different stalk positions using PLM. SEM, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), and powder x-ray diffraction were used to verify that the crystals observed in the dried leaf with PLM were calcium oxalate.

SEM study of the morphological effects of kinetin and zeatin on the growth and development of the apical meristem in wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 978-979
Author(s):  
G. M. Hutchins ◽  
J. S. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chinese Spring Wheat ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Moist Environment

Cytokinins are plant hormones that play a large and incompletely understood role in the life-cycle of plants. The goal of this study was to determine what roles cytokinins play in the morphological development of wheat. To achieve any real success in altering the development and growth of wheat, the cytokinins must be applied directly to the apical meristem, or spike of the plant. It is in this region that the plant cells are actively undergoing mitosis. Kinetin and Zeatin were the two cytokinins chosen for this experiment. Kinetin is an artificial hormone that was originally extracted from old or heated DNA. Kinetin is easily made from the reaction of adenine and furfuryl alcohol. Zeatin is a naturally occurring hormone found in corn, wheat, and many other plants.Chinese Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was used for this experiment. Prior to planting, the seeds were germinated in a moist environment for 72 hours.

Mechanisms of ethylene biosynthesis and response in plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Ethylene Signalling

Ethylene is the simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon, yet it has profound effects on plant growth and development, including many agriculturally important phenomena. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying ethylene biosynthesis and signalling have resulted in the elucidation of multistep mechanisms which at first glance appear simple, but in fact represent several levels of control to tightly regulate the level of production and response. Ethylene biosynthesis represents a two-step process that is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels, thus enabling plants to control the amount of ethylene produced with regard to promotion of responses such as climacteric flower senescence and fruit ripening. Ethylene production subsequently results in activation of the ethylene response, as ethylene accumulation will trigger the ethylene signalling pathway to activate ethylene-dependent transcription for promotion of the response and for resetting the pathway. A more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms underlying biosynthesis and the ethylene response will ultimately enable new approaches to be developed for control of the initiation and progression of ethylene-dependent developmental processes, many of which are of horticultural significance.

The Fundamentals of the Clinical Fellowship Experience

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Melanie Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
New Graduate ◽  
Independent Practitioner

The Clinical Fellowship Experience is described by the American Speech-Hearing-Language Association (ASHA) as the transition period from constant supervision to independent practitioner. It is typically the first paid professional experience for the new graduate, and may be in a setting with which the new clinician has little or even no significant practical experience. The mentor of a clinical fellow (CF) plays an important role in supporting the growth and development of this new professional in areas that extend beyond application of clinical skills and knowledge. This article discusses how the mentor may provide this support within a framework that facilitates the path to clinical independence.

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