Emitter Clogging and Hydraulic Performance of Drip System under Different Water Qualities and Placement Techniques

The present study was conducted at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, to evaluate the effect of sand-disc filters, pressure compensating (bioline) and non-pressure compensating (inline) emitters, and surface and subsurface placement of laterals on emitter clogging using wastewater and groundwater for irrigation. Results of this study revealed that besides water quality, the type of emitter, placement of laterals, and emitter position on laterals affected emitter's clogging. The major cause of clogging was associated with the precipitated substance accumulated at the emitter inlet concurrently close the micro-pore channels of the emitter, consequently reduce the emitter discharge. The major substances that took part in the clogging of emitter were EC, pH, HCO3, Turbidity, total solid, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and total coliform. It was observed that these substances (HCO3, Turbidity, total solid, E. coli, and total coliform) of groundwater and wastewater were categorized with a medium risk of clogging except for magnesium (low risk of clogging). Pressure compensating drip emitter showed better performance against clogging as compared to non-pressure compensating drip emitter. Sub-surface placement of drip emitter was more prone to clogging under both wastewater and groundwater. It was observed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect of lateral placement, emitter types, and the interaction between these factors on emitter's clogging under both types of water. Emitter flow rate decreased with the increasing time of operation of the drip systems at normal operating pressure, because of clogging of emitters. By flushing operation, it was observed a 3 to 5% higher flow rate in inline drip emitter than bioline (1-2%). The R2 value, which precisely describes the head-discharge relationship, was high (0.99) in most of the bioline treatments. This study also observed and recommended that pressure compensating emitter would be the most appropriate technique to reduce the clogging while using wastewater for irrigation. Flushing effectively controlled the emitter's clogging thus improved the emitter's water discharge rate.

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Beyond the flow rate: the importance of thermal range, flow intensity, and distribution for water-efficient showers

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-019-07235-y ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 4640-4660

Author(s):

Kemi Adeyeye ◽

Kaiming She ◽

Inês Meireles

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Discharge Rate ◽

Water Discharge ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

User Feedback ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Thermal Range ◽

Temperature Loss ◽

Spray Distribution ◽

Flow Intensity

AbstractStudies show that user behaviours have not necessarily changed, despite the prevalence of water-efficient products in the market. One reason is because the technical emphasis for delivering the water use efficiency of products has focused on reducing the flow rate. Therefore, this study was undertaken to examine the physical parameters that define the technical efficiency of showerheads against the experiential performance (and therefore the satisfaction with the showerheads). These parameters were measured in a controlled laboratory environment and the findings were triangulated against user feedback from in-home trials. Synergies between the laboratory data and user feedback were found. Notably, it was found that water spray intensity, distribution, and temperature loss all impact the quality of showering experience. These factors also influence shower duration—and thus the volume of water used in the shower. Significantly, these technical metrics affected the overall experiential performance of such products from the users’ perspective. Therefore, the design of water-efficient showerheads, in addition to delivering water discharge savings, should avoid poor spray distribution, intensity, and heat retention. The implications of the findings are that water efficiency labelling and product standards should extend beyond the emphasis on limiting the flow rates—typically to 9 l per min for showerheads. This study shows good merit for including the spray intensity (pressure), distribution, and degree of heat loss, in addition to the discharge rate, as part of the performance and efficiency considerations of showerheads.

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Nutrient economy through land configuration and residue management in a greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping sequence with limited water supplies

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.52.2004.4.6 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 369-379

Author(s):

B. G. Shivakumar ◽

B. N. Mishra ◽

R. C. Gautam

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Indian Agricultural Research Institute ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Residue Management ◽

Phosphorus Fertilization ◽

Significant Interaction Effect ◽

Preceding Crop ◽

Cropping Sequence ◽

Phosphorus Application

A field experiment on a greengram-wheat cropping sequence was carried out under limited water supply conditions in 1997-98 and 1998-99 at the farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The greengram was sown either on flat beds or on broad beds 2 m in width, divided by furrows, with 0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha. After the harvest of greengram pods, wheat was grown in the same plots, either with the greengram stover removed or with the stover incorporated along with 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha applied to wheat. The grain yield of greengram was higher when sown on broad beds with furrows compared to flat bed sowing, and the application of 30 or 60 kg P2O5/ha resulted in significantly higher grain yields compared to no phosphorus application. The combination of broad bed and furrows with phosphorus fertilization was found to be ideal for achieving higher productivity in greengram. The land configuration treatments had no impact on the productivity of wheat. The application of phosphorus to the preceding crop had a significant residual effect on the grain yield of wheat. The incorporation of greengram stover also significantly increased the grain yield of wheat. The increasing levels of N increased the grain yield of wheat significantly up to 80 kg/ha. The combination of greengram stover incorporation and 80 kg N/ha applied to wheat significantly increased the grain yield. Further, there was a significant interaction effect between the phosphorus applied to the preceding crop and N levels given to wheat on the grain yield of wheat.

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STUDI PERBANDINGAN KUALITAS AIR BERSIH DALAM KAITANYA DENGAN AKTIVITAS MASYARAKAT DI SEKITAR SUMBER AIR PADA DESA WAINITU, BATUMERAH, AMAHUSU, DAN HALONG

JURNAL BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN ◽

10.30598/jbdp.2017.13.2.111 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 111-119

Author(s):

Lela Uyara ◽

Pieter Kunu ◽

Silwanus M Talakua

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Quality Analysis ◽

Clean Water ◽

Water Quality Analysis ◽

E Coli ◽

Microbiological Parameters ◽

Standard Quality

The study aims to determine the quality of clean water in the villages of Wainitu, Batumerah, Amahusu and Halong by comparing the result of water quality analysis with water quality standard. Water quality analysis includes Physiscal, Chemical, and Microbiological parameters. This research uses descriptive method, this method describes systematics, accurate about facts and characteristic of the quality of clean water of each research location. The results showed that the source of clean water in the village of Batumerah did not meet the standard of clean water quality standards indicated by the number of E. coli and the high total coliform. Keywords: standard quality of clean water, water quality, Wainitu, Batumerah, Amahusu and Halong villages ABSTRAK Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menetapkan kualitas air bersih di Desa Wainitu, Batumerah, Amahusu dan Halong, dengan membandingkan hasil analisis kualitas air dengan standar baku mutu air bersih. Analisis kualitas air meliputi parameter fisika, kimia dan mikrobiologi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif; metode ini menggambarkan sicara sistematis, akurat, fakta dan karakteristik mengenai kualitas air bersih di masing-masing lokasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sumber air bersih di Desa Batumerah tidak memenuhi standar baku mutu air bersih yang ditunjukkan oleh jumlah E. coli dan total Koliform yang tinggi. Kata Kunci: baku mutu air bersih, Desa Wainitu, Batumerah, Amahusu dan Halong, kualitas air

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Experimental and Modelling of Aqueous Radioactive Waste Treatment by Ultrafiltration

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.18.5.6278 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 69 (5) ◽

pp. 1149-1151

Author(s):

Laura Ruxandra Zicman ◽

Elena Neacsu ◽

Felicia Nicoleta Dragolici ◽

Catalin Ciobanu ◽

Gheorghe Dogaru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Suspended Solids ◽

Waste Treatment ◽

Operating Pressure ◽

Feed Flow Rate ◽

Permeate Flux ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Opposite Trend ◽

Process Factors ◽

Volumetric Flux

Ultrafiltration of untreated and pretreated aqueous radioactive wastes was conducted using a spiral-wound polysulphonamide membrane. The influence of process factors on its performances was experimental studied and predicted. Permeate volumetric flux and permeate total suspended solids (TSS) were measured at different values of feed flow rate (7 and 10 m3/h), operating pressure (0.1-0.4 MPa), and feed TSS (15 and 60 mg/L). Permeate flux (42-200 L/(m2�h)) increased with feed flow rate and operating pressure as well as it decreased with an increase in feed TSS, whereas permeate TSS (0.1-33.2 mg/L) exhibited an opposite trend. A 23 factorial plan was used to establish correlations between dependent and independent variables of ultrafiltration process.

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Microbiological performance and salmonella dynamics in a wastewater depuration pond system of southeastern spain

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1995.0492 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 31 (12) ◽

pp. 239-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ana Emparanza-Knörr ◽

Francisco Torrella

Keyword(s):

Fecal Coliform ◽

No Reduction ◽

Agar Medium ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Fecal Coliforms ◽

Selective Media ◽

E Coli ◽

The Village ◽

Final Effluent

The Salmonella presence and the microbiological quality indicators, total and fecal coliforms and coliphages of E. coli C, have been studied in a overloaded wastewater lagoon system treating urban wastewatrers of the village of Guardamar del Segura (Alicante, Spain). Classical microbiological technology to detect salmonellae was used, including pre-enrichment, enrichment, selective media plating and biochemical and serological confirmation. Water was physicochemically characterized according to COD, SS, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The selective migration step through Rappaport-Vassiliadis semisolid agar medium was essential for the consistent detection of Salmonella in the different lagoon effluents. Total and fecal coliform levels of up to 105-106 MPN/100 ml were detected in the final effluent. High coliphage concentrations of 103-104 pfu/ml were also found in the effluent waters. Salmonella was always detected in 100 ml samples and eventually reached an order of value of 103 MPN/100 ml. Total coliform reduction was higher in the anaerobic ponds whereas fecal coliforms were more efficiently eliminated in the facultative (mostly “anoxic”) lagoons. Coliphage reduction was higher in the facultative lagoons when compared to the anaerobic ponds. On many occasions, no reduction or eventual increment of the concentration of salmonellae was detected in the effluents from the anaerobic ponds compared to concentrations of the patohogen in the influent raw wasterwaters. The possibility exists for a capacity of Salmonella to multiply in the anoxic phase of the wastewater treatment, but the presence of microorganisms in raw sewage waters which could maskSalmonella detection with the enrichment methodology employed cannot be ruled out.

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Penyelidikan KLB keracunan makanan acara ruwahan di desa Mulo, Gunung Kidul provinsi DIY

Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat ◽

10.22146/bkm.37616 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Mur Prasetyaningrum ◽

Z. Chomariyah ◽

Trisno Agung Wibowo

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Total Population ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Case Control ◽

P Value ◽

Common Source ◽

Population At Risk ◽

E Coli

Tujuan: Studi ini untuk mengetahui gambaran KLB keracunan pangan yang terjadi di desa Mulo menurut deskripsi epidemiologi, faktor risiko dan penyebab KLB keracunan makanan. Metode: Studi ini menggunakan studi analitik case control, dimana kasus adalah orang yang mengalami sakit pada tanggal 7 - 8 Mei 2017, tinggal di desa Mulo dan mengkonsumsi makanan olahan dari bapak S dan K. Instrument menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil: KLB terjadi di Desa Mulo RT 5 dan 6 dengan jumlah kasus sebanyak 18 orang dari total population at risk 112 orang dengan gejala utama diare (100%), mual (72,2%), demam (66,6%), pusing (66,6%) dan muntah (50%). Dari diagnosa banding menurut gejala, masa inkubasi dan agent penyebab keracunan, kecurigaan kontaminasi bakteri mengarah pada E. Coli (ETEC). Masa inkubasi 1-16 jam (rata-rata 9 jam) dan common source curve. Penyaji makanan ada dua (pak K dan pak S). Dari perhitungan AR, berdasarkan sumber makanan mengarah pada makanan dari pak S (AR=42,8%). Bedasarkan menu, perhitungan OR dan CI 95 % jenis makanan yang dicurigai sebagai penyebab KLB adalah urap/gudangan (OR=4,33; p value0,0071) dan sayur lombok (OR=6,31; p value 0,0071). Sampel yang didapatkan adalah sampel air bersih, feses, dan muntahan penderita, sampel makanan tidak didapatkan karena keterlambatan informasi dari masyarakat. Hasil laboratorium, Total Coliform sampel air bersih melebihi ambang batas, sampel feses dan muntahan mengandung bakteri Klebsiella pneumonia.Simpulan: Terdapat 3 (tiga) faktor yang diduga sebagai penyebab keracunan pada warga Desa Mulo yaitu air bersih untuk mengolah makanan tercemar bakteri patogen, pengolahan makanan tidak hygienis dan penyajian makanan pada suhu ruang lebih dari 1 jam.

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Achieving Sustainability in Food Systems: Addressing Changing Climate through Real Time Nitrogen and Weed Management in a Conservation Agriculture-Based Maize–Wheat System

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13095010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 5010

Author(s):

Kapila Shekhawat ◽

Vinod K. Singh ◽

Sanjay Singh Rathore ◽

Rishi Raj ◽

T. K. Das

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Weed Management ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Indian Agricultural Research Institute ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Conservation Agriculture ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

N Application ◽

N Management

The proven significance of conservation agriculture (CA) in enhancing agronomic productivity and resource use efficiency across diverse agro-ecologies is often challenged by weed interference and nitrogen (N) immobilization. The collective effect of real-time N and weed management has been scarcely studied. To evaluate the appropriateness of sensor-based N management in conjunction with a broad-spectrum weed control strategy for the maize–wheat system, an experiment was conducted at ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute—in New Delhi, India, during 2015–2016 and 2016–2017. Weed management in maize through Sesbania brown manure followed by post-emergence application of 2,4-D (BM + 2,4-D) in maize and tank-mix clodinafop-propargyl (60 g ha−1) and carfentrazone (20 g ha−1) (Clodi+carfentra) in wheat resulted in minimum weed infestation in both crops. It also resulted in highest maize (5.92 and 6.08 t ha−1) and wheat grain yields (4.91 and 5.4 t ha−1) during 2015–2016 and 2016–2017, respectively. Half of the N requirement, when applied as basal and the rest as guided by Optical crop sensor, resulted in saving 56 and 59 kg N ha−1 in the maize–wheat system, respectively, over 100% N application as farmers’ fertilizer practice during the two consecutive years. Interactive effect of N and weed management on economic yield of maize and wheat was also significant and maximum yield was obtained with 50% N application as basal + rest as per Optical crop sensor and weed management through BM+2,4-D in maize and Clodi+carfentra in wheat crop. The study concludes that real-time N management, complemented with appropriate weed management, improved growth, enhanced agronomic productivity and endorsed N saving under a CA-based maize–wheat system in Trans Indo-Gangetic Plains.

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Infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes against the legume pod-borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius, infesting pigeon pea

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x21000043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 95 ◽

Author(s):

R. Pervez ◽

U. Rao

Keyword(s):

Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Indian Agricultural Research Institute ◽

Pigeon Pea ◽

Fourth Instar ◽

Maruca Vitrata ◽

Pod Borer ◽

Legume Pod Borer ◽

Maximum Penetration

Abstract The legume pod-borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) (LPB), is an important insect pest of pigeon pea. Chemical pesticides are generally employed to manage this pest, but because of the soil residue issues and other environmental hazards associated with their use, biopesticides are also in demand. Another benign alternative is to use entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to manage this vital pest. In the present study, the infectivity of ten native EPNs was evaluated against LPB by assessing their penetration and production in the LPB. The effectiveness of the promising EPNs against second-, third- and fourth-instar LPB larvae was also studied. Heterorhabditis sp. (Indian Agricultural Research Institute-Entomopathogenic Nematodes Rashid Pervez (IARI-EPN RP) 06) and Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 08) were found to be most pathogenic to LPB, resulting in about 100% mortality within 72 h, followed by Steinernema sp. (IARI-EPN RP 03 and 09). Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 04) was found to be the least pathogenic to LPB larva with 67% mortality. Maximum penetration was exhibited by Heterorhabditis sp. (IARI-EPN RP 06) followed by Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 08), whereas the lowest rate of penetration was exhibited by Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 01). The highest rate of production was observed with Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 08), followed by Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 04 and 10). Among the tested instars of the LPB larvae, second-instar larvae were more susceptible to EPNs, followed by third- and fourth-instar larvae. The results indicate that Heterorhabditis sp. (IARI-EPN RP 06) and Oscheius sp. (IARI-EPN RP 08) have a good potential to the manage LPB.

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Two new species of tribe Agalliini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae) with note on intraspecific variations

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4378.3.11 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4378 (3) ◽

pp. 442 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

NARESH M. MESHRAM ◽

STUTI RAI ◽

N. N. RAJGOPAL ◽

N. RAMYA

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Intraspecific Variation ◽

Male Genitalia ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Indian Agricultural Research Institute ◽

New Delhi ◽

Agricultural Research Institute ◽

Indian Council ◽

Intraspecific Variations ◽

Two New Species

Two new species of leafhoppers, Durgades sineprocessus sp. nov. (From Himachal Pradesh: Kalpa) and Japanagallia dolabra sp. nov. (From Sikkim: Lachung) from India, are described and illustrated. Photographic illustrations of Durgades aviana Viraktamath and a detailed note on intraspecific variation in male genitalia of Austroagallia sinuata (Mulsant & Rey) are also provided. Material is deposited in the National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi, India.

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New analytical solution for the study of hydraulic interaction between Alpine tunnels and groundwater

BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin ◽

10.2113/174.5.441 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 174 (5) ◽

pp. 441-448 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Jean-Christophe Maréchal ◽

Pierre Perrochet

Keyword(s):

Analytical Solution ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Discharge Rate ◽

Water Discharge ◽

Rate Condition ◽

Type Curves ◽

Discharge Rates ◽

The Alps ◽

Surface Monitoring ◽

Tunnel Discharge

Abstract The present paper addresses two major problems encountered during tunnel drilling and related to the hydraulic interaction with surrounding groundwater bodies. The first one is the prediction of water discharge into the tunnel, as a function of the geometric and hydrogeological data. The second problem is related to the assessment of the draining effects on surface waters (springs, lakes, wetlands). Surface monitoring campaigns are costly and evaluating their duration is a sensitive question. Both problems are tightly related and depend on aquifer dynamics. It is shown that in a geological context with steeply dipping structures, nearly vertical, inducing series of aquifers and aquicludes such as in the Alps, the drainage of the aquifer by the tunnel can be modelled by the analytical solution of Jacob and Lohman [1952] for artesian wells. First developed for horizontal, confined unsteady flow towards a vertical well with constant drawdown, it is adapted here to a horizontal tunnel by a rotation of π/2. The main difference between this solution and more classical Theis’ solutions is that a constant drawdown condition replaces the constant discharge rate condition. Hence, a relation is obtained for the time-dependent discharge rate Q(t) detected at the tunnel after drilling, as a function of aquifer transmissivity (T), storage coefficient (S), initial drawdown (so) and tunnel radius (ro). This analytical solution is compared to a finite-elements model simulating a draining tunnel in a simplified 2D vertical cross-section. The comparisons show that the decay of the tunnel discharge can be divided into two periods. During the first period, radial drawdown develops around the tunnel and there is excellent match between analytical and numerical results. Tunnel discharge results from the decompression of rock and water (storage effects) as a response to the sudden initial drawdown at the tunnel location. During the second period, the drawdown cone reaches the aquifer limits (lateral and upper) and numerical discharge rates decrease faster than analytical rates because of hydraulic heads decline at the aquifer limits. In the Alps, such trends were observed for the discharge rates into the Simplon and Mont-Blanc tunnels, and the analytical solution of Jacob and Lohman [1952] was applied to the first discharge period to evaluate aquifer transmissivity and storage coefficients. As indicated by the simulations, and corroborated by field observations, the analytical solution is only valid during a first period after tunnel opening, the duration of which scaling with the inverse of the aquifer diffusivity (T/S). In the second part of the paper, dimensionless type-curves are presented to enable rapid evaluation of the time where a given drawdown is observed at a given distance from the tunnel. Accounting for tunnel geometry (radius and depth) and aquifer parametres (T and S), these curves could for instance help in practice to determine when surface waters would start to be affected by a draining tunnel underneath. Although neglecting the boundary effects discussed in the first part of the paper, these type-curves demonstrate the great inertia of mountain aquifers, and could be used to adjust the duration of surface monitoring campaigns according to the specific tunnel/aquifer settings.

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