Racism in the Early-20th-Century U.S. and Sun Yatsen’s Outlook on Chinese Culture

Cultura ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-134
Author(s):  
Chao LIU
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Mode ◽  
Cultural Conservatism ◽  
Chinese Intellectuals ◽  
American Society ◽  
Moral Superiority

Abstract Confronted with the decline of Western hegemony, the post-Great-War American society witnessed a prevailing trend of racism represented by Lothrop Stoddard, who proposed to suppress the nationalist movements in Asia and completely prohibit the immigration of Asians into the United States to maintain white supremacy across the world. His racist discourse also constituted the historical context of Sun Yat-sen’s speech to The Kobe Chamber of Commerce. Unlike previous studies of the speech that focused on Sun’s expression of “Greater Asianism,” this paper examines his critical remarks on Stoddard, intending to explore the intellectual origin of the renewed outlook held by Sun on Chinese culture in his later years, as he intentionally misinterpreted Stoddard’s main idea as cultural revolt, neutralied such notions as biological determination and human inequality, and replaced white supremacy with the ascendancy of Chinese culture by emphasizing its originality, historical unity and moral superiority. On the very basis, Sun presented an alternative mode of modern civilization that diverged from the Euro-centric capitalist modernity. Echoing various anti-capitalist and counter-enlightenment thoughts of this period, Sun’s proposal could be taken as an integral part of the “new cultural conservatism” promoted by Chinese intellectuals in the 1920s.

The Case for a Core Anti-racist Course for Counselors in Training

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ileana A. Gonzalez ◽  
Raven K. Cokley
Keyword(s):  
White Supremacy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Counseling Students ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pedagogical Practices ◽  
Counselors In Training ◽  
Counseling Programs ◽  
Preparation Programs ◽  
Systemic Racism ◽  
Counselor Preparation

Historically, counseling programs in the United States have been rooted in whiteness and white supremacy. Despite this historical context, counseling programs fail to teach students about the varied ways that anti-Blackness and systemic racism show up in society, classrooms, and clinical settings. Given the systemic murders of Black folks by the state, the health disparities highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the refusal of white voters to abandon white supremacist patriarchy in the 2020 presidential election, the counseling field must reconsider how it prepares trainees to embrace anti-racism in their personal and professional lives. The purpose of this article is to propose a core anti-racist counseling course to assist students in developing an anti-racist counseling identity including pedagogical practices, course learning objectives and assignments. Implications will be provided for counselor preparation programs, counseling students, and counselor educators to employ.

scholarly journals U.S. Empire and an Immigrant’s Counternarrative: Conceptualizing Imperial Privilege

2020 ◽  
pp. 002248712091992
Author(s):  
Laura C. Chávez-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Teacher Education ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Income ◽  
American Empire ◽  
Research And Practice

U.S. teacher education has largely overlooked a sociopolitical-historical context that affects both immigrants and nonimmigrants: American empire. To address the pressing need for teacher education to acknowledge U.S. imperialism, the author stages an argument in three parts. First, she argues that the field should account for empire and its impact on immigrants, and suggests conceptualizing immigrants within a nuanced framework of white supremacy. Next, she relates her own immigrant counternarrative to expose masternarratives that operate against immigrants. By sharing her journey toward understanding imperialism and her own positionality, she also contributes an immigrant perspective to the field. Third, the author introduces the concept of imperial privilege, inviting the field to recognize and challenge masternarratives. The author concludes by inviting readers to historicize U.S. imperialism in their research and practice, and thus embrace more humanizing narratives. While the argument focuses on the United States, it also applies broadly to other high-income imperialist countries.

scholarly journals ESSAY ON HUMAN (RACE RELATIONS) IN THE UNITED STATES

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-267
Author(s):  
Frederick D. Bedell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
History Of ◽  
Voter Suppression

This essay speaks to the context of domination and subordination in particular as it pertains to White Supremacy/White Privilege as manifested in the history of slavery and “Jim Crow” in the United States. It is within this historical context one can discern the present status of race relations in the United States that continues to foster race discrimination through the policies of the ethnic majority (white) power structure, e.g.-institutional racism, voter suppression laws, gerrymandering of voter districts and banking policies to name a few areas. The research of books, papers, television interviews and personal experiences provides a testament to present government policies that endeavor to maintain a social construct of dominance and subordination by the white power structure in the United States.

WHAT IS AT STAKE IN THE ‘WAR ON ANTI-AGEING MEDICINE’? S. Jay Olshansky, Leonard Hayflick and Bruce A. Carnes, No truth to the fountain of youth, Scientific American, 286, 6 (2002): 92–5. Robert H. Binstock, The war on ‘anti-aging medicine’, The Gerontologist, 43, 1 (2003): 4–14. Harry Moody, Who's afraid of life extension? Generations, special edition on Anti-Aging: Are You For It Or Against It?25, 4 (2002): 33–7.

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN VINCENT
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
Moral Philosopher ◽  
American Society ◽  
Fountain Of Youth ◽  
Scientific American

The recent debate in the United States' gerontological literature on ‘anti-ageing medicine’ has profound significance for the discipline of gerontology. This review article discusses three major contributions to the debate and assesses the meaning of the wider debate for gerontology. A paper by Olshansky, Hayflick and Carnes, published in the Scientific American in May 2002, aimed at a popular science readership rather than gerontologists and had an overtly campaigning purpose. Among the many responses to the paper, that by Robert H. Binstock in The Gerontologist in February 2003 places the concerns expressed by Olshansky et al. in an historical context, and draws out its significance for gerontology as a discipline. Binstock believes that the central issue is legitimacy. What characteristics distinguish scientific endeavour that seeks an understanding of the fundamental biology of human ageing from quackery and pseudo-science? Does the ‘anti-ageing movement’ have a place in legitimate science? Also reviewed is a special issue of Generations, the journal of the American Society on Aging, on ‘Anti-Aging: Are You For It Or Against It?’. Amongst other distinguished contributions, the leading moral philosopher of old age, Harry Moody, explores key issues in ‘Who's afraid of life extension?’ The debate represented by these papers is significant not only for bio-medical but also social gerontology and for our understanding of the cultural position of old age in modern society.

The Southern Key

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Goldfield
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Movements ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The South ◽  
Music And Literature ◽  
Labor Organizing ◽  
American Society ◽  
Blind Spots

The South is today, as it always has been, the key to understanding American society, its politics, its constitutional anomalies and government structure, its culture, its social relations, its music and literature, its media focus, its blind spots, and virtually everything else. The Southern Key argues that much of what is important in American politics and society today was largely shaped by the successes and failures of the labor movements of the 1930s and 1940s, and most notably the failures of southern labor organizing during this period. It also argues that these failures, despite some important successes in organizing interracial unions, left the South (and consequentially much of the rest of the United States as well) racially backward and open to right-wing demagoguery. These failures have led to a nationwide decline in unionization, growing economic inequality, and overall failures to confront white supremacy head on. In an in-depth look at unexamined archival material and detailed data, The Southern Key challenges established historiography, both telling a tale of race, radicalism, and betrayal and arguing that the outcome was not at all predetermined.

Richard White, The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1896

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-360
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Sklansky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native American ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indian Wars ◽  
The Republic ◽  
American Society ◽  
Future Work

The sprawling volumes in the long-running Oxford History of the United States series are intended to serve as comprehensive surveys for a general audience, a task at which Richard White's nearly thousand-page chronicle of the postbellum decades admirably succeeds. But the main interest of such syntheses for historians lies in their reconsideration of the master narratives that organize divergent developments at multiple levels into a cohesive account of American society as a whole in a pivotal period, constructing a framework for past scholarship and a platform for future work. The author's previous field-shaping studies of Native American history, Western history, environmental history, and business history make him well-suited to offer an overarching understanding of an era of climactic upheavals in all of these realms: the age of the last Indian wars and the extensive development of the Great Plains, the slaughter of the buffalo and the industrialization of agriculture, unprecedented class warfare, and the ascendance of big business, along with the meteoric career of Reconstruction and the violent restoration of white supremacy in the New South.

scholarly journals The Cost of Being Black in Social Work Practicum

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 331-353
Author(s):  
Nia Johnson ◽  
Paul Archibald ◽  
Anthony Estreet ◽  
Amanda Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Black Students ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Work Students ◽  
The United States ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
The Social

The social work profession is not exempt from fueling institutional racism, which affects the provision of social work practicum education for Black social work students. This article highlights how the historical and current social cost of being Black in the United States presents itself within social work education’s signature pedagogy. Social workers who hold bachelor’s degrees in social work (BSW) are more likely to be Black than those holding master’s degrees in social work (MSW; Salsberg et al., 2017). It takes Black students longer to earn an MSW degree though they are more likely to hold a BSW while also having work experience related to the social work profession; this is indicative of a flawed system. The implications of this are explored by highlighting social work’s historical context and the role privilege holds within a profession charged with working towards social justice. Critical Race Theory (CRT) is utilized to unearth how the current state of social work practicum upholds a culture of white supremacy through covertly racist requirements and practices. Case examples are utilized to demonstrate the challenges Black students face as social work practicum mimics oppressive practices and perpetuates disparities in the social work landscape. Additionally, this article explores oppression’s role in treating vulnerable social work students and how that treatment is reflected in the workforce, ultimately informing service delivery.

The Start of American Accommodation of the Chinese: Afong Moy's Experience from 1834 to 1850

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-503
Author(s):  
TAO ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese Woman ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
The Public ◽  
American Society

Afong Moy came to the United States in 1834 as a popular attraction, and remained in the public spotlight until 1850. Her very presence as the first recorded Chinese woman on American soil prompted a heated national discussion regarding how to accommodate the Chinese living among Americans. A two-tiered paradigm that emerged from this dialogue disparaged Chinese culture while extending paternalistic care to Moy, pushing her toward acculturation, which was to be realized in a symbolic way after her disappearance from the exhibition stage. The pattern was not exclusive to Moy; rather, it was a general strategy that Americans had adopted to deal with the small but growing number of Chinese present in the United States prior to the widespread and virulent anti-Chinese sentiment that later engulfed American society. This study therefore sheds light on the oft-neglected early stage of Sino-American relations occurring within American borders.

scholarly journals Experiential Learning in Ghana: Decentering the White Voice

2021 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Robin Chapdelaine ◽  
Megan Toomer
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Chattel Slavery ◽  
Black Bodies

White supremacy served as the foundation of the transatlantic slave trade and the subsequent practice of chattel slavery in the United States.[i] As such, it is not an exaggeration to say that US history is rooted in the oppression of non-white populations who have experienced and continue to experience various forms of physical and emotional harm. It is in this context that we examine how undergraduate students from XXX University, a predominantly white liberal arts institution, experienced the summer 2019 study abroad ‘Maymester’ excursion to Ghana where the transatlantic slave trade was the main focus of one of the courses, Precolonial African history.[ii] We argue that an interracial dialogue on the terror of whiteness on Black bodies and in Black spaces, which is steeped in historical context, develops when white student voices do not predominate classroom discussions. By centering the co-author’s account of the program, we show that when decentering the white voice, which is generally that of the dominant student population, white students can achieve a reconsideration of their understanding of self, others, and of African and global histories. This article also stresses the importance prioritizing cultural competence as a student goal in light of some of the preconceived notions they held about Ghana and Africa, and finally, we argue that universities have a moral responsibility to introduce Anti-racist pedagogy into the classrooms as a measure to fight white supremacist ideology.   [i] Gary Dorrien, “Achieving the Black Social Gospel, “ Breaking White Supremacy: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Black Social Gospe (New Haven, CY: Yale University Press, 2018), 1. [ii] Split into two courses, the four-week study program spanned two weeks each.

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