Scale Development and Validation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Gupta ◽  
Arun Aggarwal ◽  
Sanjay Gupta ◽  
Anchal
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
World Health ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Global Tourism ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
The Impact

The current paper takes a tourism-focused perspective to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the attitude of the tourist to travel. For this, the present paper conceptualize, develop, and validate the multi-dimensional scale on preventive measures of COVID-19. Further, we have developed a new model named Financial Crisis from Contagious Disease (FCCD)-stimulator to assess the impact of the virus on the short term performance of the global tourism industry. The study was exploratory, where initial items were generated through the qualitative method. The purification of the scale items and extraction of the distinct factors were performed through a quantitative approach (exploratory factor analysis). Further, the confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the scale. The findings of the study manifested a multi-dimensional scale measuring the preventive measures of COVID-19 in the tourism context. The research renders a 25 item scale with four distinct factors named Isolation (7-items), Quarantine (7-items), Social Distancing (6-items), and Community Containment (5-items). The present scale will add to the literature of COVID-19 in the context of the tourism industry. The authors assume that this will be the first comprehensive scale, prepared on the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO), that will measure the effect of preventive measures of COVID-19 on the attitude of the tourist to travel during a pandemic situation.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism: A Case Study of Lumbini, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-43
Author(s):  
Bhim Bahadur Kunwar
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Industry ◽  
World Health ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Tourism ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

This research aims to discover and present the impacts of COVID-19 in tourism in the context of Lumbini and its premises. As COVID-19 spread globally, it has created many challenges in health and security, daily lives, the national economy, and the global tourism industry. The COVID-19 outbreak has been considered as the most challenging tragedy that occurred in the world after the 2nd world war. The World Health Organization (WHO) had listed Nepal also as a country with a high-risk zone of COVID-19.The travel restriction and nationwide lock-down implemented by many countries including Nepal have resulted in a stranded traveler’s movement. As the consequences ticket reservation, flight services, transportation, hotel, and restaurants were closed and several job losses were registered in the tourism sector. The negative effects like fear, threat, frustration, and losing the confidence of tourism entrepreneurs appeared. This has brought changes in the tourists’ behavior and their motivation to travel for the next few years. In Lumbini businesses like lodges, hotels, restaurants, and travel offices were also severely affected by the pandemic. Thus, the tourism sector has been facing serious threats due to the prolonged lockdown and closing of tourism activities than the terror of COVID-19 itself.

scholarly journals Introduction to the Special Issue: Parenting and Family Dynamics in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Weeland ◽  
Loes Keijsers ◽  
Susan Branje
Keyword(s):  
Family Dynamics ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Family System ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
The Family ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about worldwide challenges and had a profound impact on family dynamics, relationships and routines. At the same time, the impact may differ largely due to regional differences in the numbers of infections and severity of preventive measures, as well as individual and contextual risk and protective factors. The aims of this special issue were therefore to (1) provide insight into the impact of the pandemic on the family system and (2) increase our understanding of how this impact may differ between families. This special issue consists of 13 original empirical studies that show how the pandemic affected families across different levels of the family system. At first sight, it seems that many families were able to cope relatively well with the stressors. Yet, for others the demands of the pandemic and pandemic-related measures seemed to exceed their capabilities and available resources. Importantly, the studies in this special issue suggest that the pandemic disproportionally affected children, caregivers and families who were already at risk. Together, the contributions to the special issue offer knowledge on the consequences of both the pandemic and preventive measures on family functioning. At the same time it also raises questions on the long-term impact of the pandemic and its impact on families who are currently underrepresented in empirical research.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism Industry: Possible Reconciliation Strategy for Bangladeshi Tourism Industry

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Industry ◽  
International Travel ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Community Mobility ◽  
Global Tourism ◽  
World Tourism Organization ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tourism Organization

The novel corona virus (COVID-19) has created a significant impact with international travel bans affecting over 90% of the world population and extensive restrictions on public gatherings and community mobility, tourism mainly comes to a halt in March 2020. Especially Tourism is at a risk to assess to counteract pandemics because of restricting mobility and social distancing. This paper is based on secondary document analysis from various journals, newspaper articles, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), reports, and papers of various tourism-related Bangladeshi organizations’ (PATA, TEAB, TOAB etc.). The paper provides a critical assessment of the reported impacts of COVID-19 on global tourism, particularly on Bangladesh, and is looking for way-out and regional recovery suggestions against the uncertainty of COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19, Travel, Community, Mobility, Tourism, Pandemics, Global, Bangladesh

Museums in the Pandemic

Museum Worlds ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-134
Author(s):  
Joanna Cobley ◽  
David Gaimster ◽  
Stephanie So ◽  
Ken Gorbey ◽  
Ken Arnold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
House Staff ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cultural Resilience ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
The Public ◽  
National Zoo ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Throughout human history, the spread of disease has closed borders, restricted civic movement, and fueled fear of the unknown; yet at the same time, it has helped build cultural resilience. On 11 March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) classified COVID-19 as a pandemic. The novel zoonotic disease, first reported to the WHO in December 2019, was no longer restricted to Wuhan or to China, as the highly contagious coronavirus had spread to more than 60 countries. The public health message to citizens everywhere was to save lives by staying home; the economic fallout stemming from this sudden rupture of services and the impact on people’s well-being was mindboggling. Around the globe museums, galleries, and popular world heritage sites closed (Associated Press 2020). The Smithsonian Magazine reported that all 19 institutes, including the National Zoo and the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), would be closed to the public on 14 March (Daher 2020). On the same day, New Zealand’s borders closed, and the tourism industry, so reliant on international visitors, choked. Museums previously deemed safe havens of society and culture became petri dishes to avoid; local museums first removed toys from their cafés and children’s spaces, then the museum doors closed and staff worked from home. In some cases, front-of-the-house staff were redeployed to support back-of-the-house staff with cataloguing and digitization projects. You could smell fear everywhere.

scholarly journals Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the 12-item Arabic World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) as a screening tool for Syrian refugees

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aemal Akhtar ◽  
Pim Cuijpers ◽  
Naser Morina ◽  
Marit Sijbrandij ◽  
Richard Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
World Health ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Whodas 2.0 ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Three Factor

Background The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) is a generic measure of functional impairment and disability but to date no studies have reported its applicability in a population of Syrian refugees. Aims The aim of this study was to explore the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Arabic version of the WHODAS 2.0 among a population of Syrian refugees in a Jordanian refugee camp setting. The tool was used as part of a screening procedure for a randomised controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of a low-intensity psychological intervention. Method A representative sample of Syrian refugees (n = 650) were screened to assess levels of functional impairment and psychological distress. The screening results were used to explore the internal consistency and dimensionality of the WHODAS 2.0. We assessed level of convergence with the validated Kessler 10-item Psychological Distress Scale (K10), which assesses psychological distress. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to explore the construct validity and factor structure of the WHODAS 2.0. Results The mean baseline WHODAS 2.0 score was 20.5 (s.d. = 7.6). The internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha 0.74), with all 12-items appearing to be related to the same construct. The WHODAS 2.0 was positively correlated with the K10 (r = 0.57, P < 0.001). The results of the EFA identified a three-factor solution accounting for 51% of variation, corresponding with factors related to self-activities, external activities and self-care. CFA results indicated good fit of the three-factor solution. Conclusions The results indicated that the WHODAS 2.0 has a three-factor solution and is an acceptable screening tool for use among Syrian refugees.

Confirmatory factor analysis of 12-Item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule in patients with musculoskeletal pain conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 702-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Saltychev ◽  
Ryan Mattie ◽  
Zachary McCormick ◽  
Katri Laimi
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disability Assessment ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: To investigate the factor structure of the 12 item World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0. Design: Cross-sectional cohort survey study. Setting: Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine outpatient university clinic. Subjects: The 408 consecutive patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Main measures: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: A two-factor model most accurately fit the observed data of musculoskeletal pain patients (root mean square error of approximation 0.049, relative Chi square value 1.99). Twelve WHODAS 2.0 items were distributed between two factors with covariance between them of 0.8. The first factor contained domains related mostly to physical functioning, while another was associated mostly with social and cognitive functioning. There were a few differences between single items in their importance in defining the variance within these two factors. Of the six International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health domains belonging to the first construct, the ability to carry out household responsibilities explained most, 84% of the total variance in this construct. For the second factor, the ability to participate in community activities seemed to be the most important, explaining 85% of the total variance in this construct. Conclusions: In this study, the two-factor structure model of the 12-item WODAS 2.0 demonstrated the most accurate fit within patients with musculoskeletal pain conditions.

scholarly journals Development of the Active Ageing Awareness Questionnaire in Malaysia

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Nor Hana Ahmad Bahuri ◽  
Hussein Rizal ◽  
Hazreen Abdul Majid ◽  
Mas Ayu Said ◽  
Tin Tin Su
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

The world’s ageing population is associated with increased morbidity, disability, and social and financial insecurity, which may affect quality of life (QoL). Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed the Active Ageing Framework (AAF) in 2002 to enhance QoL as people age. However, little is known about the status of awareness of active ageing among the population, and there is no appropriate tool for assessment. Hence, the Awareness of Active Ageing Questionnaire (AAAQ) was developed. The content, linguistic and face validations together with test-retest reliability were conducted. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to test the structural validity of the AAAQ. A total of 110 participants (mean ± SD = 50.19 ± 5.52) were selected for the pilot, 81 participants (mean ± SD = 49.40 ± 5.70) for the test-retest, and 404 participants (mean ± SD = 49.90 ± 5.80) for CFA and EFA tests. The 16-item AAAQ Malay version showed satisfactory reliability and validity. The Cronbach’s alpha was more than 0.7 and showed good fit: Cmin/df = 2.771, GFI = 0.903, TLI = 0.951, RMSEA = 0.08. The AAAQ is suitable for measuring the awareness of active ageing among the middle-aged population in Malaysia.

Development and Validation of a German Language Unit-Level Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 852-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Gunnesch-Luca ◽  
Klaus Moser
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
German Language ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unit Level ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Development And Validation

Abstract. The current paper presents the development and validation of a unit-level Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) scale based on the Referent-Shift Consensus Model (RSCM). In Study 1, with 124 individuals measured twice, both an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) established and confirmed a five-factor solution (helping behavior, sportsmanship, loyalty, civic virtue, and conscientiousness). Test–retest reliabilities at a 2-month interval were high (between .59 and .79 for the subscales, .83 for the total scale). In Study 2, unit-level OCB was analyzed in a sample of 129 work teams. Both Interrater Reliability (IRR) measures and Interrater Agreement (IRA) values provided support for RSCM requirements. Finally, unit-level OCB was associated with group task interdependence and was more predictable (by job satisfaction and integrity of the supervisor) than individual-level OCB in previous research.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Impact of Event Scale - Revised

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Orazem ◽  
Claire Hebenstreit ◽  
Daniel King ◽  
Lynda King ◽  
Arieh Shalev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The Impact

Role of Brand experience in Fashion brands

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
G. Aiswarya ◽  
Dr. Jayasree Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Brand Experience ◽  
Brand Preference ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Selling Strategies ◽  
The Impact

Traditionally the products were pushed into the hands of customers by production and selling strategies; then the marketing strategy evolved which gained momentum by understanding the customer needs and developing products satisfying those needs. This strategy is most prevalent and what should be done to stand up in this most competitive scenario? The answer to this key question is to create an experience. The customers now also seek good experiences than other benefits. Brand experience has gained more attention, especially fashion brands. Previous studies demonstrate the role of the brand experience in brand equity and other consumer behavior constructs. But very little is known about the impact of brand experiences on fashion brands. The aim of this study is to develop a model which makes our understanding better about the role of Brand preference and Brand experience and its influence on purchase intention of the brand. An initial exploratory study is conducted using a focus group to generate items for the study. The items, thus generated are prepared in the form of a questionnaire and samples were collected.  Exploratory factor analysis is conducted and the reliability of the constructs is determined. These constructs are loaded onto AMOS to perform Confirmatory factor analysis. The results confirmed the scales used. We also noticed that Brand preference has a great influence on the Brand experience. Thereby the finding supports the role of the brand experience which tends to have a mediating role in influencing the purchase intention.

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